Unit 1 Language at work Present simple Frequency adverbs Present simple and continuous, Summaries of Mathematics

Download Unit 1 Language at work Present simple Frequency adverbs Present simple and continuous and more Summaries Mathematics in PDF only on Docsity! Unit 1 Language at work | Present simple | Frequency adverbs Present simple review Form Positive: Add -s after the verb with he / she / it. I/ you / we / they work for Ford. He / she / it works really well. Negative: Use the auxiliary do / does + not + verb. He doesn’t work. I don’t work. Exceptions 1 The verb be is irregular: Jam, you / we / they are, he / she / it is, I'm not, you / we / they aren’t, he / she / it isn’t. 2 Verbs ending in consonant + -y (eg. rely), change the -y to an -iand add -es. He / she / it relies on financial support. 3 Verbs ending in -ch, -o,-s, -ch, -ss, and -x (e.g. reach), add -es. He / she / it reaches new levels every day. Questions 1 With be, put am / are / is first. Are you Swedish? 2 With all other verbs, use do / does. Does it cost a lot? 3 With question words (who, what, where, how, etc.), add do / does to the question word. Where does he work? How do they get to work? 4 If the question word is the subject, do not use do / does. Who works for a multinational? 5 Indirect questions can start with expressions such as, Can ask ...?, Do you know ...?, Could you tell me ...?. Use the same word order as for present simple statements. Do you know where the report is? 6 For indirect yes / no questions, use if or whether. Can I ask if / whether you have experience in accounting? Use 1 To talk about facts or things which are generally true. Lucia comes from Milan. In Europe most people work in service industries. 2 To talk about repeated actions or events. Every Monday we have a team meeting. Frequency adverbs Use adverbs of frequency (never, always, sometimes, etc.) to describe how often we do something. 1 With be, place the adverb after the verb. Tam never late for work. 2 With all other verbs, place the adverb before the verb. Toften work late. 3 Place occasionally, sometimes, often, usually at the beginning of asentence to put a stronger focus on the frequency. Sometimes I work at the weekend. Unit 2 Language at work | Present simple and continuous Present simple and continuous Form For the present simple, see Unit 1. Present continuous positive: am / is / are + -ing form Delia is emailing her business partner. Present continuous negative: am / is / are + not + -ing form Thomas isn’t listening to me. Questions For the present simple questions, see Unit 1. 1 To make questions with the present continuous, put am / is / are before the subject. How are you getting on? Are you making progress with the report? 2 To give a short reply to yes / no questions in the present continuous, use the subject + am / is / are. Are you making progress with the report? Yes, Iam. / No, I’m not. Use Use both the present simple and the present continuous to talk about the present in different situations. Present simple Present continuous To talk about situations that happen regularly. In my job I speak to customers every day on the phone, To talk about situations happening at or around the time of speaking. John can't help you at the moment, he is speaking to aclient, To talk about permanent situations or facts. Iwork for DHL. To talk about temporary situations or activities. Belinda works at the Manchester office, but this month she is working with her colleagues in Liverpool. —— EE Language tip 1 These verbs, known as state verbs, are rarely used in the present continuous, e.g. know, believe, understand, like, love, forget, notice, remember, hate, want. 2 Verbs like think or fee! usually take the present simple but are used in the present continuous when they describe a mental activity. You look angry. What are you thinking about? Unit 5 Language at work | Present simple and continuous for future use Present simple and continuous for future use Form See Unit 1 and Unit 5. Use The present continuous and present simple can be used to talk about the future. 1 Use the present continuous to talk about a future arrangement that someone has made. We're discussing this again at the next meeting. 2 Use the present simple to talk about scheduled or timetabled events. The gymnasium opens at 6.30 from Monday to Friday. 3 Use the present simple after conjunctions of time, such as after, as soon as, when, by the time. Filcall you back as soon as she leaves. We can take off when everyone is on the plane. 4 We often use the present simple to talk about the future with verbs such as: open, close, start, leave, arrive and depart. The café closes at 5.00 p.m. —— Es Language tip 1 We usually use the present continuous for personal future arrangements and the present simple for official future arrangements. /'m meeting James for lunch tomorow. The annual general meeting starts at 9.00 a.m. tomorrow. 2 We don't usually use state verbs, such as be, believe, have (for possession) and need, in continuous forms. Do say: /’m busy tomorrow. Don't say: Ha-being-busy tomorrow. Unit 6 Language at work | Obligation, necessity, and prohibition Obligation, necessity, and prohibition Use 1 To talk about actions which are / aren't necessary, use need to / don't need to or have to / don't have to. We need to / have to watch the share price carefully. Back office staff don’t need to / don’t have to wear suits or ties. 2 To give an instruction that you think is important, use must. You must save your files before closing your computer down. 3 To talk about an absence of obligation, use don’t / doesn’t have to / need to. You don’t have to / need to wear an ID badge. 4 To prohibit somebody from doing something, use must not. You must not / mustn’t leave the designated area. 5 To say / ask if something is / isn't prohibited, use be allowed to / not be allowed to. Are we allowed to make personal calls from our workstations? You aren't allowed to bring mobile phones into the lab. 6 To remind people about rules, or to talk about rules which aren't always observed, use be supposed to / not be supposed to. I'm sorry, but you're not supposed to bring drinks in here. We're supposed to park at the back of the building (but I often park at the front). Form 1 Musthas no past or future form. For the past and the future use have to. He had to show his passport at the security desk. You will have to switch all the computers off before leaving the office. 2 Mustis rarely used in questions — use have to. Does he have to lock up every day? 3 It is possible to use need as a modal auxiliary, especially in the negative. You needn’tgo to the meeting this afternoon. ee Language tip Be careful with must, particularly when speaking with native speakers, as this can appear rude and even aggressive. Have to is more commonly used. You have to work at least 35 hours each week. Unit 7 Language at work | Present perfect simple and continuous | Connectors Present perfect simple and continuous Form For the present perfect, see Unit 3. Present perfect continuous have / has + been + -ing form Thave been waiting for you for over an hour. Use 1 Use the present perfect continuous for activities that began in the past and are still continuing, when you want to emphasize © the activity itself They've been developing a new product. e the duration of the activity into the present time. I've been saying we should do this since the project began! 2 Sometimes either the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous can be used. T’ve worked here for three years. / I've been working here for three years. / 3 Use the present perfect simple to emphasize the result ofan action, or the number of times it has occurred. Compare the following sentences. Emphasis I've chaired the team meeting three times. (number of times) I've been sitting in this meeting allday. (duration) I’ve just finished the report. (end result) I’ve been working on the report. (action or event) — Es Language tip Do not use the present perfect continuous with state verbs, such as be, know, understand, etc. (See Unit 2 for more on state verbs and the present continuous.) Connectors Use 1 Use the connectors in order that, so that, because of, and due to to explain the reason for something. In order that / So that we can deal with your enquiry quickly, please give your reference number. We need your reference number. It’s because of / due to the security situation. 2 Use the connectors so, therefore, as a result, and consequently to explain the result of something. We need more staff to complete the job. As a result / Therefore / Consequently, we've employed two more people. We need more staff for this job, so we've employed two more people. —— Language tip In order that / So that often come before a modal verb. | tried to finish the report quickly, so that | could prepare for the meeting. Unit 10 Language at work | Nouns | Quantifiers Nouns Form 1 Nouns are either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns have a singular and plural form. Uncountable nouns have one form. Countable nouns: chair (chairs), employee (employees), computer (computers) Uncountable nouns: time, money, information, coffee 2 Most plural countable nouns end in -s but some are irregular. man > men child > children Sometimes a speaker may make an uncountable noun countable. Would you like a (cup of) coffee? —— Language tip Nouns that are countable in a lot of other languages are uncountable in English. Do say: accommodation Don't say: at-aceemmedation, accommodations Other examples: information, advice, equipment, furniture Quantifiers Use 1 Use some, any, a lot of with countable AND uncountable nouns. There are a lot of employees in this factory. There's a lot of money in my bank account. 2 Use many and a few ONLY with plural countable nouns. How many employees are there? Only a few. 3 Use much and a little ONLY with uncountable nouns. How much information do you have? Only a little. 4 Any, much, and many are mostly used in questions or negative statements. How much money do you need? Do you have any problems? He doesn't do much work. There aren't many employees in this company. 5 Some is mostly used in questions or positive statements. Could you give me some help? I've got some work for you to do. 6 A lot of can be used with questions, negative statements, and positive statements. He gets / doesn't get a lot of support in his job. Do you get a lot of emails every day? 7 To make a comparison with countable or uncountable nouns you can use more. Ineed more time to work on this! We need more clients! 8 To make the comparative of little / not much with uncountable nouns, use less. ‘My new boss has little time for my questions. My boss has less time for my questions than my old boss. 9 To make the comparative of few / not many with countable nouns, use fewer. The company doesn’t deal with many clients. The company deals with fewer clients than it would like. Unit 11 Language at work | First conditional | Second conditional First conditional Form if + present simple (= condition), will + verb (= result) If we change our supplier, we'll reduce costs. Use 1 To talk about events that might or might not happen and their results. If they close the factory down, we'll have to look for another job. (The factory might close down, but we don't know.) 2 Use the first conditional if you believe that the condition is likely or possible. If Igeta pay rise, Iwill buy a house. (You believe it is likely or possible that you will get a pay rise.) Second conditional Form if + past simple (= condition), would / might / could + verb (= result) If we changed our supplier, we would reduce costs. Use 1 To talk about events that are less likely to happen. Ifyou wasted less time chatting on the phone, you would get more work done. (But I think you will continue to waste time.) 2 To talk about impossible or highly unlikely situations. If were taller, people would take me more seriously, (But I'll always be short.) If Iran the company, Iwould make a lot of changes, (But I am just an eighteen-year-old office clerk.) 3 To talk about something hypothetical. If we took over their company, we would have access to the South American market. 4 To be more polite, or achieve more ‘social distance’. What would you say if lasked you to be Managing Director? | Language tip In second conditional sentences, we often use were instead of was after if, Were is more formal than was. /f | were the manager, | would improve working conditions. /f | was the manager, | would improve working conditions. when, as soon as, and unless 1 We can use unless to mean if not or except. They won't let you into the restaurant unless you're wearing a tie. 2 Use when / as soon as instead of if, to show you are sure that something will happen. Compare the following. Liz will call me when the client arrives. (You are sure the client will arrive.) Liz will call me as soon as the client arrives. (You are sure the client will arrive and when the client arrives, Liz will call you immediately.) Liz will call me if the client arrives, (Maybe the client will arrive, but you are not sure.) Unit 12 Language at work | Superlative forms Superlative forms Form 1 Add -estto one- and some two-syllable adjectives and to adverbs with the same forms as adjectives, e.g. fast, straight, high. small > smallest fast > fastest 2 If the adjective or adverb ends in -y, change the -y to an-iand add -est. early > earliest 3 Double the consonant after a vowel at the end of short adjectives. hot > hottest big > biggest thin > thinnest 4 Some adjectives and adverbs are irregular. good / well > best bad / badly > worst 5 Add most to two- or more syllable adjectives and adverbs ending in -ly (except early). accurate > most accurate quickly > most quickly 6 Also add most to adjectives ending in -ed. pleased > most pleased tired > most tired 7 Don't use most with an -est superlative. Do say: She is the best boss in the company. Don't say: She is the most best boss in the company. 8 In most sentences, use the before the superlative. Do say: This is the fastest car on the road. Don't say: This isfastest car on the road. Use 1 To describe the maximum or minimum. This has the largest memory of any laptop. 2 To place something in a position after first place. We're the second biggest supplier in this market. 3 Followed by the present perfect to describe our experience of something. It was the worst food I've ever tasted. | Language tip Don't use the in certain phrases. Do say: /t’s best to arrive early. Don't say: /t’s the-best to arrive early. Unit 15 Language at work | Past continuous and past perfect Past perfect Form had + past participle Use 1 To say that one event happened before another completed past event. The meeting had ended when he arrived. the meeting he arrived ended i “ now ——_o——_¢—___- 2 The past perfect often appears in sentences with conjunctions, such as when, by the time, because, so. The other verb in the sentence is often in the past simple. Other rules Words often used with the present perfect are also often used with the past perfect. They are for, since, yet, just, never, recently, already. The email had already been sent when John noticed the mistake. Past continuous Form was / were + -ing form Use 1 To talk about something in progress at a particular time in the past. It often appears with the past simple in the same sentence. We were talking when he arrived. Note that the past action might happen whilst the continuous action is in progress (a), or it might interrupt and stop the continuous action (b). a we were talking pocecss esses 1 now + —— he arrived b we were talking prot t tts a now oe he arrived 2 To give background information in the past. We were phoning customers all day. we were phoning | an 1 now Unit 16 Language at work | Contrasting language Contrasting language Form 1 Place although and even though at the beginning of the sentence or between the two contrasting parts of the sentence. Although the conference was a waste of time, we made some useful contacts. We made some useful contacts, even though the conference was a waste of time. 2 Put acomma before but and place it between the two contrasting parts of the sentence. The conference was a waste of time, but we made some usefull contacts. 3 Break the two contrasting parts into two sentences when you use however. The conference was a waste of time. However, we made some useful contacts. 4 Despite is either followed by a noun, the -ing form, or noun + -ing form. It can also be followed by the fact that if you do not want to use the -ing form. Despite the terrible weather, the business trip to India was a great success. Despite the weather being terrible, the business trip to India was a great success. Despite the fact that the weather was terrible, the business trip to India was a great success. Use 1 Use but to show a contrast between two parts of a sentence. We need more staff, but we can't afford to employ anyone else. 2 Although, even though, despite, and however can also be used to show contrast. Despite the fact that it is a Swedish company, the staff communicate in English. It isa Swedish company. However, the staff communicate in English. Even though it is a Swedish company, the staff communicate in English. —— Language tip Even though gives more emphasis than although. Although they had given plenty of notice, their boss wasn’t happy. Even though they had given plenty of notice, their boss wasn't happy.