TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers What is kinematics? -Correct Answers A branch of mechanics (energy transfer) that refers to motion and does not consider the concepts of force and mass of the object or body. What is Newton's First Law? -Correct Answers A body at rest will remain at rest. A body in motion will remain in motion until acted on by an outside force. What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? -Correct Answers Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. It is only changed from one form to another. What is Newton's Second Law? -Correct Answers Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration of deceleration. What is kinetic energy (KE)? -Correct Answers KE equals 1/2 the mass (M) multiplied by the velocity squared. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers What is the Mnemonic for the Initial Assessment? -Correct Answers A = Airway with simultaneous cervical spine protection B = Breathing C = Circulation D = Disability (neurologic status) E = Expose/Environmental controls (remove clothing and keep the patient warm) What is the Mnemonic for the Secondary Assessment?-Correct Answers F = Full set of VS/Focused adjuncts (includes cardiac monitor, urinary catheter, and gastric tube)/Family presence G = Give comfort measures (verbal reassurance, touch, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management of pain). H = Hx and Head-to-toe assessment I = Inspect posterior surfaces TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Distant heart sounds What are the interventions for Effective/Ineffective Circulation?-Correct Answers - Control any uncontrolled external bleeding by: - Applying direct pressure over bleeding site - Elevating bleeding extremity - Applying pressure over arterial pressure points - Using tourniquet (last resort). - Cannulate 2 large-caliber IV's and initiate infusions of an isotonic crystalloid solution - Use warmed solution - Use pressure bags to increase speed of IVF infusion - Use blood administration tubing for possible administration of blood - Use rapid infusion device based on protocol - Use NS 0.9% in same tubing as blood product - IV = surgical cut-down, central line, or both. - Blood sample to determine ABO and Rh group TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - IO in sternum, legs, arms or pelvis - Administer blood products - PASG (without interfering with fluid resuscitation) How do you assess Mnemonic "D"?-Correct Answers DISABILITY A = Alert V = Verbal P = Pain U = Unresponsive - GCS - PERRL? - Determine presence of lateralizing signs including: - Unilateral deterioration in motor movements or unequal pupils - Symptoms that help to locate area of injury in brain TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers What are the interventions for Disability?-Correct Answers - If assessment indicates a decreased LOC, conduct further investigation during secondary focused assessments - If pt is not alert or verbal, continue to monitor for any compromise to ABC's - If pt demonstrates signs of herniation or neurologic deterioration, consider hyperventilation. What is assessed and intervened for Expose/Environmental Controls?- Correct Answers - Remove clothing - Ensure appropriate decontamination if exposed to hazardous material - Keep pt warm - Keep clothing for evidence What is the first thing assessed under the Secondary Assessment?- Correct Answers FULL SET VS / FOCUSED ADJUNCTS / FAMILY PRESENCE - ABCDE should be completed - Labs, X-rays, CT, Foley, TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers What are factors that contribute to ineffective ventilation?-Correct Answers - AMS - LOC - Neurologic injury - Spinal Cord Injury - Intracranial Injury - Blunt trauma - Pain caused by rib fractures - Penetrating Trauma - Preexisting hx of respiratory diseases - Increased age What medications are used during intubation?-Correct Answers LOAD Mnemonic: L = Lidocaine O = Opioids A = Atropine TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers D = Defasiculating agents What are the Rapid Sequence Intubation Steps?-Correct Answers PREPARATION: - gather equipment, staffing, etc. PREOXYGENATION: - Use 100% O2 (prevent risk of aspiration). PRETREATMENT: - Decrease S/E's of intubation PARALYSIS WITH INDUCTION: - Pt has LOC, then administer neuromuscular blocking agent PROTECTION AND POSITIONING: - Apply pressure over cricoid cartilage (minimizes likelihood of vomiting and aspiration PLACEMENT WITH PROOF - Each attempt NOT to exceed 30 seconds, max of 3 attempts. Ventilate pt 30-60 seconds between attempts. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - After intubation, inflate the cuff - Confirm tube placement w/exhaled CO2 detector. POSTINTUBATION MANAGEMENT: - Secure ET tube - Set ventilator settings - Obtain Chest x-ray - Continue to medicate - Recheck VS and pulse oxtimetry What is a Combitube?-Correct Answers A dual-lumen, dual-cuff airway that can be placed blindly into the esophagus to establish an airway. If inadvertently placed into trachea, it can be used as a temporary ET tube. There are only two sizes: small adult and larger adult. What is a Laryngeal Mask Airway?-Correct Answers Looks like an ET tube but is equipped with an inflatable, elliptical, silicone rubber collar at the distal end. It is designed to cover the supraglottic area. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Chest x-ray How do you inspect the chest for adequate ventilation?-Correct Answers Observe: - mental status - RR and pattern - chest wall symmetry - any injuries - patient's skin color (cyanosis?) - JVD or tracheal deviation? (Tension pneumothorax) What are you looking for when auscultating lung sounds?-Correct Answers Absence of BS: - Pneumothorax - Hemothorax - Airway Obstruction Diminished BS: TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Splinting or shallow BS may be a result of pain What are you looking for when percussing the chest?-Correct Answers Dullness: - hemothorax Hyperresonance - Pneumothorax What are you looking for when palpating the chest wall, clavicles and neck?-Correct Answers - Tenderness - Swelling - subcutaneous emphysema - step-off deformities = These may indicate: esophageal, pleural, tracheal or bronchial injuries. Palpate trachea above suprasternal notch. Tracheal deviation may indicate a tension pneumothorax or massive hemothorax. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers What is the DOPE mnemonic?-Correct Answers D - Displaced tube O - Obstruction: Check secretions or pt biting tube P - Pneumothorax: Condition may occur from original trauma or barotrauma from ventilator E - Equipment failure: pt may have become detached from equipment or there's a kink in the tubing Explain Hypovolemic Shock.-Correct Answers Most common to affect a trauma pt cause by hypovolemia.. Hypovolemia, a decrease in amount of circulating blood volume, may result from significant loss of whole blood because of hemorrhage or from loss of semipermeable integrity of cellular membrane leading to leakage of plasma and protein from intravascular space to the interstitial space (as in a burn). Some causes: - Blood loss - Burns, etc. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers Septic shock from bacteremia is distributive shock. Endotoxins and other inflammatory mediators cause vasodilation, shunting of blood in microcirculation, and other perfusion abnormalities. What is vascular response?-Correct Answers As blood volume decreases, peripheral blood vessels vasoconstrict as a result of sympathetic stimulation via inhibition of baroreceptors. Arterioles constrict to increase TPR and BP. What is renal response?-Correct Answers Renal ischemia activates release of renin. Kidneys do not receive adequate blood supply, renin is release into circulation. Renin causes angiotensinogen, normal plasma protein, to release angiotensin I. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers Angiotensin-converting enzyme from the lungs converts into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes: - Vasoconstriction of arterioles and some veins - Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system - Retention of water by kidneys - Stimulation of release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex (sodium retention hormone) *Decreased urinary output = early sign renal hypoperfusion and an indicator that there's systemic hypoperfusion. Explain adrenal gland response.-Correct Answers When adrenal glands are stimulated by SNS, release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) from adrenal medulla will increase. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers Epi stimulates receptors in heart to increase force of cardiac contraction (positive inotropy) and increase HR (positive chronotropy) to improve cardiac output, BP and tissue perfusion. Shock stimulates hypothalamus to release corticotropin-releasing hormone that stimulates pituitary to release ACTH that stimulates adrenal gland to release cortisol. Effect of cortisol release is elevation in blood sugar and increased insulin resistance and gluconeogenesis, hepatic process to produce more sugar. Cortisol also causes renal retention of water and sodium, a compensatory mechanism to conserve body water. Explain Hepatic Response.-Correct Answers Liver can store excess glucose as glycogen. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - BP - Pulse pressure - Breath sounds - Heart sounds - Bowel sounds Percuss: - Chest and abdomen Palpate: - Central pulse (carotid or femoral) - Positive inotropic effect (force of contraction) may be evidence by a bounding central pulse - Palpate peripheral pulses - Palpate skin temp and moisture Diagnostic Procedures: - Xrays and other studies - Labs Planning and Implementation TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Oxygen - IV's with warmed replacement fluids - Control external bleeding with direct pressure - Elevate LE's - NGT - Foley - Monitor and pulse oximeter - Monitor for development of coagulopathies - Surgery? ICP is a reflection of what three volumes? What happens when one increases?-Correct Answers 1. Brain 2. CSF 3. Blood within the nonexpansible cranial vault As volume of one increases, the volume of another decreases to maintain ICP within normal range. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers As ICP rises, CPP decreases, leading to cerebral ischemia and potential for hypoxia and lethal secondary insult. Hypotensive pt w/marginally elevated ICP can be harmful. Slightly elevated BP could protect against brain ischemia in a pt with high ICP. Cerebral ischemia can lead to increased concentration of CO2 and decreased concentration of O2 in cerebral vessels. CO2 dilates cerebral blood vessels = increase blood volume and ICP. What are the early signs and symptoms of increased ICP?-Correct Answers - Headache - N/V - Amnesia regarding events around the injury - Altered LOC - Restlessness, drowsiness, changes in speech, or loss of judgement TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers Disruptions of the bony structures of the skull can result in what?- Correct Answers Displaced or nondisplaced fx's causing CSF leakage b/c of lac to the dura mater, creating a passage for CSF. CSF leaks through the nose (rhinorrhea) or the ears (otorrhea). A potential entrance for invading bacteria. Also: meningitis or encephalitis or brain abscess Define Minor Head Trauma.-Correct Answers GCS 13-15 Define Moderate Head Trauma-Correct Answers Postresuscitative state with GCS 9-13. Define Severe Head Trauma.-Correct Answers Postresuscitative state with GCS score of 8 or less. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers What is a concussion and its signs and symptoms?-Correct Answers A temporary change in neurologic function that may occur as a result of minor head trauma. S/S: - Transient LOC - H/A - Confusion and disorientation - Dizziness - N/V - Loss of memory - Difficulty with concentration - Irritability - Fatigue What are the signs and symptoms of postconcussive syndrome?- Correct Answers - Persistent H/A - Dizziness TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Nausea - Memory impairment - Attention deficit - Irritability - Insomnia - Impaired judgement - Loss of libido - Anxiety - Depression What is diffuse axonal injury and its signs and symptoms?-Correct Answers (DAI) is widespread, rather than localized, through the brain. Diffuse shearing, tearing and compressive stresses from rotational or accerleration/deceleration forces resulting in microscopic damage primarily to axons within the brain. S/S: - Immediate unconsciousness TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Sleepiness - Dizziness - N/V - Hemiparesis or hemiplegia on opposite side of hematoma - Unilateral fixed and dilated pupil on same side of hematoma What is a subdural hematoma and its S/S?-Correct Answers A focal brain injury beneath the dura mater that results from acceleration/deceleration. Usually venous, and not necessarily from a fx. Formation may be acute or chronic. Acute pt's hematoma manifest 48 hrs post injury S/S: - Altered LOC or steady decline in LOC - S/S of increased ICP - Hemiparesis or hemiplegia on opposite side of hematoma - Unilateral fixed and dilated pupil on same side of hematoma TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers Chronic pt's " " up to 2 wks post injury - H/A - Progressive decrease in LOC - Ataxia - Incontinence - Sz's What are intracerebral hematoma's and its S/S?-Correct Answers Occur deep within brain tissue, may be single or multiple and commonly associated with contusions (frontal & temporal lobes). They result in significant mass effect, leading to increased ICP and neurologic deterioration. S/S: - Progressive and often rapid decline in LOC - H/A - Signs of increasing ICP TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Pupil abnormalities - Contralateral hemiplegia What are the S/S of a linear skull fx?-Correct Answers - H/A - Possible decreased LOC What are the S/S of a depressed skull fx?-Correct Answers - H/A - Possible decreased LOC - Possible open fx - Palpable depression of skull over the fx site What are the S/S of a basilar skull fx?-Correct Answers - H/A - Altered LOC - Periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes), mastoid ecchymosis (Battle's sign), or blood behind tympanic membrane (hemotympanum) - Facial nerve (VII) palsy - CSF rhinorrhea or otorrhea TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Palpate cranial area for: - Point tenderness - Depressions or deformities - Hematomas - Assess all 4 extremities for: - Motor function, muscle strength and abnormal motor posturing - Sensory function DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES - Lab Studies PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION - (Initial assessment) - Clear airway (stimulation of gag reflex can produce transient increase in ICP or vomiting with subsequent aspiration. - Administer O2 via NRB - Assist with early ET intubation - Administer sedative/neuromuscular blocking agent - Consider hyperventilation TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - PaCO2 above 45 mm Hg may cause increased cerebral vasodilation, increased CBF, increased ICP. - Prolonged hyperventilation NOT RECOMMENDED. - Hypocarbia occurs as result of hyperventilation causes cerebral vasoconstriction, decreased CBF, decreased ICP. And ischemia secondary to severe vasoconstriction. - Hyperoxygenate pt with 100% O2 via bag-mask - Apply direct pressure to bleeding sites except depressed skull fractures - Cannulate 2 large IV's - Hypotension doubles pt's death rate (w/severe head trauma) - Vasopressors used to maintain CPP. - Insert OG or NGT. OG should be used with severe facial trauma. - Position pt, elevate head to decrease ICP (but may also reduce CPP). - Position head midline to facilitate venous drng. Rotate head to compress veins in neck and result in both venous engorgement and decreased drng from brain - Prepare for ICP monitoring device TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Administer mannitol as prescribed. - Mannitol, hyperosmolar, volume-depleting diuretic, decreases cerebral edema + ICP by pulling interstitial fluid into intravascular space for eventual excretion by kidneys. - Administer anticonvulsant - Sx should be avoided b/c increases cerebral metabolic rate + ICP. Indications for sz prophylaxis: - Depressed skull fx - Sz at time of injury - Sz on arrival to ED - Hx of sz's - Penetrating brain injury - Acute subdural/epidural hematoma - Administer antipyretic med/Cooling blanket TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Corneal Opacification - Coexisting chemical burn and swelling of lids What are S/S of penetrating trauma/open or ruptured globe?-Correct Answers - Marked visual impairments - Extrusion of intraocular contents - Flattened or shallow anterior chamber - Subconjunctival hemorrhage, hyphema - Decreased intraocular pressure - Restriction of extraocular movements What are the S/S of orbital fracture (orbital blowout fracture)?-Correct Answers - Diplopia (double vision) - Loss of vision - Altered extraocular eye movements - Enophthalmos (displacement of the eye backward into the socket) - Subconjunctival hemorrhage or ecchymosis of the eyelid TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Infraorbital pain or loss of sensation - Orbital bony deformity What is LeFort I fracture and its S/S?-Correct Answers Transverse maxillary fx that occurs above level of teeth and results in separation of teeth from rest of maxilla. S/S: - Slight swelling of maxillary area - Possible lip lac's or fractured teeth - Independent movement of the maxilla from rest of face - Malocclusion What is LeFort II fracture and its S/S?-Correct Answers Pyramidal maxillary fx=middle facial area. Apex of fx transverses bridge of nose. Two lateral fx's of pyramid extend through the lacrimal bone of the face and ethmoid bone of skull into the median portion of both orbits. Base of the fx extends above level of the upper teeth into maxilla. CSF leak is possible. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers S/S: - Massive facial edema - Nasal swelling w/obvious fx of nasal bones - Malocclusion - CSF rhinorrhea What is LeFort III fracture and its S/S?-Correct Answers Complete craniofacial separation involving maxilla, zygoma and bones of cranial base. This fx is frequently associated w/leakage of CSF and fx mandible. S/S: - Massive facial edema - Mobility and depression of zygomatic bones - Ecchymosis - Anesthesia of the cheek - Diplopia - Open bite or malocclusion - CSF rhinorrhea TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Pt have hx of eye problems? - Pt ever have eye surgery? - Pt have visual or ocular changes associated with chronic illness? PHYSICAL INSPECTION: - Inspect eye, orbits, face and neck - Check for symmetry, edema, ecchymosis, ptosis, lacerations and hematomas - Inspect globe for lacerations, large corneal abrasions, hyphema, and extrusion or prolapse of intraocular contents - Determine whether lid lac's - Assess pupil's (PERRL) - Unilateral fixed and dilated pupil may indicate oculomotor nerve compression as a result of ICP + herniation syndrome - Bilateral fixed and pinpoint pupils = pontine lesion or drugs - Mildly dilated pupil w/sluggish response may early sign of herniation syndrome TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Widely dilated pupil occasionally occurs w/direct trauma to globe of eye - Assess for consensual response - Assess redness, eye watering, blepharospasm - Assess extraocular movement, except when an open globe injury is known or suspected. - Limitation range of ocular motion may indicate orbital rim fx w/entrapment or paralysis of cranial nerve or ocular muscle - Perform visual acuity exam - Use Snellen or handheld chart. Check uninjured eye first - Assess for blurred or double vision with injured eye and then with both eyes open - Inspect for rhinorrhea or otorrhea - If drng present, may indicate CSF leak - Observe for impaled objects - Assess occlusion of mandible and maxilla TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Malocclusion or inability to open + close mouth is highly indicative of maxillary or mandibular fx - Observe for uncontrolled bleeding PALPATION - Palpate periorbital area, face and neck for: - Tenderness - Edema - Step-off defects or depressions - Subcutaneous emphysema (esophageal or tracheal tear) - Palpate trachea above suprasternal notch - Trach deviation = late indication of tension pneumothorax or massive hemothorax - Assess sensory fx of perioribital areas, face and neck - Facial fx's can impinge on infraorbital nerve, causing numbness of inferior eyelid, lateral nose, cheek, or upper lip on affected side. - Check position of trachea DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES: TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Prepare for admission, OR or transfer What are the nursing interventions for a patient with a maxillofacial or neck injury?-Correct Answers - Administer oxygen - For facial trauma, place pt in high-fowler's position if no spinal injury is present. - Insert OG or NGT. OGT should be used if basilar skull fx or severe midface fx's are suspected - Monitor for progressive airway assessment - Prepare for intubation, PRN. - Cannulate 2 large IV's, initiate isotonic crystalloid IV solution - Control external bleeding w/direct pressure - Monitor for continued bleeding + expanding hematomas - Apply cold compresses to face to minimize edema - Assist w/repair of oral lac's, PRN - Admin antibiotics - Stabilize impaled objects TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Admin analgesic meds With any eye injury, what should the evaluation and ongoing assessments be?-Correct Answers - Reassessing visual acuity at reasonable intervals - Reassessing pain, including response to nonpharmacologic + pharmacologic interventions - Monitoring appearance, position, movements of globe and pupillary responses - Monitoring airway patency, respiratory effort and ABG's What are the most common type of injury associated with chest trauma?-Correct Answers blunt; MVC's. Penetrating; firarm injuries or stabbings What are S/S of a rib fracture?-Correct Answers - Dyspnea - Localized pain on movement, palpation, or inspiration - Pt assumes position intended to splint chest wall to reduce pain TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Chest wall ecchymosis or sternal contusion - Bony crepitus or deformity What is a flail chest?-Correct Answers A fracture of two or more sites on two or more adjacent ribs, or when rib fractures produce a free- floating sternum. Flail segments may not be clinically evident in the first several hours after injury b/c of muscle spasms that cause splinting. After positive pressure intiated, paradoxical chest wall movement ceases. What could a flail chest be associated with?-Correct Answers - Ineffective ventilation - Pulmonary contusion - Lacerated lung parenchyma What are the S/S of flail chest?-Correct Answers - Dyspnea TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Distended neck, head and upper extremity veins-may not be clinically appreciated if significant blood loss present - Tracheal deviation - shift toward uninjured side (LATE sign) - Cyanosis (LATE sign) Define Hemothorax.-Correct Answers Accumulation of blood in the pleural space. What are the S/S of Hemothorax?-Correct Answers - Dyspnea, tachypnea - Chest pain - Signs of shock - Decreased breath sounds on injured side - Dullness to percussion on the injured side What is a pulmonary contusion?-Correct Answers They occur as a result of direct impact, deceleration or high-velocity bullet wounds. It TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers develops when blood leaks into lung parenchyma, causing edema + hemorrhage. This usually develops overtime and not immediately. What are the S/S of pulmonary contusion?-Correct Answers - Dyspnea - Ineffective cough - Hemoptysis - Hypoxia - Chest pain - Chest wall contusion or abrasions What happens to a ruptured diaphragm?-Correct Answers Potentially life-threatening, results from forces that penetrate the body. Left hemidiaphragm is more susceptible to injury because the right side is protected by the liver. - Herniation of abdominal contents - Respiratory compromise b/c impaired lung capacity + displacement of normal tissue. TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Mediastinal structures may shift to opposite side of injury What are S/S of a ruptured diaphragm?-Correct Answers (Anything below the nipple line and should be evaluated for potential diaphragmatic injury). - Dyspnea or orthopnea - Dysphagia - Abdominal pain - Sharp epigastric or chest pain radiating to left shoulder (Kehr's sign) - Bowel sounds heard in lower middle chest - Decreased breath sounds on injured side What are S/S with tracheobronchial injury?-Correct Answers Blunt trauma. "Clothesline-type" injuries. - Dyspnea, tachypnea - Hoarseness - Hemoptysis TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers Obtain Hx. PHYSICAL: Inspection: - Observe chest wall - Assess breathing effort and RR - Symmetry - Inspect jugular veins (Distended = increased intrathoracic pressure as result of tension pneumothorax or pericardial tamponade. Flat = external jugular veins may reflect hypovolemia) - Inspect upper abdominal region for injury Percussion: - Percuss the chest (Dullness = hemothorax, Hyperresonance = pneumothorax) Palpation: - Palpate chest wall, clavicles and neck for: - Tenderness - Swelling or hematoma TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Subcutaneous emphysema - Note presence of bony crepitus - Palpate central and peripheral pulses and compare quality between: - Right and left extremities - Upper and lower extremities - Palpate the trachea (above suprasternal notch. Trach shift may indicate late sign of tension pneumothorax or massive hemothorax) - Palpate extremities for motor and sensory function (lower extremitiy paresis or paralysis may indicate aortic injury). Auscultation: - Auscultate compare BP in both UE's and LE's - Auscultate breath sounds (decreased or absent breath = pneumo or hemothorax. Diminshed BS = splinting. Shallow = b/c of pain). - Auscultate chest for presence of BS (diaphragmatic rupture) - Auscultate Heart sounds (muffled = pericardial tamponade) - Auscultate neck vessels for bruits (vascular injury) Diagnostic Procedures: TNCC Notes for Written Exam Questions & Answers - Xrays - Arteriography - Bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy - CT's - FAST - Labs (cardiac enzymes) - ECG, CVP What is the planning and implementation for thoracic injury?-Correct Answers p. 142