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Download Uhm let’s just Say Layla and books and more Schemes and Mind Maps English in PDF only on Docsity! Western Cape Education Department Directorate: Curriculum FET LIFE SCIENCES REVISION BOOKLET 2023 TERM 2 Grade 10 This revision program is designed to assist you in revising the critical content and skills that you have covered during the 2nd term. The purpose is to prepare you to understand the key concepts and to provide you with an opportunity to establish the required standard and the application of the knowledge necessary to succeed in the examination. The revision program covers the following topics: • Animal tissues • Plant tisues • Organs • Support and transport systems in plants • Support systems in animals • Transport systems in animals 2 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 Table of Contents TERM 2 CONTENT ...................................................................................................................................... 3 1. ANIMAL TISSUES ................................................................................................................................ 3 2. PLANT TISSUES ................................................................................................................................... 6 3. ORGANS ............................................................................................................................................. 8 4. SUPPORT AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN PLANTS .............................................................................. 9 5. SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS ...................................................................................................... 13 6. TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS .................................................................................................. 16 7. REVISION QUESTIONS: ..................................................................................................................... 21 5 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 Tissue group Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration plasma i.e. erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes products in the body. Plays a role in blood-clotting. Muscle tissue (responsible for movement in different parts of the body) Striated/Skeletal muscle (Attached to bone and responsible for movement of the skeleton) Consists of muscle fibres/cells. A muscle fibre consists of cytoplasm, large number of nuclei and mitochondria which is enclosed by a membrane called the sarcolemma. Each muscle fibre consists of thousands of myofibrils Responsible for voluntary actions such as walking and running Smooth muscle (Found in the walls of the alimentary canal, bladder, blood vessels and uterus) Consists of spindle-shaped muscle fibres with one large oval nucleus per fibre Responsible for involuntary actions e.g. dilation and constriction of blood vessels Cardiac muscle (Occurs in the walls of the heart) Consists of branched muscle fibres that are connected to one another. A single nucleus is in the centre of each fibre. Responsible for involuntary contraction and relaxation of the heart Nerve tissue (Made up of specialized cells called neurons. Nerve tissue that forms the brain and spinal cord is Motor neurons A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites and an axon. Dendrites conduct nerve impulses to the cell body. An axon conducts Conduct nerve impulses from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the effectors (muscles and glands) 6 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 Tissue group Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration known as the central nervous system. Nerve tissue outside the central nervous system is known as the peripheral nervous system.) Sensory neurons nerve impulses away from the cell body Conduct nerve impulses from the receptors (e.g. sensory organs) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Interneurons Conduct nerve impulses between the sensory and motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord 2. PLANT TISSUES • Plant tissues can be divided into meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. • Meristematic tissue is actively dividing tissue in which new cells are formed by mitosis. The cells are not differentiated to perform a specific function. • Permanent tissue is already differentiated to perform a specific function and includes xylem, phloem, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma and epidermis. 2.1 Meristematic tissue • Apical meristem is found near the tips of roots and stems and are responsible for growth in length. • Lateral meristem is found between the xylem and phloem in a dicotelydonous plant, and it makes the plant grows thicker. 2.2 Permanent tissue Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration Epidermis • Forms the outer layer around roots, stems and leaves. • Brick-shaped and in a single layer • Cells are transparent with no intercellular air spaces. • Protects the underlying tissues from injury. • Cuticle prevents water-loss in leaves and stems. • Transparent epidermis allows sunlight through for photosynthesis. 7 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 Type of tissue Structure Function/s Illustration • Epidermis of leaves and stems are covered with a waxy layer, the cuticle. • Specialised epidermal cells are root hairs and guard cells. Parenchyma • Large with thin cell walls • Large intercellular spaces • Large vacuoles • Cells contain chloroplasts in leaves and stems • Stores food and water • Produces carbohydrates through photosynthesis • Intercellular spaces allow for gaseous exchange Sclerenchyma • Cells are dead and hollow • Contain lignin • Two types i.e. sclereids and fibres • Provides the plant with structure and support Collenchyma • Unevenly thickened cells with cellulose • Most thickenings occur in the corners of the cell walls • Provides mechanical support to the plant Xylem • Cells are elongated • Contains no living material • Cell walls thickened by lignin • Consists of xylem vessels and tracheids • Transport water and mineral salts from the roots to the rest of the plant • Serves as strengthening and support tissue 10 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 4.1.2 Internal structure of a stem: When the cross section of a young dicotyledonous stem (refer to diagram below) is studied, three regions can be distinguished i.e. the epidermis, cortex and the central cylinder: • The epidermis forms the outer layer of the stem. • The cortex consists of collenchyma, parenchyma and endodermis. • The central cylinder: Xylem and phloem occur in vascular bundles in the stem. The xylem is on the inside and the phloem on the outside. A layer of meristematic tissue, the cambium, occurs between the xylem and phloem. Cambium makes secondary thickening possible. • The central region of the stem is the pith and consists of parenchyma cells. 4.1.3 Uptake of water and mineral salts by the roots: 11 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 • The water potential of the soil water is higher (contains less dissolved substances) than the water potential of the cell sap in the vacuoles of the root hair • Water molecules move by osmosis through the permeable cell wall, through the selectively permeable cell membrane, cytoplasm and selectively permeable tonoplast into the vacuole of the root hair. • The vacuole swells and the pressure within the root hair increases. The pressure that builds up in the vacuole is called, turgor pressure. 4.1.4 Movement of water from the root hair to the xylem of the root: • The water potential in the root hair is now higher than in the adjacent parenchyma cells in the cortex of the root. • Water moves in two ways to the xylem of the root: ➢ The main route that water takes is from cell to cell by osmosis – this is a slow process ➢ Water can also move through the cell walls and intercellular air spaces between the cells by diffusion – this is a faster process • When water reaches the endodermis, with Casparian strips, it cannot pass through the cell walls of these cells. Water now moves through the passage cells of the endodermis through the pericycle to the root xylem. 12 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 4.1.5 Upward movement of water from the xylem of the root to the leaves of the plant: • Revise the cross-section through the leaf. • The three forces involved in the upward movement of water in a plant is: capillarity, root pressure and transpiration pull. Refer to the list of definitions and textbook and study the sections on capillarity and root pressure. Transpiration pull is the main force that draws water upwards in a plant. • The water potential in the intercellular air spaces of the mesophyll cells decreases as water vapour is lost through the stomata of the leaves. • Water molecules diffuse from the cell walls of the mesophyll cells into the air spaces • The water potential of the mesophyll cell walls is now lower than that of the cell sap of the mesophyll cells • This water potential gradient extends back to the leaf xylem. • Tension builds up and a suction force develops at the top of the stem xylem, which pulls water up from the root xylem. A column of water is pulled upwards. • Therefore, the water that was lost through the leaves by transpiration is replaced by the absorbed water from the soil through the root hairs. 4.1.6 The translocation of manufactured food from the leaves to other parts of the plant: • Translocation is the movement of substances e.g. sugars (sucrose) that are produced in the leaves during photosynthesis to other part of the plant. These substances are transported by the phloem from the leaves to the stems and the roots. 4.1.7. TRANSPIRATION: Transpiration is the loss of water vapour through the aerial parts of the plant mainly through the stomata. 4.1.7.1 Relationship between water loss and the structure of a leaf: • The smaller the leaves, the smaller the surface area for evaporation. • Thorns and hairs on a leaf limit transpiration. • Leaves with stomata mainly on the lower side of the leaf or leaves with sunken stomata will limit transpiration. 15 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 • The second cervical vertebra is called the axis and makes the rotation of the head possible. • The human vertebral column is S-shaped for flexibility and shock absorption. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12). • The vertebral column in apes is C-shaped (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12). • The vertebral column supports the skull • It surrounds and protects the spinal cord. • It serves as attachment for the ribs, back muscles, pectoral and pelvic girdle. 5.1.3 Rib cage • The rib cage consists of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs and the sternum. • The rib cage protects the organs in the thoracic cavity e.g. heart and lungs. • It plays a role in breathing as the movement of the rib cage increases and decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity (links with Gaseous exchange in Grade 11). 5.1.4 Appendicular skeleton • The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle and lower limbs. • The pectoral girdle consists of the 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles. • Each upper limb consists of different kind of bones i.e. the humerus (long bone), ulna (largest bone in the forearm), radius, carpals, metacarpals (bones that form the palm of the hand) and phalanges (bones that form the fingers). • The pelvic girdle consists of 2 hip bones. The hip bones are made up of 3 fused bones i.e. the ilium, ischium and the pubis. The hip bones are attached at the back by the sacrum. • The human pelvic girdle is shorter and wider to support the greater weight due to the upright posture of humans. Apes have a long and narrow pelvic girdle. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12). • Each lower limb consists of the femur (longest and largest bone in the human body), the patella (kneecap), tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and the phalanges (toe bones). • Humans have shorter arms and longer legs while apes have shorter legs and longer arms. (links with Human Evolution in Grade 12). 16 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 5.1.5 Functions of the skeleton • Support – bones of the skeletal system support and give shape to the body and attach muscles and soft organs. • Movement – the skeleton plays a role in movement together with the muscles and joints. • Protection – Bones protect soft delicate organs e.g. the brain, the heart and lungs. • Mineral storage – bone tissue stores reserve calcium and phosphorous. • Hearing – three ear ossicles in each ear transmit sound waves to the internal ear to make hearing possible (links with the ear in Grade 12). • Production of blood cells – white and red blood cells are formed in the red bone marrow. 6. TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN ANIMALS 6.1 Blood circulatory system 6.1.1 Closed, double circulatory system: • Humans have a closed, double circulatory system. It is closed because blood is limited to the blood vessels. • It is a double system because blood flows through the heart twice i.e. once when the blood is oxygenated and a second time when the blood is deoxygenated. • Two main circulatory systems can be distinguished, the pulmonary circulatory system and the systemic circulatory system. • The pulmonary circulatory system is the circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back. • The systemic circulatory system is the circulation of blood to all parts of the body. Double, circulatory system 17 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 6.1.2 Structure of the human heart 6.1.2.1 External structure • The human heart is a hollow, pear shaped and muscular organ. • The heart is situated in the thoracic cavity and is protected by the ribs and sternum. • The heart is enclosed by a double walled membrane called the pericardium. 6.1.2.2 Internal structure • The heart is divided internally into a left and right half by a muscular wall, the septum. • The left side contains oxygenated blood (high concentration of oxygen) and the right side contains deoxygenated blood (low concentration of oxygen). • The heart consists of four chambers. The upper 2 chambers are called atria and the lower chambers are the ventricles. 6.1.2.3 Right side of the heart • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the whole body. • The vena cava superior transports deoxygenated blood from the head and arms to the heart. • The vena cava inferior transports deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs and abdomen to the heart. • The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium through an opening. • Deoxygenated blood is then pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. 6.1.2.4 Left side of the heart • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. • Four pulmonary veins transport the oxygenated blood to the heart. • The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium. 20 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 6.4.1 Arteries • Transport blood away from the heart • The walls of arteries consist of three layers: ➢ an outer fibrous layer of connective tissue ➢ a middle layer of smooth muscle tissue and elastic fibres ➢ an inner layer of squamous epithelium, the endothelium • The middle layer allows for the artery to stretch when blood is pumped under high pressure from the heart • The thick muscular layer and elastic fibres helps the artery wall to resist the high pressure • The lumen of an artery is smaller than that of a vein • Arteries divide into thinner arteries, called arterioles • Arteries have no valves. Only the aorta and pulmonary artery have semilunar valves. 6.4.2 Veins • Veins transport blood back to the heart • The walls of veins consist of the same three layers as arteries, but the outer two layers are thinner • The lumen of a vein is larger than that of an artery • Blood flows under very low pressure in veins • The contraction of skeletal muscles close to veins helps the blood to move in the direction of the heart • There are semilunar valves in veins which only allows blood to flow in one direction to the heart. • Smaller veins are called venules. 6.4.3 Capillaries: • Arterioles branch and later become microscopically small tubes, the capillaries • The capillaries form a branched network between cells in the tissue • The walls of capillaries consist only of one thin layer of endothelium • The lumen of a capillary is very small and allows red blood corpuscles in the blood to move through in a single file. • This slows the blood flow so that the exchange of gases and substances into and out of cells can take place more effectively. • Capillaries join to form venules that connect to form veins. 21 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 7. REVISION QUESTIONS: • Work through and answer the questions below. • Please note that HIGHER ORDER questions are in BOLD and marked with a (*) 7.1 The diagrams below show different animal tissues. 7.1.1 Identify the animal tissues labelled: (a) IV (1) (b) V (1) 7.1.2 Identify part: 22 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 (a) A (1) (b) B in diagram V (1) 7.1.3 Write down the LETTER(-S) only of the tissue(s) that … (a) is/are enclosed by a fibrous perichondrium. (1) (b) is/are found in the walls of the alimentary canal, bladder and uterus. (1) 7.1.4 Give TWO functions of the tissue labelled II (2) 7.2 The diagram below shows a cross section through a dicotyledonous root. 7.2.1 Identify part: (a) A (1) (b) B (1) 7.2.2 Give the LETTER and NAME of the part that: (a) gives rise to side/lateral roots (2) (b) transports organic food in the plant (2) (c) stores starch in the root (2) (d) transports water in the plant (2) 25 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 7.6 An investigation was carried out to study the effect of light intensity on the rate of water loss through the leaves of a plant. • Apparatus X (shown in the diagram below) was used to measure the rate of water loss from the leaves at several light intensities. • At each light intensity, the apparatus was left for 15 minutes before starting measurements. • The water loss was recorded in the dark and at four different light intensities. The results of this investigation are shown in the table below. *7.6.1 State a hypothesis for this investigation. (2) *7.6.2 State the dependent variable in the above investigation. (1) *7.6.3 Predict what would be the effect on the results if the investigation was carried out at a lower temperature. (1) *7.6.4 State ONE way in which the reliability of the results obtained at each light intensity could have been improved. (1) 26 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 7.7 The diagrams below represent the human skull. 7.7.1 To which one of the two main sections of the skeleton do these structures belong? (1) 7.7.2 Identify the opening marked X. (1) 7.7.3 With which vertebra does this part of the skeleton articulate. (1) 7.7.4 Give the dental formula of a human. (2) 7.8 The diagram below shows a part of a human skeleton. 7.8.1 Give the LETTERS of TWO bones that make up the pectoral girdle. (2) 7.8.2 Identify parts: (a) F (1) (b) C (1) 27 Life Sciences revision booklet 2023 Grade 10 Term 2 7.9 The diagram below shows the internal structure of a human heart. 7.9.1 Identify parts: (a) A (1) (b) E (1) (c) G (1) 7.9.2 Give the LETTER and the NAME of the blood vessel that transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs. (2) 7.9.3 Where is the blood at C coming from? (1) 7.9.4 Name the phase of the heart cycle during which chambers D will contract? (1) 7.9.5 Will there be a high or low concentration of oxygen in the blood at part F? (1) 7.10 The heartbeat of two learners was recorded and plotted on a chart. Learner A stood still and Learner B ran up and down the stairs. Their heartbeat rates were recorded every minute. The graph below shows the results.