Vehicle Rescue: Stabilization and Extrication Techniques, Exercises of Construction

Download Vehicle Rescue: Stabilization and Extrication Techniques and more Exercises Construction in PDF only on Docsity! TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 1 of 19 TR: Vehicle Rescue Lesson One Stabilization and Extrication Techniques DOMAIN: COGNITIVE / PSYCHOMOTOR LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION / APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Principles of Vehicle Extrication, 2nd Edition; IFSTA Essentials 5th Edition; NFPA 1006 Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications, 2013 Edition; Vehicle Rescue and Extrication by Ronald E. Moore; NFPA1670 Operations and Training for Technical Rescue Incidents; various types of rescue equipment used by the AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) such as: cribbing block, step chocks, shims, pneumatic lifting bags, pneumatic shoring struts, timber, rope and rigging material, crutches, high lift jacks, tow trucks are optional per instructor level of knowledge, basic hand tools, pneumatic and hydraulic and electric operated tools, both corded and cordless, and rated chains; generators and lighting equipment; and various types of vehicles available to the AHJ for practicing the proper use of the equipment covered in this lesson plan. Vehicles in the VMR lesson plans include passenger vehicles, trucks, buses, industrial moving machinery, and farm machinery. Laptop computer, multimedia projector and whiteboard or flipchart, and marking pens. NOTE: The mentioned vehicles and machinery are only suggestions. Practice on all of these types of vehicles and machinery is not mandatory to complete the objectives of the lesson plan. Selection should be based on availability and AHJ needs. Practical skills testing for the Technical Rescuer candidate is based on passenger vehicle extrication. OBJECTIVE PAGE TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 2 of 19 NFPA 1006, 2013 Edition JPRs 10.1.3 Establish fire protection and fire control support 10.1.4 Stabilize a vehicle 10.1.5 Isolate and manage potentially harmful energy sources within a vehicle 10.1.6 Determine vehicle access and egress points 10.1.7 Create access and egress openings for rescue 10.2.1 Plan for a heavy vehicle incident 10.2.2 Stabilize heavy vehicles 10.2.3 Determine access and egress points for heavy vehicles 10.2.4 Create access and egress openings for a rescue from heavy vehicles 10.2.6 Isolate and manage potentially harmful energy sources within heavy vehicles Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training. TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Technical Rescuer candidate shall correctly identify, describe the function, and demonstrate the operation of various tools and equipment commonly used for vehicle and machinery extrication rescue. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Technical Rescuer candidate shall correctly identify the three levels of rescue vehicles, and the equipment most commonly carried on them. 2. The Technical Rescuer candidate, when given the appropriate rescue equipment, shall correctly OBJECTIVE PAGE TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 5 of 19 c) They function as a first response vehicle; begins scene and vehicle stabilization procedures. d) These trucks are generally built on a 1 or 1½ ton chassis. e) They resemble a standard utility truck. f) Many fire departments utilize ladder or engine companies for this level of response. g) Light rescue vehicles are usually capable of transporting two to seven personnel. h) Vehicles transporting more than three personnel require a four-door cab or enclosed crew compartment in the body of the vehicle. 2. Identify the characteristics of a medium rescue vehicle. a) They carry all basic rescue tools plus powered hydraulic spreaders and cutters, pneumatic lifting bags, power saws, acetylene/exothermic cutting equipment, and ropes and rigging equipment. b) These trucks are capable of handling the majority of vehicle rescue incidents. c) Specialized units are often considered medium rescue vehicles. In conjunction with carrying generalized rescue equipment, they will carry specialized equipment for specific rescue incidents. d) Specialized rescue vehicles may include hazmat units, aquatic rescue units, trench rescue units, and structural collapse units. 3. Identify the characteristics of a heavy rescue vehicle. a) A heavy rescue vehicle is capable of providing support to extricate a victim from almost any type of entrapment. b) In addition to carrying light and medium duty rescue equipment, additional equipment may include tri-pods, A-frames, gin poles, cascade systems, specialized rescue equipment, large power plants, and quantities of lighting equipment. Reference: Jones and Bartlett Vehicle Extrication, pages 135 and 136. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 6 of 19 The Technical Rescuer candidate, when given the appropriate rescue equipment, shall correctly demonstrate safe and efficient methods for stabilizing a vehicle. 1. Discuss the purpose of vehicle stabilization. a) Vehicle stabilization prevents the sudden movement of a vehicle. b) Stabilization techniques and equipment used will basically be the same for passenger vehicles, buses, trucks, or farming machinery. c) Techniques will vary based on vehicle position. 2. Discuss assessment considerations for vehicle stabilization. a) An unstable vehicle presents an unsafe environment for rescue personnel. b) Determine how much stabilization is required. c) Identify and mitigate any hazards that might put rescuers at risk during the stabilization process. d) Determine which tool is most effective for the stabilization process. 3. Identify the five ways an unstable vehicle can move. a) Vertical movement - in relationship to the ground moves up and down along its vertical axis. b) Horizontal movement - moves forward or backwards on its longitudinal axis or side to side on its lateral axis. c) Pitch movement - moves up and down the lateral axis causing front end to rise and fall. d) Roll movement - rocks side to side while rotating about its longitudinal axis while maintaining a horizontal orientation. e) Yaw movement - twist or turns about its vertical axis causing the front and rear end to move left or right. Reference: Jones and Bartlett Vehicle Extrication, page 176. 4. Discuss the steps for stabilizing an upright vehicle. a) Chock the wheels. b) Install step chocks or crib boxes behind each front wheel and forward of each rear wheel. c) In some cases deflating the tires may add to stability. An exception would be split rims. TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 7 of 19 d) Instability of the middle of the undercarriage may require a third set of step chocks or crib box. e) Vehicles upright and on an incline may require additional anchoring to a steadfast anchor. 5. Discuss the steps for stabilizing a vehicle on its side. a) Establish fire control for leaking fuels and fluids. b) Shim all voids. c) A buttress system or modified raker shore with a minimum of four contact points works well. d) Ground base plates should be secured to a stable anchor point on the vehicle. e) Tying all rakers together increases stability. 6. Discuss the steps for stabilizing a vehicle on its top. a) A buttress system works well. b) If cribbing is used to fill voids, the height of the crib box should not exceed two times the length of cribbing material with a maximum height of 36”. The two most common type of cribbing material used for vehicle stabilization are wood and plastic. c) When using a crib box as a base for a lifting tool, such as a lifting bag, spreader, or jack, the top of the box must be solid all the way across. d) The most common dimensions are 4” x 4” x 18” - 24” long. e) Chains, utility rope and come-a-longs rated for the load can provide added stabilization security. f) When using pneumatic lifting bags to stabilize a vehicle, protect them from punctures, and exposure to excessive heat. g) Follow the manufacturer guidelines for safe use. Reference: Jones and Bartlett Vehicle Extrication, pages 176 – 186, 331 and 336. 7. Discuss the steps for stabilizing a bus. a) Procedures and tools for stabilizing a bus in any position should follow the same principles as for passenger vehicles. b) The number of stabilization points is greater and the recommended guidelines is to stabilize a bus in three or more places. TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 10 of 19 9. Explain that this folded section of roof should be secured with a rope if there is any possibility that a gust of wind (e.g., a transfer truck passing by on an interstate highway) may cause it to be blown back on the passenger compartment. 10. Point out the roof may be folded from the side (e.g., the vehicle is against an embankment or a transfer truck which prevents emergency service personnel from reaching the corner posts on that side of the vehicle.) 11. Discuss how roofs may be removed entirely to gain access to the patient. The rear posts are usually thicker and may require the use of multiple cuts or "V" cuts with a hydraulic cutter. 12. Explain to the class that for vehicles on their side, a three-sided cut at the top and two sides, which will form somewhat of a ramp, may be made on the roof, being sure not to catch the roof railing. Stabilize the vehicle with whatever means are available prior to making the above mentioned cuts. 13. Emphasize that no part of the patient's body should be in contact with that part of the roof that must be cut. 14. Describe how the above mentioned cut can be made with a variety of tools: a) Panel cutter and 2 pound hammer. b) Fire ax and eight pound sledge hammer. c) “Can-opener" type metal cutter. 15. Explain to the class that after the headliner has been removed, cut the roof supports at the bottom, and fold them up at the top. 16. Illustrate how discarded sections of fire hose approximately three feet long cut along one side may be placed on the edges of the metal which has been cut to prevent injury. Reference: Jones and Bartlett Vehicle Extrication, pages 217 – 221. PRESENTATION TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 11 of 19 ENABLING OBJECTIVE #4 The Technical Rescuer candidate, when given the appropriate rescue equipment, shall correctly demonstrate safe and efficient methods for extricating an entrapped or pinned patient of a motor vehicle accident by displacing the vehicle door. 1. Point out that doors are often used as a means of gaining access as well as extrication of the patient. 2. Explain how American automobiles have a latching device which closes around a strykor bolt ("Nader Nail.”) 3. Point out that on passenger cars, multipurpose passenger vehicles and trucks; a door locking mechanism is required to withstand a minimum of 2,500 lbs. before separating when a longitudinal load is applied. A Toyota latch is rated at 3,500 lbs. while a Mercedes Benz is rated at 5,800 lbs. 4. Explain that foreign cars as well as older vehicles may have a door locking mechanism which pinches a pin. 5. Describe how plunger type door handles may be removed with a hammer with the locking mechanism disengaged with a screwdriver. 6. Point out that on a center post mid-mounted door handle the primary latching mechanism is higher than on a typical door. 7. Explain to the candidates that a secondary latch pin is located near the bottom of the door which is typically not as strong as the primary. 8. Discuss with the students locking mechanisms on vehicles with passive restraint seat belt systems. 9. Explain how these vehicles will also have a locking mechanism where the seat belt assembly attaches to the door frame to insure the effectiveness of the seat belt. 10. Describe how door hinges may be stamped steel or cast iron in construction and may break suddenly TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 12 of 19 without warning as opposed to bending when a force is applied. 11. Point out that rivets which hold hinges in place may travel with the velocity of a bullet when broken off. 12. Discuss how the crash protection barrier is designed to protect occupants involved in side impact crashes. 13. Explain to the candidates that the crash protection barrier may be a piece of rolled steel much like a roll cage found in race cars. 14. Describe how on doors with push-button-type handles, the following procedure may be used quickly. a) Knock the door handle off with a 2 pound hammer. Use caution that the hammer does not strike a lower extremity of the firefighter should they miss the handle with the hammer. b) Insert the tip of a screwdriver to strike the bearing plate that engages the door-latching mechanism. c) Pulling outward on the door as the bearing plate is depressed should open the door. 15. Describe how using any one of a number of tools such as a panel cutter or an air chisel, an opening can be created around the door handle which will give the rescuer an opportunity to manually engage the door- latching mechanism. 16. Point out that hand tools such as pry bars are very ineffective against the strykor bolt ("Nader Nail") as they are designed to withstand several thousand pounds of pressure before releasing. Reference: Jones and Bartlett Vehicle Extrication, pages 208 – 213. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #5 The Technical Rescuer candidate, when given the appropriate rescue equipment, shall correctly demonstrate safe and efficient methods for extricating an entrapped or TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 15 of 19 NOTE: Some texts suggest that this inner ring of steel inside a steering wheel may be made of sprung steel. In the event that this situation is encountered, it would be necessary to cut the spokes of the steering wheel with a hydraulic cutter. The procedure is somewhat difficult with a hacksaw. 3. Point out to the candidates that you want to wrap a chain around the steering column one complete turn and bring the two ends under the spokes of the wheel to form a loop which will accept a hook of the come-a- long when using a hydraulic spreader unit, simply wrap the chain around the steering column and back on itself. 4. Explain to the class that when displacing the tilt-wheel steering column forward with a come-a-long, simply wrap the chain around the column below the tilt mechanism. 5. Describe how the above procedure prevents the steering column from separating at the tilt mechanism which is simply a piece of "stamped" steel (very weak) and a plastic knuckle. NOTE: An alternative method to displacing the steering column forward on a front-wheel-drive vehicle is to displace it in an upward direction with a "High-Lift" tractor jack. The steering column is wrapped in the standard fashion with a chain brought tight to the front of the vehicle and secured to the chassis. The tractor jack is then placed under this chain with a cribbing support under it to lift the steering column upward. The chain around the steering column can also be placed onto that portion of the tractor jack which travels upward to raise the steering column upward. A second chain can be used from the top of the tractor jack to a secure joint on the chassis to stabilize the tractor jack and prevent it from twisting. Reference: Jones and Bartlett Vehicle Extrication, pages 219 – 232. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #8 TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 16 of 19 The Technical Rescuer candidate, when given the appropriate rescue equipment, shall correctly demonstrate safe and efficient methods for extricating an entrapped or pinned patient of a motor vehicle accident by displacing the dashboard. 1. Pushing the dashboard using a hydraulic spreader. 2. A hydraulic spreader may be used to push up the dashboard, one side at a time 3. Steps for pushing the dashboard. a) Open and preferably remove the front door on the side where the dashboard will be pushed. b) Remove the windshield, if this hasn’t been done already, and cut the “A” post at the windshield level. c) Cut two notches low on the “A” post. Cut one notch as close to the floor as possible and the other about one foot above the first cut. d) Place a solid platform of cribbing directly below the lifting area. e) After cutting the notches, insert a spreader tip into each notch, keeping the spreader as parallel to the frame as possible. f) After placing the spreader, open it. g) The dashboard and “A” post should be forced up and toward the front of the vehicle. h) Once the lift is complete, insert a piece of cribbing to hold the dash in place. 4. Pushing the dashboard and steering column using hydraulic rams. 5. Steps for using rams. a) Remove the windshield. b) Cut the “A” posts and fold back or remove the roof to expose the inside of the vehicle. c) Cut a “V” shaped notch into the “A” posts on both sides of the vehicle. This notch may be made on either side of the hinges or in between the hinges. Most departments prefer to make the cut at the bottom, as close to the rocker panel as possible. d) It is best to use two long (50” to 60”) rams to do the pushing. Position one ram on each side of the vehicle. TR:VR: Stabilization and Extrication Lesson 1 Page 17 of 19 e) Butt the foot end of the ram against the bottom of the “B” post. f) Extend the pushing end until it is in contact with the top of the “A” post. g) Once the rams are in place, extend them to push the dash assembly up and away from the front seat area of the vehicle. h) Once the dash assembly is pushed, the victim may be removed through the top of the vehicle. i) An alternative method is to place cribbing in the cut on the “A” post to allow the rams to be removed without the dashboard settling back into its original position. Reference: Jones and Bartlett Vehicle Extrication, pages 219 – 232. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #9 The Technical Rescuer candidate, when given the appropriate rescue equipment, shall correctly demonstrate safe and efficient methods for extricating an entrapped or pinned patient of a motor vehicle accident by displacing the passenger seat. 1. Front seats may be pushed backwards with hydraulic spreading tools or hydraulic rams 2. Steps for using a hydraulic spreader. a) Place one tip of the tool on the corner of the seat’s lower frame directly above the seat runner. b) Place the other tip against the “A” post at a point higher than the seat frame. It may be necessary to use a piece of cribbing between the tip of the tool and the post to prevent the post from buckling. c) Once the tool is in place, open the spreader arms. This will move the seat toward the rear of the vehicle. 3. Steps for using a hydraulic ram. a) Position the ram between the corner of the seat’s lower frame, directly above the seat runner and the fire wall or “A” post. Place a sturdy piece of