Unique and Complete Notes on Parts of Speech with Detailed Explanation, Study notes of English Language

Download Unique and Complete Notes on Parts of Speech with Detailed Explanation and more Study notes English Language in PDF only on Docsity! Parts of Speech with Detailed Explanation and Examples In the English language, there are eight parts of speech: 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection. The part of speech explains how a word acts both grammatically and in terms of meaning inside a sentence. Noun The name of a person, place, thing, or idea is a noun. Examples: Boy, Karachi, school, happiness A noun is a word that refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. Articles (the, a, and an) are often used with nouns. Common nouns do not begin with a capital letter, but proper nouns do. Nouns can be singular or plural, concrete or abstract. Nouns can play a variety of functions in a sentence, including subject, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, and object of a preposition. Examples: 1. John is an intelligent boy. 2. We play hockey. 3. The boys will sing songs. Kinds of Noun There are eight commonly used kinds of the noun. 1. Proper Noun 2. Common Noun 3. Material Noun 4. Abstract Noun 5. Collective Noun 6. Countable Noun 7. Non-countable Noun 8. Compound Noun Proper Noun A proper noun is a name that refers to a specific person, place, or thing, e.g. Ali, Delhi, America, and Pakistan. Proper nouns always start with a capital letter in English. Common Noun A common noun is a noun that refers to people, places, or things in general, e.g., boy, city, book, parrot, and pencil. Material Noun Material Nouns are the names of the materials or substances that are used to make things. They are also called concrete nouns because have physical existence. Abstract Noun An abstract noun is a noun that refers to ideas, qualities, and situations that are not visible or touchable and do not have a physical existence, e.g., happiness, love, hate, advice, kindness, and bravery. Collective Nouns Nouns that relate to groups of people or things are collective nouns, e.g. class, army, flock, committee, and jury. Countable Nouns Countable nouns are any nouns that can be counted. Chair, book, table, and orange are examples of countable nouns that can take an article (a, an, and the). Non-countable Nouns Non-countable nouns are nouns that are unable to be counted. Milk, water, rice, and wheat are examples of non-countable nouns. Compound Nouns A compound noun is a noun that is formed from two or more words. The compound noun has three kinds: Open space, i.e., space between two words (cricket shoes) Hyphenated, i.e., a hyphen between words (seventy-two) Closed, i.e., no space or hyphen between words (bedroom). Pronoun 3. Mueen polishes his shoes daily. Helping Verbs Helping verbs, as the name implies, assist or support the main verb. Examples: 1. We are singing songs. (are: helping verb; singing: main verb) 2. You should help the poor. (should: helping verb; help: main verb) Transitive Verb A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object for the completion of a sentence. It cannot be used without an object. Examples: 1. He gave a gift to me. 2. I love you. 3. She hates him. 4. The lion attacked the deer. Intransitive Verbs An intransitive verb does not require an object for the completion of the sentence. In the following sentences, cry, sit, run, and smile are intransitive verbs: 1. The child was crying. 2. I sit here daily 3. They run fast. 4. She smiles sweetly. Linking Verbs Linking verbs describe the relationship between the subject of the sentence and the noun or adjective to which it is related. Examples: 1. The flowers are beautiful. 2. I feel tired. 3. She was late for school yesterday. 4. These questions are easy. 5. She enjoys music. Adjective An adjective is a word that is used to describe the quality of a noun or a pronoun. Examples: 1. My house is capacious. 2. He is a tall boy. 3. She is an intelligent girl 4. His friend is wise. Types of Adjectives There are eight types of adjectives that are described here. 1. Proper adjective 2. Descriptive, qualitative, or attributive adjective 3. Quantitative adjective 4. Numeral adjective 5. Demonstrative adjective 6. Distributive adjective 7. Interrogative adjective 8. Possessive adjective Proper Adjective Proper adjectives are those that are derived from proper nouns. Examples: 1. I am a Pakistani boy. 2. She is an American girl. 3. I can speak the English language. Descriptive, qualitative, or attributive adjective A descriptive, qualitative, or attributive adjective expresses a person or thing's type and characteristics. Examples: 1. He is a brave boy. 2. John is a lazy man. 3. This is a blue pen. Quantitative Adjective A quantitative adjective expresses the amount (quantity) of anything being discussed. For example, 1. I didn't eat an orange. 2. She has a lot of friends. 3. She doesn’t drink much milk. Numeral Adjective A numerical adjective expresses the number or order in which people or things exist. They're further separated into two groups: 1. Definite numbers represent an exact number. There are three types of them.  Cardinals (One, two, three, four)  Ordinals (First, second, third, fourth)  Multiplicative (Single, double, triple, quadruple) 2. Indefinite numbers, such as all, some, enough, none, many, few, several, and so on, do not reflect an exact number. Demonstrative Adjective A demonstrative adjective identifies the person or object being described, such as this child, that person, or those people. Distributive Adjective A distributive adjective refers to each member of a group. They come in four varieties: each, every, either, and neither. Interrogative Adjective An interrogative adjective is employed to ask a question. 1. Whose book is this? 2. Who is knocking at the door? 3. What are you doing? Possessive Adjective When the words my, our, your, his, her, it, and their are used before a noun, they are known as possessive adjectives. Adverb An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, a sentence, or another adverb. Adverbs modify another word in a phrase to add extra information. Types of Adverb Important types of adverbs are as under: 1. Adverbs of time 2. Adverbs of manner 3. Adverbs of degree 4. Adverbs of place 5. Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of Time To convey location, compound prepositions (also known as complicated prepositions) are made up of two or more words, generally a simple preposition and another word. In addition to, on behalf of, and in the middle of are other examples. Examples: 1. I attended the meeting on behalf of my company. 2. We were in the middle of the storm. 3. He has gym class in addition to his regular classes today. 4. He picked up the penny from beneath the couch. Participle prepositions Participle prepositions have -ed and -ing at the end. Examples: 1. Susan is interested in anything concerning music. 2. He whispers during the lecture. 3. Keep following my instructions. 4. All the students were there, including the girls. 5. The teacher was asking questions regarding her hobbies. 6. Considering her age, she did a great job. Phrase prepositions A prepositional phrase is a set of words that includes the preposition, its object, and any modifiers to the object. A prepositional phrase usually modifies a verb or a noun. Examples: 1. I will get to the meeting on time. 2. The cricket match was canceled after the heavy rain. 3. Rizvi found his shoes under the bed. 4. Ali and Saba received gifts from their grandparents. 5. She got the first position with a little help. 6. He came to discuss the project before the class. 7. She could not find footprints on the clean floor. 8. His house will be painted according to his wishes. Conjunction Conjunctions are also known as connecting words. They connect sentences, phrases, thoughts, activities, and concepts. Each of the three forms of conjunction connects two or more elements of a sentence. Types of Conjunction: 1. Coordinating Conjunctions 2. Subordinating Conjunctions 3. Correlative Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions like "and," "nor," and "so" connect equal components of a sentence, whether they are words, phrases, or separate clauses. Examples: 1. He was sick yesterday, so he took a rest. 2. My favorite colors were blue and green. 3. He doesn't like mangoes, nor does he like grapes. Interjection An interjection is a word that is used in any sentence to indicate internal or abrupt feelings such as joy, grief, emotions, or excitement. For interjections within a sentence, there is no need to make any grammatical modifications. Alas, bravo, hurrah, ouch, hello, ahh, hush, etc. are the common examples of interjection. Interjections usually begin with a capital letter and an exclamation mark. Types of Interjections 1. Interjections for Greeting 2. Interjections for Joy 3. Interjections for Attention 4. Interjections for Approval 5. Interjections for Surprise 6. Interjections for Sorrow Interjections for Greeting The words like "Hello!", "Hey!", and "Hi!" that are used in sentences to express warmth toward the person being addressed are called interjections for greetings. Examples: Hey! What are you doing? Hi! How are you doing? Hello! I am Zahid. Interjections for Joy The word that is used in the sentence to express immediate pleasure and happiness when a pleasant event occurs, such as Hurrah! Hurray! Wow! Examples: 1. Hurrah! We’ve won. 2. Good! Now we can move on. 3. Wow! What a beautiful dress this is! Interjections for Attention The words that are used abruptly to seek the attention of somebody. Look!, listen!, behold!, shush! etc. Examples: 1. Look! She is so rude. 2. Listen! I am not going with you. 3. Behold! Something is wrong. 4. Shush, be quiet! Interjections for Approval In the phrase, interjections for acceptance are used to indicate a strong sense of approval or agreement for something that has occurred, such as Bravo! Fantastic! You did an excellent job. Interjections for Surprise Ha!, What!, Oh!, Ah!, Eh!, and other interjections for surprise are used in the phrase to indicate a great sense of amazement over something that has happened. Examples: 1. Ah! It feels great. 2. Oh! We both love each other. 3. What! He failed. 4. Ah! He won $500. Interjections for Sorrow Interjections for Sorrow are words that are used in a phrase to indicate grief about something bad that has happened. Examples: 1. Ouch! My finger hurts. 2. Oh, we are ruined.