Download Molecular Biology: Understanding Carbohydrates and Lipids and more Study notes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Topic 2 Molecular Biology Review **Review all the “understanding” statements at the beginning of each section. Key facts 2.3 14. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and include glucose, galactose, and fructose. 15. Disaccharides include two monosaccharides bonded together. Examples are maltose, lactose, and sucrose. 16. Polysaccharides are long chain carbohydrates, and include starch, glycogen and cellulose. 17. In animals glucose is carried by the blood to transport energy to cells all through the organism. 18. Lactose in animals provides energy to young mammals until they are weaned from their mothers. 19. Glycogen is used in animals to store energy in the liver and muscles. 20. In plants, fructose makes fruit sweet tasting. This attracts animals, allowing dispersal of the seeds in the fruit. 21. Sucrose is the form of carbohydrates that is transported by the plant’s phloem (vascular tissue). It represents an energy source. 22. Cellulose is used in plants to produce fibers that allow the construction of the cell wall. 23. In condensation two simple molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule. When this occurs water is formed. 24. In hydrolysis larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. Water molecules are used up in this reaction. 25. Four functions of lipids include: energy storage, heat insulation, buoyancy, and they are an essential part of cellular membranes. 26. Both lipids and carbohydrates serve to store energy. 27. Lipids store twice the amount of energy as an equal mass of carbohydrates. However, carbohydrates are more easily digested than lipids to release their energy. Also, carbohydrates are water soluble and are easier to transport. 28. Because lipids are insoluble in water, they do not cause problems with osmosis in cells. Complete the following. Carbohydrates 1. Identify the structural formula for glucose. 2. Identify the structural formula for ribose. 3. Identify the general formula for a fatty acid. 4. Identify the general structure for glycerol. 5. Identify the general structural formula for a triglyceride 6) What three elements do they contain? What is the ratio of H:O? 7) What is their function? 8) What is the difference between a mono, di and polysaccharide? 9) When two monosaccharides combine, the process is called________, requires__________, and gives off a __________molecule (be able to draw two glucose molecules undergoing this process) 10) When a disaccharide is broken down into two monosaccharides, the process is called____________, _________is released and a________molecule needs to be added. 11. Large molecules of organic compounds are called macromolecules and are made up of specific sub-units. What are the subunits of: a. carbohydrates ______________________ b. lipids _______________________ 12. Identify whether the following are mono, di or polysaccharides: glucose, cellulose, maltose, galactose, ribose, glycogen, lactose, starch, fructose, sucrose 13. Identify whether the following are found in plants or animals: glucose, cellulose, maltose, galactose, ribose, glycogen, lactose, starch, fructose, sucrose
