Types of Slope Protection, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Capstone Design

Download Types of Slope Protection and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Capstone Design in PDF only on Docsity! 2.7. Possible Types of Slope Protection 2.7.1. Geosynthetics Geosynthetics are made from different kinds of polymers used to improve, expand and render environmental, transport and geotechnical building projects cost-effective. Separation, strengthening, filtration, drainage or liquid barrier are the use of geosynthetics. Figure 2-26. ASTM D35 Program for Seminar on Geosynthetics in India Source: Google Advantages of Geosynthetics • In a controlled factory setting, produced quality control of geosynthetics is a huge benefit over the building of outdoor soil and rock. Most plants are certified according to ISO 9000 and also have their own in-house quality programs. • Compared to their natural soil counterparts, the small density of geosynthetics is an benefit insofar as light weight is on the subgrade, less airspace is used and quarried sand, gravel and clay soil materials are avoided. • Compared to thick soil layers (sands, gravels or clays) needing big earthmoving equipment, the ease of geosynthetic installation is important. • Published standards (test techniques, guides, and requirements) are well developed in organisations such as ISO, ASTM, and GSI that set standards. • Currently, design methods are accessible from many publishing sources as well as universities that teach independent geosynthetics classes or have incorporated geosynthetics into traditional geotechnical, geoenvironmental and hydraulic engineering classes. • Usually there are cost benefits and invariably sustainability (reduced CO2 footprint) benefits when comparing geosynthetic designs with alternative natural soil models. Disadvantages of Geosynthetics • Long-term performance of the specific formulated resin used to create the geosynthetic must be ensured by the use of appropriate additives including antioxidants, ultraviolet screeners and fillers. • Geosynthetics ' exposed lifetime, being polymeric, is less than unexposed as when backfilled with soil. • The obstruction or bioclogging of geotextiles, geonets, geopipes and/or geocomposites is a difficult design for certain kinds of soil or uncommon circumstances. Less soils, fine cohesionless silts, extremely turbid liquids, and microorganism laden fluids (farm runoff), for instance, are troublesome and usually require specific testing assessments. • 2.7.2. Gabions Gabion baskets are a versatile brace system that can be filled with indigenous rock to blend into their background, making it more aesthetically appealing. Gabions are capable of withstanding significant movements from undercutting or landslipping. Figure 2-27. Gabions Source: Google Advantages and Disadvantages of Gabions • Durability, flexibility and permeability can be quoted as the main characteristics of a gabion framework. With regard to durability, the mesh will combine with the rock filling over a period of time when the mesh begins to corrode, silt and vegetation, forming a permanent structure that can remain intact even when the mesh is completely gone. Gabion's inherent flexibility function has already been mentioned, enabling it to adapt to any in-situ soil profile. Figure 2-29. Sheet Pile Source: Google 2.7.5. Riprap A continuous ground cover of big, loose, angular stone that is resistant to erosion. It is used to stabilize unstable slopes owing to infiltration. It is also used to slow the structured runoff velocity, which in turn improves the infiltration potential. Figure 2-30. Riprap Source: Google Advantages of Riprap • Riprap offers an easy-to-use technique to reduce water speed and protect slopes against erosion. Installation and maintenance is easy. • Riprap offers some water quality advantages by enhancing roughness and reducing flow speed, resulting in settling. Disadvantages of Riprap • Riprap is more costly than slopes with vegetation. • At the toe and ends of the riprap, there may be enhanced scouring. • Riprap does not enhance the habitat that vegetative procedures do. 2.7.6 Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete is a strong durable building material that can be formed into many varied shapes and sizes ranging from a simple rectangular column, to a slender curved dome or shell. Its utility and versatility is achieved by combining the best features of concrete and steel. Figure 2-31. Reinforced Concrete Source: Google Advantages of Reinforced Concrete • Compared to other construction materials, reinforced concrete has a strong compressive strength. • Reinforced concrete can also resist a decent quantity of tensile stress due to the reinforcement supplied. • Reinforced concrete's fire and weather resistance is fair. • The building system of reinforced concrete is more durable than any other construction scheme. • In the beginning, reinforced concrete can be economically shaped into an almost limitless spectrum of shapes as a fluid material. • The price of reinforced concrete maintenance is very low. • Such as footings, dams, piers etc. in the structure. The most economical building material is reinforced concrete. • It functions as a minimum deflection rigid member. • It is commonly used in prefabricated structural parts as reinforced concrete can be molded to any necessary form. It produces stiff members with obvious minimum deflection. • Compared to steel use in the framework, reinforced concrete needs less qualified work to build the structure. Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete • Roughly one-tenth of its compressive strength is the tensile strength of reinforced concrete. • Mixing, casting, and healing are the primary steps of using strengthened concrete. All this impacts the ultimate power. • The costs of casting forms are comparatively greater. • The RCC column section for multi-story building is larger than the steel section as the compressive strength in the case is lower. • Shrinking triggers the growth of crack and loss of strength. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3467/bd85470778986613f4b5d9f1c64aee4c9ee2.pdf https://www.google.com/search? q=geosynthetics&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV3rjm9q3kAhUOa94KHWL7A1kQ_ AUIESgB&biw=1920&bih=904&dpr=1#imgrc=FpkGlJ__ok8svM: https://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge441/online_lectures/retention_structures/GE441- Lecture6-3.pdf https://www.google.com/search?q=gabions&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6kfDs- a3kAhWBMN4KHSHZCZ8Q_AUIESgB&biw=1920&bih=904#imgrc=-0gLzN8ZdI9aEM: https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/retaining-wall-types-use/24566/ https://www.google.com/search? biw=1920&bih=904&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=AtlqXbK2CI2F0wSXr5uoAg&q=retaining+wall&oq=retaini&g s_l=img.1.0.35i39j0l9.3835204.3839447..3844186...3.0..0.228.1862.0j7j3......0....1..gws-wiz-img....... 0i67.qelUtTUxqUk#imgrc=95d8-HOAiqFzTM: https://www.networx.com › article Concrete Retaining Wall Pros and Cons – Networx https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/sheet-pile-walls/7131/ https://www.steelpilinggroup.org/steel-piling-overview/sheet-piles/ https://www.google.com/search?biw=1920&bih=904&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=B- hqXfzRGsKsoATt44PYBw&q=sheet+pile&oq=sheet+pile&gs_l=img. 3..35i39j0i67l7j0l2.661637.664145..664387...0.0..0.223.1430.0j9j1......0....1..gws-wiz- img.KDPEJ_VrA2w&ved=0ahUKEwi88e2XiK7kAhVCFogKHe3xAHsQ4dUDCAY&uact=5#imgrc=KVciv Q36Dy0IPM: http://lshs.tamu.edu/docs/lshs/end-notes/riprap-2389874252/riprap.pdf https://www.google.com/search? biw=1920&bih=904&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=oepqXe63F9aEoATChamoCA&q=riprap&oq=riprap&gs_l=im g.3..35i39j0l9.372955.381459..383119...0.0..0.210.828.0j5j1......0....1..gws-wiz-img....... 0i67.V0yhAl00Smg&ved=0ahUKEwiujLTViq7kAhVWAogKHcJCCoUQ4dUDCAY&uact=5#imgrc=se6h Uv-VFF76dM: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-349-14911-7_1