Theory of Architecture 1, Study notes of Architecture

Download Theory of Architecture 1 and more Study notes Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE Architecture? ● The art and science of designing and constructing buildings. ● R.A. 9266 is the art, science, profession of planning, designing and constructing. ● Archi – great ● Tekton – builder Architect - The sole professional to practice architecture; the one that prepares design development and construction drawings. - Means a person is professionally and academically qualified. Specializations of an architect ● 3D visualizer/operator ● Photography ● Consultant ● Heritage architect ● Landscape architect ● Professor ● Construction manager ● Urban planner Specialized allied services 1. Architectural interiors 2. Acoustics, communications & electronic engineering services 3. Architectural lighting layout and design 4. Site development planning (SDP) 5. Site and physical planning services 6. Comprehensive development planning 7. Historic and cultural heritage conservation and planning 8. Security evaluation and planning 9. Building system design 10.Facilities maintenance support 11.Building testing and commissioning 12.Building environmental certification 13.Forensic architecture 14.Building appraisal 15.Structural conceptualization 16.Preliminary services 17.Contract documentation and review Constructing – the conscious act of forming things resulting in a unifying or coherent structure. Building types ● Residential ● Commercial ● Industrial ● Institutional ● Cultural ● Transportation The Arch Puzzle ● Building code ● Structural system ● Acoustic system ● HVAC system ● Plumbing system ● Lighting system ● Electrical system ● Vertical transportation Human/Building Analogies ● Skeletal Structural ● Circulatory Lighting ● Digestive Plumbing ● Respiratory Mechanical ● Human Building Architectural Order: Physical Order 1. Space – 3D field in which object or events occur 2. Structure 3. Enclosures – Covering and sheeting protection 4. Machines Architectural Order: Perceptual Order 1. Approach and departure 2. Entry and egress 3. Movement through the order of space 4. Functioning of activities within a space 5. Qualities of light and colors 6. Texture, view, and sound Architectural Order: Conceptual Order 1. Images 2. Patterns 3. Signs 4. Symbols 5. Context Form – Primary identifying characteristics of volume (Shape, size, color, texture) Point – mark of identification Line - A combination of multi and repetitive point - Denotes form, shape, surface, orientation, and position in 1D. Column/posts – signifies verticality and height Ceiling lines – indicates the width of the space Floor lines – indicates directions Plane – Indicates length and width, shape, surface, orientation, and position in 2D. ● Wall plane ● Overhead plane ● Base plane Volume – has length, width, and depth, indicates form, shape, surface, orientation and position in 3D. Transformations of Form Additive – forms that can be transformed by addition of elements to its volume. Subtractive – forms that can be transformed by subtracting portion/s of its volume. Dimensional – form that can be transformed by altering one or more of its dimensions and still retain as a member of a family of form. Anthropos – Greek word meaning “man” Anthropology - Anthropo and logis - Scientific study of man Metric – From the metric system which is a group of units used to make any kind of measurement. Anthropometrics – Refers to the measurement of the human individual for the purposes of understanding physical variation. Ergonomics - The study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. functional purposes. Ex: pyramid of giza. Principles of Composition Contrast – it is through contrast that we secure proper scale, proportion and unity and consequently a satisfactory design. Types of contrast ● Contrast of form – for a shape to be interesting, there must be a variety or contrast. ● Contrast of line – lines may vary with reference to direction. It may also offer contrast on account of its change in type or character. ● Contrast of size – Refers to objects, which may have the same shape and direction but may vary in size. Principles of Composition Contrast – it is through contrast that we secure proper scale, proportion and unity and consequently a satisfactory design. Types of contrast ● Contrast of form – for a shape to be interesting, there must be a variety or contrast. ● Contrast of line – lines may vary with reference to direction. It may also offer contrast on account of its change in type or character. ● Contrast of size – Refers to objects, which may have the same shape and direction but may vary in size. ● Contrast of tone – may be done through contrast in texture, opening, or planes. Proportion – is largely a matter of relationships. It is evident by a comparison, which the eye makes between the size, shape, and tone of the various objects or parts of a composition. Types of proportion ● Relative proportion – parts of the object as it is ● Absolute proportion – parts of the object or the whole to the various parts ● Classical proportion – often refers to the classical orders. Scale – it is one set of the most subtle of the elements of design and one of the most difficult to obtain and deals with the relation of architectural motifs. Types of scale ● Generic scale – size of a building element relative to other forms in its context. ● Human scale – size of a building element or space relative to the dimensions and proportion of a human body. ● Intimate scale ● Normal space ● Shocking scale ● Monumental scale Balance – to generate a sense of stability. ● Symmetrical/formal balance – the elements within the design are identical in relation to a centerline or axis. ● Asymmetrical/informal balance – parts of the design are not identical but are equal in visual weight. ● Radial balance – design elements radiate outward from the center. ● Vertical balance – the top and bottom parts are equal. ● Horizontal balance – the left and right are equal. Emphasis/contrast – the features in a design that attracts one’s eye/focal point. Pattern/Rhythm – Repeated use of line, shape, colors, texture, or pattern. ● Regular rhythm – an element is repeated at the same repetition/interval each time. ● Gradated rhythm – the repeated element is identical with the exception of one detail increasing/decreasing gradually. ● Unity/harmony – quality of wholeness or oneness. Proportion and scale Visual acuity - sharpness of vision, measured by the ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance according to a fixed standard. - Acuity increases with increase in intensity of illumination. Perception – the process by which we organize and interpret the patterns of stimuli in our environment, the immediate intuitive recognition, as of an aesthetic quality. Spatial perception – all spatial implications are mentally conditioned by the environment and experience of the viewer. Vision is experienced through the eyes but interpreted by the mind. Perception of objects – objects can be perceived not only visually but by using different senses like sound, touch, smell or taste. Perception of shape – the most important feature of a shape or object is its general outline or contour. Figure background – phenomenon wherein drawings consisting of black lines, any line which surrounds an area, and which is recognized as representing an object is quickly picked out by the observer. Reversible figure – image is presented wherein two parts are equally meaningful. Vanity – sample image of reversible figure. Fluctuation – phenomena of the alternating figure and ground, alternating perspective and retinal rivalry. THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE FINALS Proxemics - The study of symbolic and communication of spatial separation or the type of non-verbal communication. - The study of the cultural, behavioral, and sociological aspects of spatial distances between individuals. - This term was introduced by anthropologist Edward T. Hall in 1966. Level of Distance 1. Intimate Space - (2 fist away) people emotionally close to you. - For embracing, touching, or whispering ● Close phase - less than 15 cm or 6 inches ● Far phase - 15 to 46 cm or 6-18 inches 2. Personal Space - (1 handshake) the distance you would stand during friendly gathering - For interaction among good friend or family members ● Close Phase - 46 to 76 cm it 1.5-2 feet ● Far phase - 76-120 cm or 2.5-4 feet 3. Social Space - (1 to 3 meters) distance you would stand with people you don’t know well - For interactions among aquintances ● Close phase - 1.2-2.1 m or 4-7 feet ● Far phase - 2.1-3.7 m ot 7-12 feet 4. Public Place - (4 meters or more) big group - used for public speaking ● Close phase - 3.7-7.6 , or 12-25 feet ● Far phase - 7.6 m or more Psychology of Space - Our response varies based on proximity and culture. How we interact with the spaces around us is a vocabulary cultivated from birth. Concept of Privacy - The ability to control interaction. States of Privacy 1. Solitude - The person is alone and free from observation. - The individual is still subject to others auditory and olfactory stimuli - Complete visual isolation - Privacy of individuals 2. Intimacy - the need to maximize a personal relationship with one person or a small group - there is an attempt to totally minimize all sensory input from outside units at this level - Privacy of groups 3. Anoymity - Keeping your identity and presence private while in a public setting - to be self-consciously aware the one is being watched - Condition of being unknown and free from identification - Unidentifiable in public ● It is believed that blue, particularly dark shades, enhances the ability to remember dreams. ● Bright accent colors and a white duvet cover keep this predominantly blue palette from overwhelming the small room ● The Architect and Interior Designer highlight a mostly glass bedroom wall with a soft wash of green paint. ● The palette and patterns of this dining room designed by artist Anne Kelly are slight variation on those of the adjacent living room, creating the illusion of a room within a room. ● A pearly off-white is a subtle backdrop to vintage furnishings. Small amounts of warm yellow, reds, or brown mixed into white paint will create a warm, soft shade of off-white. ● The flower's red and green palette, spotlighted by sunlight, creates a dramatic, naturally appealing color scheme. ● A dream inspired Murphy to suspend eighteen radiant red chandeliers from the ceiling of his white living room. ● Archt.Scott Johnson and Margot Alofsin painted cubbies of two wood display cases in hues that complement the decorative glass and ceramics that they contain. ● From a distance, the bookcase appear as small beads of color that help lower the perceived height of the cathedral ceiling. ● A technique known as faux marbling, which imitates the luxurious look of marble, carves out a stunning fireplace in colors new to Mother nature's quarries. ● The imaginative swirling and rich colors add texture and drama to the fireplace, making it a focal point for decorative accessories and furnishings. ● Artist Steve Shriver's artful shading of the gold-painted accents on the the mantel gives the illusion of dimension. ● In an ironic statement, the palette chosen for this funky desert house symbolizes the basic colors found in nature: the powder-blue building represents the sky, the yellow chimney evokes the sun, the green center structure suggests grass, and the small orange building mimics the color of clay found in deserts and dry environments. ● This home in Aspen, Colorado, is no exception. Touches of yellow, shades of violet, and bright white emphasize trim and other decorative details. ORGANIZATION OF FORMS 1. CENTRALIZED FORM - It consists of number of secondary forms clustered about dominant, central or parent form ex. Cultural center of the ohilippines 2. LINEAR FORM - It consists of forms arranged sequentially in a row. A series of forms may be repetitive, or they are maybe dissimilar in nature and organized by a separate and distinct element. ex. German Federal Railways Service, Pearl Farm, Japanese cube 3. RADIAL FORM
- It is a composition of linear forms that extend out from a central form in a radial manner. Its organization can be best seen and understood from an aerial view. 4. CLUSTERED FORM
- It consists of forms that are grouped together by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait.

It is flexible enough to incorporate forms of various shapes, sizes and orientations into its structure. 5. GRID FORM - It is a modular form whose relationships are regulated by three-dimensional grids. - A grid may be defined as two or more intersecting sets of regularly spaces points ( where the grid line intersect) and regularly shapes fields. - It based on the geometry of the square. ARTICULATION OF FORMS - Articulation refers to the way the surfaces come together to define its shape and volume. A form and its surface planes can be articulated by: 1. Differentiating - adjacent surfaces with a change in material, color, texture or pattern. 2. Developing the corner as a distinct linear element independent of the surface. 3. Removing the corner to physically separate the adjacent planes 4. Lighting the form to create sharp distinctions of light and dark at its corners. THE INVISIBLE AND VISIBLE STRUCTURE - Men begin to create shelter by surrounding space with materials. Space itself is indefinable and intangible and has no limits. Yet when it is enclosed with stone and steel according to accepted rules of composition, the result is called architecture. In providing shelter it is to be observed that buildings have walls and roofs, doors and windows, and that these elements are assembled in simple or complex manner. Whatever the type or character of the building, parts of it are more evident to the observer than others - the exterior or more readily seen and understood than in the arrangement of the rooms, which is called the plan. Thus, there exist the invisible and the visible structure, or the plan pattern and the apparent volume. THE ELEMENTS OF THE VISIBLE STRUCTURE 1. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS - Walls - Shell/Skin - Columns - Beams - Trusses - Framework 2. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS ● Roof - pyramidal, gambrel, conical, gable, hipped, combinations ● Domes- high, low, pointed, hemispherical, flat/saucer- like, onion-shaped, melon shaped ● Vaults ● Railing ● Balustrade 3. CIRCULATORY ELEMENTS ● Openings - to permit passage from the exterior to the interior or from one room to another ● Corridors - to allow travel from one part of the building to another ● Stairs, Ramps, Elevators and Escalators 4. DECORATIVE ELEMENTS ● Mouldings - classified according to their purpose: ● Terminate - the ones which crow a group of mouldings, or a cornice(direction is usually horizontal) ● Support - mouldings are sturdier in character (direction is vertical)•Separate - these concave, convex and flat surfaces which give interest to a composition by reasons of introducing a change in direction between 2 or more important elements ● Translate - usually have an outward and downward direction to their contours. (ex. Base of column and wall) ● Combination ● Ornaments - may be analyzed with reference to its character: ● Abstract - is that which has no reference to any particular object, or to any familiar, easily recognized object. ● Pictorial - usually has less connection with architecture than with some other forms of expression. It tells a story. ● Naturalistic - pictorial decoration like biblical or secular history depicted in churches or structures ● Conventionalization - consist of the simplification of the design and its reduction to a basic structural pattern which express the character of the materials used. ● NON-PICTORIAL - does not tell a story, no pictorial meaning in the design TWO FORMS OF DECORATIONS TWO-DIMENSIONAL - is that which has no reference to any particular object, or to any familiar, easily recognized object. ● Painting - painted decoration ● Mosaic ● Fresco ● Mosaic - tiles, marbles, etc ● Inlays - metals, wood, etc THREE-DIMENSIONAL ● Ornament (carved or hammered)
low or high relief
Sculpture - low relief, in the round, free-standing BASIC ELEMENT IN ORGANIZING DECORATIVE FORMS ● ORIGIN - Straight Line - fret, zig-zag, diaper, square, triangle, etc. ● COMPOSITION - Arrangement - within a border, within an area, all over pattern ● TREATMENT - Variation of Size, Shape, Tone CHARACTERISTICS OF LINES: ● STRAIGHT LINE - sturdy, masculine, it belongs to architecture, it has its moods: ● VERTICAL - expresses the spirit of the Gothic, it is proud and exalted, it is inspiration ● HORIZONTAL - represents the horizon of the seascape, it is calm and peaceful, it is repose ● DIAGONAL - symbolizes the flight of geese; it is vigorous or even angry, it is action ● CURVED LINE - more subtle than the straight line. It is more graceful and sensitive. It is feminine and represents architecture which caters to the emotional rather than the physical SPACE - From Old French word espace, from Latin word spatium - the unlimited or incalculably great three-dimensional realm or expanse in which all material objects are located, and all events occur. - the portion or extent of this in a given instance; extent or room in three dimensions: the space occupied by a body. - In Architecture, the 3-dimensional field which objects and