Types of Bones - Human Anatomy - Test 2 Notes | KIN 2500, Study notes of Physiology

Download Types of Bones - Human Anatomy - Test 2 Notes | KIN 2500 and more Study notes Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! Test 2 Bones - Bones are organs made of different tissues o Osseous tissue o Connective tissue  Cartilage  Adipose  Dense CT o Epithelial tissue o Nervous tissue  NAV- nerve, artery, vein  How they travel - Main points in this chapter o How bones form o How bones age o How bones are affected by exercise and activity Function - Support o Posture - Protection o Internal organs - Movement o Attachment site for muscles, which allow us to move - Mineral storage o Calcium - Hemopoiesis o Production of red blood cells that takes place in the bone marrow - Fat storage o Supply of energy Types of Bones - Long bone o Ex. Humerus, femur o Longer than they are wide and contain more compact bone than spongy bone - Short bone o Ex. Trapezoid o Wider than they are long and contain more spongy bone than compact bone - Flat bone o Ex. Sternum, skull o Layer of spongy bone in between two layers of compact bone- diploe - Irregular bone o Ex. Vertebra - Sesamoid bone o Ex. Patella o Usually always associated with attachment of tendons and ligaments o Find them where there is a lot of friction Anatomy of a Long Bone - Diaphysis o Body of a long bone  Also called shaft of the bone - Epiphysis o Proximal and distal epiphysis o Ends of the long bone - Metaphysis o Contains the growth plate (epiphysial plate/line) o Located between the epiphysis and the Diaphysis - Articular Cartilage o Colored in blue, found at the ends of long bones o Reduces friction between articulating bones - Periosteum o Thin covering on the outside of the bone, tough o 2 layers  Fibrous dense irregular connective tissue layer  Osteogenic layer  Layer that gives nourishment to the bone  When you break a bone, this is the part that will remodel the bone and help it to grow back - Endosteum o Lining of the medullary cavity - Medullary cavity o Hollow part of the bone in the diaphysis o Bone marrow is found here Bone Surface Markings - Depressions and openings o Fissure- narrow slit between adjacent bones o Foramen- opening through which blood vessels and nerves pass - Intermembranous Ossification (flat bones) 1. Development of the ossification center a. No mature cells yet 2. Calcification a. Mature cells, osteocytes in the lacunae 3. Formation of Trabeculae 4. Development of the periosteum a. Spongy bone between two layers of bone tissue o Simpler process than endochondral ossification - Endochondral Ossification (most of the bones in the body) 1. Development of cartilage model 2. Growth of cartilage model 3. Development of primary ossification center a. Nutrient artery perforates the diaphysis of the bone b. Development of spongy bone 4. Development of the medullary cavity a. Maturing, takes shape of a regular bone 5. Development of secondary ossification center a. Secondary ossification at the epiphysis 6. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphysial plate o Cartilage is replaced by bone; occurs for most bones of the body o Involves a six step process o Length  The cartilage model grows in length by mitosis and by the deposition of extracellular matrix  Interstitial growth - growth in length o Thickness  In contrast, growth of cartilage in thickness is due mainly to the addition of more extracellular matrix to the periphery  Appositional growth - growth in thickness (video)  Ridges in periosteum create groove for Periosteal blood vessel  Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-lined tunnel  Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming a new Osteon  Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in periosteum build new circumferential lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new Periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels o Epiphysial Plate  The growth in length of a long bone involves  Interstitial growth  Replacement of cartilage with bone by endochondral ossification on the diaphyseal side of the epiphysial plate  Layers  Zone of resting cartilage o Anchors the growth plate to the bone  Zone of proliferating cartilage o Rapidly dividing cells  Zone of hypertrophic cartilage o Cells enlarge a little but remain in stacks or columns  Zone of calcified cartilage o Thin zone of dead cells - Bone remodeling o Done by Resorption  Taking the old matrix o Bone deposition  New matrix is created - Osteoporosis o Literally means “porous bones” o The problem is that bone Resorption (destruction) outpaces bone deposition (formation)  Shrinking grandparents  Especially in women because of estrogen  Production of the main androgen (testosterone)in older men wanes gradually and only slightly - Types of Bone Fractures o Open fracture  Bone protrudes through the skin  Dr. Hargroder playing soccer o Comminuted fracture  Break pushes bone fragments in between the break  Splinters and fragments lie near the break o Greenstick fracture  Only in children  Break of one bone and bending of the other o Impacted fracture  Jams bone or into bone socket  Forcefully driven into the interior of the other bone o Pott’s Fracture  Common in soccer, in the leg  Break in the lateral bone and problems with the distal articulation o Colles’ Fracture  In the arm, break in the lateral bone and articulation problems o Stress Fracture  Most common  Microscopic fissures or fractures in bone that usually form from repeated, strenuous activites  About 25% of stress fractures involve the tibia Chapter 7 The Skeletal System - 206 total bones in the adult skeleton - Divided into 2 divisions o Axial skeleton  80 bones  Skull, ribs, vertebra o Appendicular skeleton  126 bones  Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle Bones of the Skull - Cranial bones (8)- house and protect the brain o Frontal (1) o Parietal (2) o Temporal (2) o Occipital (1) o Sphenoid (1) o Ethmoid (1) - Facial Bones (14)- protect things like your senses (eyes, nose, mouth, openings to the digestive system, and respiratory system) o Nasal (2) o Maxillae (2) o Zygomatic (2) o Mandible (1) o Lacrimal (2) o Palatine(2) o Inferior nasal conchae (2) o Vomer (1) Cranial Bones Maxillae - The paired maxillary bones - Internally, somewhat hollowed out and makes way for sinuses - Body of the maxillae Zygomatic - These bones form the prominences on the anterior face - The temporal process joins with the Zygomatic process to form the Zygomatic arch Mandible - This arched bone forms the lower jawbone - Structural features: o Body o Rami  For muscle attachment o Angle o Condylar process  More superior and rounded o Coronoid process  Inferior and pointed o Mandibular notch  Between the Condylar and Coronoid processes Nasal Septum - The septum is formed from three separate components: o Superior part of the vomer o Perpendicular plate of the Ethmoid o Septal (hyaline) cartilage  Usually a broken nose is damage to the cartilage- can’t really do anything about it Orbits - Three cranial bones, and four facial bones, form each orbit* - Associated with each orbit are five openings: o optic foramen (canal) o superior orbital fissure o inferior orbital fissure o supraorbital foramen o lacrimal fossa Paranasal Sinuses - Filters and warms the air as you breathe in - Helps the quality of your voice- helps for you to resonate - Lightens the mass of your head - These are cavities within frontal, sphenoid, Ethmoid, and maxillary bones - They are lined with mucous membrane Unique features of the skull - Sutures o Coronal  Frontal and parietal o Sagittal  Two parietal bones o Lambdoid  Parietals with occipital o Squamous  Parietals with temporals - Fontanels o Associate with a new born, soft spot o Unossified mesechymal tissue that becomes bone through Intermembranous ossification o SO the baby’s head can go through the birth canal Cranial Fossae - Depressions - Anterior o Frontal lobes of the brain - Middle o Temporal lobes of the brain - Posterior o Cerebellum, pons, and the medulla oblongata Hyoid Bone - Unpaired - It is suspended from the Styloid processes - The hyoid bone consists of the a horizontal, rectangular body, and paired projections called the lesser horns and the greater horns - No other bone articulates with the hypoid bone- specifically for muscle attachment Vertebral Column - Cervical- 7 - Thoracic- 12 - Lumbar- 5 - Sacral- fused 5 - Coccygeal- fused 4 Curves of the Vertebral column - Normal curves include the convex cervical and lumbar curves and the concave of the thoracic and sacral curves - Abnormal curves usually caused by osteoporoses - Abnormal curves o Scoliosis  Lateral abnormality o Kyphosis  Hunchback  Increase thoracic curve o Lordosis  Swayback  Increase lumbar curve Structures common to most vertebras - Body o Separated by intervertebral disc - Vertebral arch o Surrounds and protects spinal cord - Pedicle o Protects lateral walls - Lamina o Protects the posterior walls o Laminectomy- surgery to fix a slipped disc, now use the Swiss cheese effect from the hot doctor - Spinous process - Transverse processes (2) - Articular processes (2 superior, 2 inferior) Cervical Vertebra - 7 cervical vertebra, C1-C7 - C1- Atlas o Allows you to shake your head in a yes movement (up and down) - C2- Axis - Each upper limb has 32 bones - Two separate regions o Pectoral girdle- 2 bones  Scapula  Acromion process- acromioclavicular joint  Glenoid cavity- glenohumeral joint  Clavicle o Free limb- 30 bones  1 humerus  1 ulna  1 radius  8 carpals  19 metacarpal and phalanges Clavicle - S shaped bone- medial curve is convex and concave laterally - Extends from the sternum to the scapula, located above the first rib - Seat belt in a car- common way to break the clavicle, usually breaks in the junction of the curves - FOOSH- fall on an out stretched arm, causes broken clavicle, humerus pushes upward Scapula - Triangular space - Spine o Posterior o Ends laterally at the Acromion - Acromion o Most superior process - Coracoid Process o Protrudes superiorly - Glenoid cavity o Articulation site for the head of the humerus- most movable joint - Vertebral border o Medial - Lateral border o Axillary border - Superior angle o Most superior part of the scapula o What is the most superior part of the scapula? Acromion if superior angle is not a choice - Inferior angle o Where the medial and lateral borders meet inferiorly - Supraspinous fossa (posterior) o I say fossa you say… MUSCLE o Supraspinatous muscle attaches here - Infraspinous fossa (posterior) o Infraspinatous muscle attaches here - Subscapular fossa (anterior) o Subscapulous muscle attaches here - SITS (rotator cuff muscles) o Supraspinatous o Infraspinatous o Teres minor o Subscapulous Humerus - Largest bone of the free part of the upper limb - The proximal ball-shaped end is the head of the humerus o Sits within the Glenoid cavity - The distal end o Articulates with the radius and the ulna - Greater tubercle o Lateral on the anterior view - Lesser tubercle o More inferior and medial than the greater tubercle - Intertubercular sulcus o Also known as the bicipital groove o Attachment sight for the biceps brachii long head - Anatomical neck o Just distal to the head of the humerus - Surgical neck o Most times where the humerus is broken o Just distal to the anatomical neck - Deltoid Tuberosity o Attachment for the deltoid muscle - Radial fossa - Coronoid fossa o Receives the Coronoid process of the ulna during elbow flexion - Lateral Epicondyle - Medial Epicondyle - Capitulum o Lateral side o Articulates with the head of the radius during elbow flexion - Trochlea o Medial side o Slides into the Trochlea notch of the ulna during elbow flexion - Olecranon fossa o Receives the olecranon process of the ulna during elbow extension Ulna - Longer of the two forearm bones, medial side - Olecranon o Tip of the elbow o Best seen from a posterior view* - Coronoid process o Inserts into the Coronoid fossa on the humerus- anterior lip of the ulna - Trochlea notch o Receives the Trochlea of the humerus - Styloid process o Distal end Radius - More lateral of the two bones - Head of the radius o Articulates with the Capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna - Radial Tuberosity o Attachment site for the biceps brachii muscle (insertion) - Interosseous membrane o Connective tissue connecting the radius and ulna - There is a proximal and distal radial ulnar joint (they articulate both proximally and distally) - The radius articulates with the scaphoid lunate and triquetrum Carpal Bones - Some lovers try positions, that they can’t handle - Scaphoid lunate triquetrum pisiform, trapezium trapezoid capitates hamate - Moving Proximal to distal, lateral to medial - Scaphoid- when you break your wrist, usually the scaphoid that is - Carpal tunnel- carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum Metacarpals - 5 metacarpals, labeled I-V lateral to medial - Carpometacarpal- articulation of the carpals and the metacarpals