Unit 1: The Earth-Sun-Moon System, Schemes and Mind Maps of Engineering

Download Unit 1: The Earth-Sun-Moon System and more Schemes and Mind Maps Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! Unit 1: The Earth- Sun-Moon System Patterns of the apparent motion of the sun, the moon, and stars in the sky can be described, predicted, and explained with models. Develop your own model of the Earth-sun- moon system, using it to create a film that explains the cyclic patterns of lunar phases, eclipses of the sun and moon, and the seasons. Anchoring Phenomenon: Celestial objects appear to move in distinct patterns from Earth. Watch these time-lapse videos from Earth's perspective and answer the following questions: •What do you observe in this video clip? •What do you think is moving? •Based on what you know about space, what is an explanation for this motion? Watch these time-lapse videos from Earth's perspective and answer the following questions: •What do you observe in this video clip? •What do you think is moving? •Based on what you know about space, what is an explanation for this motion? Watch these time-lapse videos from Earth's perspective and answer the following questions: •What do you observe in this video clip? •What do you think is moving? •Based on what you know about space, what is an explanation for this motion? 1. Earth's Rotation (P8-9) Sun APPEARS to rise in the east and set in the west A celestial object is an object in space that is not placed there by humans. Examples: Earth, Sun, Mars, Polaris, Asteroids, ect…… Celestial objects appear to move across the sky every day and every night. It is usually not their motion that we see; it is Earth’s The phenomenon is cause and effect relationship, where one event causes another to happen. Celestial objects in space appear to move daily in circular patterns because of Earth's spin. 1. Earth's Rotation (p8-9) Rotation is the spin of an object around a point or a line. The point or line an object rotates around is called its axis. Earth does not have a metal pole protruding from its center. Instead, it has an imaginary line that it rotates around. Earth's rotation is the process that causes the sun to appear to rise and set, even though the sun hardly moves at all. When viewed from the North Pole, Earth rotates counterclockwise around its axis. As Earth rotates, you see the sun rise and then set. Though the sun is barely moving, it appears to move in a circular pattern due to Earth’s motion. 24hrs 1. Earth's Rotation (p8-9) 1. Earth's Rotation 1. Oraw the axis of rotation on the image of the ballerina. Then, draw an arrow on the image to indicate the direction of rotation. Where does the sun riser relative to your house? Where does the sun set? On the picture, indicate these two locations. <n se 2. Draw a picture of your nome\\ | U/ < Sars? "| 2. Earth’s Revolution spin of an object around a point or line motion of an object around another object in space.Turning/Earth Sun-Earth System Happen at the same time Measures of time on Earth Counterclockwise 24 hrs Day/Night 365 days Seasons orbit 2. Earth’s Revolution 4. Use the image below to help illustrate/Draw the difference between rotation and revolution on this image of Earth. 5. Provide an explanation for this phenomenon: Some constellations (ex: Orion & Scorpius) are visible in the evening at certain times of the year. At other times of the year, these same constellations rise much later in the night or in the early morning hours. As Earth changes location in its orbit around the sun, the orientation of the constellations with respect to the Earth-sun system changes. As a result, they shift from only appearing on the night-side of Earth, to appearing on both the night and day-side of Earth, to appearing only on the day-side of Earth. This affects what time they rise and set from Earth. INVESTIGATION 1 MODELING EARTH’S ROTATION Continue to improve your models as you show each of these situations. Situation 5: Model the sun rising in Los Angeles while it is already daytime in New York City. NYC should already be in sunlight while LA is in shadow. As Earth rotates, LA should slowly be lit by the sunlight. Situation 6: Model what people in China are experiencing while we are experiencing daytime. The US map should be directly facing the sun. Where would China be located on your model? Your back is not experiencing any sunlight. Investigation 1 U1L1 Earth’s Rotation and Revolution 1. Sketch and label a simple model that shows how Earth rotates. 2. Use your models (from class and the sketch above) to explain why New York City and Los Angeles do not experience sunrise at the same time. New York City is east of Los Angeles, which means that sunlight hits it first as the Earth spins counterclockwise on its axis. Strengths what made this model a good model to study rotation Limitations What about this model made it difficult to study Earth’s rotation Earth rotates or spins (on its axis) Can see what part of the US experiences sunrise first Can see what part of the US experiences sunset first The US map is not to scale and is flat Your body is not a sphere like the Earth The size and distance relationships within the model is not to scale axis INVESTIGATION 2 MODELING HOW CONSTELLATIONS APPEAR FROM EARTH For the remainder of this unit, our classroom planetarium will include this orbital plane. (red tape around the room) Based on this diagram, what else is in Earth’s orbital plane? Are all stars in Earth’s orbital plane? INVESTIGATION 2 MODELING HOW CONSTELLATIONS APPEAR FROM EARTH Face the sun. Can you see constellations during the day? Why or why not? ROTATE slowly counterclockwise from day to night. Can you see stars during the night? Yes! Are the constellations moving or is Earth moving? Look straight ahead as you ROTATE counterclockwise on your axis. What do you observe about the constellations you see? No, the sun’s light drowns out the constellations. The constellations are not moving. You, as Earth, are! The constellations appear to rise and set, just as the sun did! INVESTIGATION 2 MODELING HOW CONSTELLATIONS APPEAR FROM EARTH How many times does Earth rotate in one year? 365 times each year Why would it be unwise to rotate and revolve at the same time in this model? You would get dizzy! Make one complete orbit to model an Earth year. (REVOLTUION) INVESTIGATION 2 MODELING HOW CONSTELLATIONS APPEAR FROM EARTH Consider the constellation modeling activity. Analyze the strengths and limitations of the model during our investigation. Then sketch and annotate a diagram that shows why the constellations change over the year. INVESTIGATION 2 MODELING HOW CONSTELLATIONS APPEAR FROM EARTH INVESTIGATION 2 MODELING HOW CONSTELLATIONS APPEAR FROM EARTH 7. What are some strengths and limitations of the constellations model used in this investigation? Strengths Limitations Ex: Shows how constellations change over the course of a year Ex: The size and distance relationship of the earth, sun, and stars are not to scale The view of constellations are clearly shown Can see how constellations change over the course of a year Constellations are seen rising and setting Stars are not flat – they vary in distance from Earth Difficult to show both rotation and revolution – get dizzy Size and distance relationships not to scale INVESTIGATION 2 MODELING HOW CONSTELLATIONS APPEAR FROM EARTH 8. Sketch a model that shows why the constellations change over the course of a year. Label the model (sun, Earth, stars) Explain why you see different stars/constellations throughout the year. Depending on where Earth is located, it cannot see all the stars in the sky. The sun’s light drowns out stars on Earth’s day facing side 3. Earth’s Orbital Plane (p14-15) A plane is a flat surface that extends forever. Earth's orbit is on one plane, called Earth's orbital plane. (the plane in which an object’s orbit lies The sun, Earth’s orbit and the seasonal stars all lie on or near Earth’s orbital plane. 3. Earth’s Orbital Plane (p14-15) Celestial Objects on Earth's Orbital Plane Since the sun lies on Earth's orbital plane, you can only see it when you are on the side of Earth that is facing the sun. At night, you are facing away from the sun. If you wanted to see it, you would have to look through Earth. Seasonal stars lie on, or near, Earth's orbital plane. When you look out into space at night, you are always looking out at space in the opposite direction of the sun. You see different stars because you are looking at a different region of space. Different stars become visible during different times of the year. 3. Earth’s Orbital Plane (p14-15) Celestial Objects Far from Earth's Orbital Plane Some stars lie far away from Earth's orbital plane in the direction of Earth's axis as it extends far into space. These stars are called circumpolar stars. Circumpolar means something travels around one of Earth's poles. Circumpolar stars are stars located above and around Earth's north and south poles. You can see circumpolar stars all year round because they are never drowned out by the sun's light. They are located above the orbital plane - you have a line of sight to them no matter when in the year it is. INVESTIGATION 3 | I MM WNAMWLLLE ZZ MODELING HOW 3. Earth’s Orbital Plane (p14-15) Can you find the star that does not appear to move? The full video uses long exposure times to capture the motion of the stars in the night sky. •What causes the star trails in this video? As Earth rotates, it makes it appear that the stars are moving. •How does the spinning globe relate to the time-lapse video of star trails? Both the spinning globe and the star trails move in circles (counterclockwise). •Why doesn’t Polaris move like the other stars? Earth’s axis points at Polaris, which is above the North Pole. So even as Earth rotates, Polaris stays in the same location. For the remainder of our unit, we will include Polaris in our Classroom Planetarium and learn how it appears from Earth. Suppose you have been shrunk down and are standing on mini Earth. Use your model to answer these questions: If you were standing on the Northern Hemisphere, would you be able to see Polaris? Yes, Polaris is visible from the Northern Hemisphere. If you were standing on the Southern Hemisphere, would you be able to see Polaris? No, Polaris is not visible from the Southern Hemisphere. Stars located directly above and around Earth’s poles, like Polaris, are called circumpolar stars. How is that we can see circumpolar stars all year around? Circumpolar stars are always visible because they are never in the same direction as the sun and sit above or below Earth's orbital plane. 3. Earth’s Orbital Plane Review 1. Name two constellations located in Earth’s orbital plane. Scorpius and Orion (there are many more that I will accept) 2. Explain how and why stars appear to move through the sky throughout the night. Then, explain why Polaris does not move. Stars seem to move in a circular pattern throughout the night because Earth rotates on its axis. Polaris is directly above the North Pole, so it does not appear to move. 3. Provide an argument that the stars in this image are circumpolar stars. The stars in the image are seen rotating around Polaris, which means they are visible throughout the night (from the northern hemisphere). 3. Earth’s Orbital Plane Review 4. Your friend from Australia (in the Southern Hemisphere) has never seen the star Polaris. Provide an explanation for why your Australian friend cannot see Polaris. Circumpolar stars located around Polaris are not visible from the southern hemisphere because they are blocked out by the Earth. 5. Sketch and label a model to support your explanation for why your Australian friend cannot see Polaris. 4. Solving the Problem of Locating Stars (p16-17) A Solution Using the Celestial Sphere • To locate stars, astronomers created a model that placed Earth inside an imaginary sphere, called the celestial sphere. • Celestial objects are placed on the surface of the sphere, and their location corresponds with what you would see at night. • Just like using latitude and longitude to describe the location of cities and monuments on Earth, astronomers created a grid to describe the location of celestial objects. • The celestial sphere is like a map of the night sky, showing the location of constellations. 4. Solving the Problem of Locating Stars (p16-17) Using the celestial sphere model in the app software would help meet all the criteria defined for the problem of locating stars. The latitude and longitude on the celestial sphere do not change with time of day or time of night and are the same for any place on Earth. And the celestial sphere model is simple enough that it will not make an app load slowly. As a result, anyone on Earth can use the system at any time. Astronomers even use the system to figure out when the celestial objects that they are studying are going to be in the night sky. By defining their criteria and constraints precisely, engineers can come up with a solution that solves their engineering problem. Using the celestial sphere in the app software meets the criteria and constraints of the problem. LESSON SUMMARY P17 Earth's Rotation and Revolution Earth's Rotation Earth rotates around its axis over the course of a day. As a result, celestial objects in the sky appear to move throughout a day and a night. Earth's rotation causes nearly unmoving objects, such as the sun and other stars, to appear to move in the night sky. Earth's Revolution Earth revolves around the sun over the course of a year. Different stars are visible in the night sky over the course of a year due to the direction of night changing as Earth moves around the sun. Different constellations are visible depending on the time of the year because of the orientation of Earth and the sun in space. Earth's Orbital Plane Earth, the sun, and the seasonal stars are located on a plane. A plane is a flat surface that stretches on forever. As a result, the seasonal stars are only visible when not obscured by other objects on Earth's orbital plane, such as the sun or the sun's light. Circumpolar stars sit above or below Earth's orbital plane, so they are visible all year round because they are not drowned out by the sun's light. Solving the Problem of Locating Stars To develop software that allows people to quickly identify stars in the sky, engineers must consider the criteria and constraints of their problem.