Circadian Rhythm and Sleep: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Circadian Rhythm and Sleep: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Circardian Rhythm DEFINITION 1 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species. They are influential in the regulation of sleep, and also impact rhythmic variations in blood pressure, urine production, hormonal secretions and other physical functions as well as alertness, short-term memory, and other aspects of cognitive performance. TERM 2 Awake DEFINITION 2 Beta waves TERM 3 Drowsy DEFINITION 3 Alpha waves TERM 4 Stage 1 Sleep DEFINITION 4 Theta waves TERM 5 Stage 2 Sleep DEFINITION 5 sleep spindles and mixed EEG activity TERM 6 Stage 3 & 4 Sleep DEFINITION 6 Delta waves - aka slow-wave sleep TERM 7 REM sleep DEFINITION 7 low voltage high frequency sleep -- for learning and memory TERM 8 nonREM Sleep DEFINITION 8 for physical recoup TERM 9 Insomnia DEFINITION 9 chronic problems in getting adequate sleep 1. difficulty falling asleep 2. difficulty remaining asleep 3. persistent early morning awakening TERM 10 Narcolepsy DEFINITION 10 a disease arked by sudden and irresistable onsets of sleep during normal waking periods. People can go straight from awake to REM sleep for about 10-20 minutes at a time TERM 21 Conditioned Response (CR) DEFINITION 21 a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning ----- (salivation) TERM 22 Acquisition DEFINITION 22 the initial stage of learning a new response tendency TERM 23 Spontaneous Recovery DEFINITION 23 the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus TERM 24 Stimulus Generalization DEFINITION 24 occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to the new stimuli that are simlar to the original stimulus TERM 25 Extinction DEFINITION 25 the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency TERM 26 Operant Conditioning DEFINITION 26 a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences TERM 27 Operant Conditioning Father DEFINITION 27 B.F. Skinner TERM 28 Reinforcement Contingency DEFINITION 28 the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers TERM 29 Primary Reinforcer DEFINITION 29 events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs TERM 30 Conditioned Reinforcer (Secondary) DEFINITION 30 events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers TERM 31 Positive Reinforcer DEFINITION 31 a rewarding stimulus used to strengthen a response TERM 32 Negative Reinforcer DEFINITION 32 the removal of an aversive stimulus used to strengthen a response TERM 33 Punishment DEFINITION 33 occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response TERM 34 Observational Learning DEFINITION 34 occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models TERM 35 Observational Learning Father DEFINITION 35 Albert Bandura TERM 46 Phonological Loop DEFINITION 46 recitation to temporarily hold onto, for example, a phone number TERM 47 Visuospatial Sketchpad DEFINITION 47 permits people to temporarily hold and manipulate visual images TERM 48 Central Executive System DEFINITION 48 controls deployment, switching, and dividing attention TERM 49 Episodic Buffer DEFINITION 49 allows various components of working memory to integrate information and is the interface between working memory and long term memory TERM 50 Recall DEFINITION 50 reproduce information on one's own without any cues TERM 51 Recognition DEFINITION 51 select previously learned information from an array of options TERM 52 Shallow Processing DEFINITION 52 Structural encoding ----- emphasize the physical structure of a stimulus TERM 53 Intermediate Processing DEFINITION 53 Phonemic Encoding ----- emphasizes what a word sounds like TERM 54 Deep Processing DEFINITION 54 Semantic Encoding ----- emphasizes the meaning of verbal input TERM 55 Proactive Interference DEFINITION 55 previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information TERM 56 Retroactive Interference DEFINITION 56 New information impairs the retention of previously learned information TERM 57 Flashbulb Memories DEFINITION 57 unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events.