this es the answer in Parts of the speech, Study Guides, Projects, Research of English

Download this es the answer in Parts of the speech and more Study Guides, Projects, Research English in PDF only on Docsity! Parts of Speech A part of speech is a term used in traditional grammar for one of the nine main categories into which words are classified according to their functions in sentences, such as nouns or verbs. Also known as word classes, these are the building blocks of grammar. Parts of Speech  Word types can be divided into nine parts of speech:  nouns  pronouns  verbs  adjectives  adverbs  prepositions  conjunctions  articles/determiners  interjections  Some words can be considered more than one part of speech, depending on context and usage.  Interjections can form complete sentences on their own. Every sentence you write or speak in English includes words that fall into some of the nine parts of speech. These include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners, and interjections. (Some sources include only eight parts of speech and leave interjections in their own category.) Learning the names of the parts of speech probably won't make you witty, healthy, wealthy, or wise. In fact, learning just the names of the parts of speech won't even make you a better writer. However, you will gain a basic understanding of sentence structure and the English language by familiarizing yourself with these labels. Open and Closed Word Classes The parts of speech are commonly divided into open classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) and closed classes (pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles/determiners, and interjections). The idea is that open classes can be altered and added to as language develops and closed classes are pretty much set in stone. For example, new nouns are created every day, but conjunctions never change. In contemporary linguistics, the label part of speech has generally been discarded in favor of the term word class or syntactic category. These terms make words easier to qualify objectively based on word construction rather than context. Within word classes, there is the lexical or open class and the function or closed class. The 9 Parts of Speech Read about each part of speech below and get started practicing identifying each. Noun Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. They can take on a myriad of roles in a sentence, from the subject of it all to the object of an action. They are capitalized when they're the official name of something or someone, called proper nouns in these cases. Examples: pirate, Caribbean, ship, freedom, Captain Jack Sparrow. Pronoun Pronouns stand in for nouns in a sentence. They are more generic versions of nouns that refer only to people. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who, which, anybody, ourselves. Verb Verbs are action words that tell what happens in a sentence. They can also show a sentence subject's state of being (is, was). Verbs change form based on tense (present, past) and count distinction (singular or plural). Examples: sing, dance, believes, seemed, finish, eat, drink, be, became Adjective Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns. They specify which one, how much, what kind, and more. Adjectives allow readers and listeners to use their senses to imagine something more clearly. Examples: hot, lazy, funny, unique, bright, beautiful, poor, smooth. Adverb Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and even other adverbs. They specify when, where, how, and why something happened and to what extent or how often. Examples: softly, lazily, often, only, hopefully, softly, sometimes. Preposition Prepositions show spacial, temporal, and role relations between a noun or pronoun and the other words in a sentence. They come at the start of a prepositional phrase, which contains a preposition and its object. Examples: up, over, against, by, for, into, close to, out of, apart from. Conjunction Conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses in a sentence. There are coordinating, subordinating, and correlative conjunctions. Examples: and, but, or, so, yet, with. Articles and Determiners Articles and determiners function like adjectives by modifying nouns, but they are different than adjectives in that they are necessary for a sentence to have proper syntax. Articles and determiners specify and identify nouns, and there are indefinite and definite articles. Examples: articles: a, an, the; determiners: these, that, those, enough, much, few, which, what. Some traditional grammars have treated articles as a distinct part of speech. Modern grammars, however, more often include articles in the category of determiners, which identify or quantify a noun. Even though they modify nouns like adjectives, articles are different in that they are essential to the proper syntax of a sentence, just as determiners are necessary to convey the meaning of a sentence, while adjectives are optional. Interjection Interjections are expressions that can stand on their own or be contained within sentences. These words and phrases often carry strong emotions and convey reactions. Examples: ah, whoops, ouch, yabba dabba do! How to Determine the Part of Speech Only interjections (Hooray!) have a habit of standing alone; every other part of speech must be contained within a sentence and some are even required in sentences (nouns  A bus pulled up to the curb.  My dad says I can't go to the party.  How many instruments does the woman play?  Education is important to many people What Are Proper Nouns? Proper nouns are specific people, places, things, or ideas. They include people’s names, names of places, brand names, days of the week, months of the year, and titles of published works.  Examples of proper nouns include:  specific people - Joanna, Terrance, Dr. Rogers  specific places - Hollywood, France, Jupiter  specific things - Panasonic, Toyota, Doritos  specific ideas - Christianity, Murphy’s Law, Spanish Inquisition  calendar words - Monday, November, Valentine’s Day  published works and movies - Lord of the Rings, Captain Underpants, Frozen How To Use Proper Nouns in a Sentence You use proper nouns in sentences the same way you use common nouns, but they keep their capitalization no matter where they appear in a sentence.   Terrance walked down Second Street.   The Toyota sat in the Grand Valley parking ramp.  We landed at the Detroit International Airport.  Shelby is a good friend of mine.  He rode the Kawasaki Teryx to Meachum Junior High.  Mom saw the Beatles in conc https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/common-and-proper-noun.html What is a collective noun? The word collective means “of or characteristic of a group of individuals taken together.” A collective noun is a noun that appears singular in formal shape but denotes a group of persons or objects. The words army, flock, and bunch are all examples of collective nouns. These nouns are all singular nouns but they refer to a group of people or things. In most cases, collective nouns use singular verbs. That’s because collective nouns refer to a group of multiple people or things as a single unit or entity. Collective nouns vs. uncountable (mass) nouns Although collective nouns are very similar to uncountable nouns, there are important differences between the two types of nouns. Unlike uncountable nouns, collective nouns can follow an indefinite article or a number: you can buy a deck of cards but you can’t buy “a furniture.” Another major difference is that collective nouns typically have plural forms while uncountable nouns rarely do. For example, a baseball game can be between two teams but you don’t put “three milks” in your coffee. Are collective nouns singular or plural? In most cases, collective nouns use singular verbs as in My family is weird. If the collective noun is made plural, it uses a plural verb as in The two families hate each other. So far so good. However, if the members of the group are not acting in unison, it sounds better to use a plural verb. hree types of collective nouns and examples We use collective nouns to refer to a wide variety of stuff. People We often use collective nouns to refer to groups of people.  Examples: team, gang, squad, army, jury, clergy, cult, crew Animals There are a lot of different collective nouns that refer to groups of animals. Many of these collective nouns are memorable because of how silly or strange they sound.  Examples: a herd of cows, a litter of kittens, a pride of lions, a school of fish, a murder of crows, a clowder of cats, a clan of hyenas, a flamboyance (yes, really!) of flamingos Things We also use collective nouns to refer to groups of things. Depending on the word, a collective noun can refer to a group of physical objects and/or abstract ideas.  Examples: bunch, stack, pile, supply, set, pack, collection, trove, horde Exercise 1.1 Identify the following nouns by type: person, animal, place, object, substance, measure, action, quality or idea 1. Saucer _________________________________ 2. cup_________________________________ 3. dancing _________________________________ 4. camel _________________________________ 5. home _________________________________ 6. talent _________________________________ 7. Ottawa _________________________________ 8. Client _________________________________ 9. magazine_________________________________ 10. year _________________________________ 11. tiger _________________________________ 12. humor _________________________________ 13. mountain _________________________________ 14. pilot _________________________________ 15. Canada _________________________________ 16. Month _________________________________ 17. Talking _________________________________ 18. steel _________________________________ 19. water _________________________________ 20. performer _________________________________ Exercise 1.2 Underline all the nouns in the following sentences 1. Mordecai bought a used guitar from his friend. 2. Editors are looking for certain kinds of writing. 3. The staff at the plant signed the petition. 4. The book contains examples of feature writing. 5. The teacher had patience and skill. 6. Annette played a solo during the spring concert. 7. No website can do your thinking for you. 8. Oranges and lemons are grown in Israel. 9. Despite predictions, TV has not replaced the book. 10. Pina and her friends went to the festival. 11. The dog dug a hole under the fence. 12. We celebrated our mother’s graduation this year. 13. Skydiving is a dangerous sport. 14. Books and magazines lay scattered around the room. 15. Heat from the fireplace warmed the room. 16. Virginia Wolfe’s novel The Waves is a stunning work. 17. Her bracelet fell into the water. 18. The doctor prescribed rest for her exhausted patient. 19. Two friends just returned from a trip to Boston. 20. Bernard bought a new home in Westminster. Exercise 1.3 Identify the bold/ italicized nouns as concrete or abstract and common or proper; also identify any collective or  compound nouns. The first number is done for you.