Theories of motivation, Slides of Psychology

Download Theories of motivation and more Slides Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! THEORIES OF MOTIVATION THEORIES OF MOTIVATION 1. Instinct Theory: ⦿ A theory of motivation suggesting that many forms of behavior stem from innate urges or tendencies that is key to our motivation is biological. ⦿ William James studies instincts and pointed out some human instincts such as fear, love, shame, anger, cleanliness and modesty. ⦿ Due to lack of explanation, this theory was pushed aside in 1920s but contemporary evolutionary psychologists still study instinct theory to discover the effects of genetics & heredity on behavior. 3. Arousal Theory: ▪ Arousal theory suggests that what we seek is not minimal levels of arousal, but rather optimal arousal—a level of arousal that is best suited to our personal characteristics and whatever activity in which we are currently engaged. ▪ So, for example, if you are knitting, whittling, or reading, a low level of arousal will be optimal and will be preferred. If you are competing in a sports event, a much higher one will be best. ▪ For many kinds of tasks, a moderate level of arousal seems to be best. This relationship between task performance and arousal has been explained by the Yerkes-Dodson law, although Yerkes and Dodson formulated the law referring to stimulus intensity, not arousal level. v 9 q S & g & = v a \ Increasing attention and interest Optimal arousal Optimal performance Impaired performance because of strong anxiety a Arousal 4. Expectancy Theory: ▪ Our actions are based on our perception of what the outcome will be for our actions. ▪ Vroom proposed this theory with management and motivation in mind, but theory is applicable in every sort of human actions. ▪ For example: In a same company, two different individuals have different levels of motivation simply because one might believe that the process works for them and the other might have different opinion. Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic Motivation 1. The act of being motivated by internal factors to perform certain actions and behavior is called Intrinsic Motivation. 1. Whenever an individual performs an action or behavior because the individual is affected by the eternal factors such as rewards or punishments, is called Extrinsic Motivation. 2. There is neither pressure nor any sort of reward for the actions you perform. 2. You get rewarded as promised for the actions you perform. 3. Intrinsic Motivation lasts for longer periods and often leads to higher level of success. 3. Extrinsic Motivation might only occur for limited period of time, and the individual stops performing actions after the punishment or reward is applied. 4. Example : A student attends guitar classes because he wanted to. Whether he was inspired by some rock star or just enjoyed the idea of playing in front of a crowd, this sort of motivation is classified as intrinsic motivation. 4. Example : A student attends guitar classes because his parents promise to double his allowance money. Frustration & Conflict Emotion FRUSTRATION: Frustration is an emotion that occurs in situations where a person is blocked from reaching a desired outcome. a deep chronic sense or state of insecurity and dissatisfaction arising from unresolved problems or unfulfilled needs. 1. Personal/Internal Frustration: Internal sources of frustration usually involve the disappointment that get when we cannot have what we want as a result of personal real or imagined deficiencies such as a lack of confidence or fear of social situations. Another type of internal frustration results when a person has competing goals that interfere with one another. 2. Environmental/External Frustration: The second type of frustration results from external causes that involve conditions outside the person such as physical roadblocks we encounter in life including other people and things that get in the way of our goals. One of the biggest sources of frustration in today's world is the frustration caused by the perception of wasting time. When you're standing in line at a bank, or in traffic that's one big frustration. CONFLICTS : They are mental struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, wishes, or external/internal demands. When our needs or goals are not compatible with environmental or social requirements TYPES OF CONFLICTS: 1. Approach- approach Conflict: Conflicts also occur when two positive goals, both equally attractive and tempting are presented at the same time and the individual could not decide which to choose. Conflicts of this type are usually resolved by choosing one goal over another. For eg: One is made to choose between going to abroad for a scholarship grant or marry the man of her choice for a long time. 2. Approach– Avoidance Conflict: This is a type of conflict when there is an attraction to an object and at the same time repulsion towards something associated with it. This situation has two elements- one is desirable while the other is undesirable. It is the most difficult conflict to resolve. For eg: When a young woman who is figure-conscious is very fond of eating chocolates but at the same time, she wants to maintain her slim body. 3. Avoidance– Avoidance Conflict: The type of conflict is characterized when there are two unpleasant alternatives and usually, one cannot be avoided without encountering the other. For eg: A student who dislikes his teacher has to attend his subject, otherwise, he will be flunked by him. Expression & Control Of Emotion Nonverbal Cues: suggests that this kind of communication occurs through several different channels or paths simultaneously. The most revealing of these consist of facial expressions, body movements and posture, and touching. ▪ Facial Expressions: It is possible to learn much about others current moods and feelings from their facial expressions. In fact, it appears that six different basic emotions are represented clearly, and from an early age, on the human face: anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, and surprise ⦿ Body Language: Nonverbal cues involving body posture or movement of body parts. ▪ It consists of Gestures, Posture, and Movements. ▪ Frequent body movements like touching, scratching, or rubbing suggest emotional arousal. The greater the frequency of such behavior, the higher a person’s level of arousal or nervousness seems to be. ▪ Studies show that body movements & postures can sometimes provide important information about others emotions. ▪ Gestures : more specific information about others feelings are often provided by gestures ▪ They carry specific meanings in a given culture. . Gestures vary greatly from culture to culture ▪ For example, in several countries, holding one’s hand with the thumb pointing up is a sign of “Okay.” Similarly, seizing one’s nose between the thumb and index finger is a sign of displeasure or disgust.