Urban Geography, Summaries of Geography

Download Urban Geography and more Summaries Geography in PDF only on Docsity! AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY – UNIT 8 (Ch.9) Urban Geography Urban The built up area in and around a city. An urban area is nonrural and nonagricultural. The incredibly slow growth of cities People have existed for 100,000 years First cities established 8,000 years ago Reached modern size and structure in last 200 years Urbanization – By the Numbers In 1800 only 5% of the world lived in cities In 1950, only 16% lived in cities In 2017, more than 50% of the world lives in cities Urbanization – By the Numbers In More Developed countries (MDC’s) nearly 75% of the population lives in cities In Less Developed Countries (LDC’s) only 40% of the population lives in cities Numbers are changing quickly – because LDCs are urbanizing at a rate much faster than the MDCs. 4 Commandments of Cities (Eduardo Paes, the mayor of Rio de Janeiro) Identify and explain the FOUR commandments of what a city needs to do to prosper in the future. In ‘The Future of Cities,’ innovative responses to urban issues Write down a variety of innovative responses to issues with urbanization. Make sure to identify which cities around the world these responses are coming from. READING QUESTIONS 1 1. 1.What two components allowed cities to stabilize and grow? Describe the relationship between these two components and how they led to the growth of cities. • Agricultural surplus • Social Stratification SIX Hearths of Urbanization • Mesopotamia (Fertile Crescent) • Peru • Nile River Valley • Indus Valley • Huang He (Yellow) Valley • Mesoamerica Location of the World's Ancient Culture Hearths = z Urban Morphology The layout of a city, it’s physical form and structure Zones of the City • Central business district (CBD) • Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) • Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city) CBD Central City Suburb Central Place • Any town or city to which people travel in order to make purchases Market Area •The areas people travel from – going to the central place • A market area is an example of a functional region Central Place Function •A good or service that is provided by the central place for its trade area •Central Place Functions have an Order • A ranking that is based on 3 factors 1. How specialized they are? 2. How large a market is needed to keep them in business? 3. How far people are willing to travel to obtain them? Low Order Function •A good or service that is obtained on a regular basis(Daily/Weekly). • Requires a small market area to be profitable and people are unwilling to travel far to obtain it. •Ex. Coffee Shop/Grocery Store Urban Hierarchy •Cities are organized into a hierarchy according to their size and importance • Importance is determined by if they offer low or high order functions Highest Order Cities • Offer all goods and services from low order to high order. Portland Mid-Sized Cities • Offer low order items and services for their residents as well as medium order functions for themselves and those living in smaller communities nearby. Salem • PORTLAND SALEM West Linn • Highest order cites have a large market area for their highest order goods.(Portland) •They have a medium sized market for their medium order functions(Eugene) •They have a small market for their lowest order goods (West Linn) Question 3 Explain the important models dealing with the urban hierarchy for: • Central-place theory • Rank-size rule • Primate cities Question 4 Describe the changes to cities with industrialization: • What physical changes occurred to the way in which cities were laid out? • How did changes in transportation affect cities? • What were living conditions like in cities? 3 Models of the North American City 1. Concentric zone/ring model (Ernest Burgess, 1920’s) 2. Sector model (Homer Hoyt, 1930’s) 3. Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, 1940’s) Figure 10.1 (p. 287) Early models of urban land use patterns Concentric Ring Model is based on the idea of: Invasion and Succession: Settlement of new arrivals to a city in older housing near the city center and outward push of earlier groups. a Fs oy oe S s o 5 8 a 1g A ° 1 Central business district 3 Zone of independent workers’ homes 4 Zone of better residences 2 Zone of transition Year Built HE 1652-1893 HE 1894-1918 1919 - 1945 1946 - 1980 HB 1281-2010 Missing N rr | 51 2 4 Building Age in Chicago Residential District im} |- Loop (downtown) in Il - Factory zone Oo Ill - Zone of transition im WV - Working class zone im V - Residential zone CJM - Commuter zone Ex. Detroit ( Population live among railroad lines) Multiple Nuclei Model • Developed during early days of shopping center suburbanization • Downtown CBD is not the only nucleus, but other major focal points, such as airports, universities • Specialized districts like retail, ports, manufacturing, etc Ex. Los Angeles Edge Cities • A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area/cities. • Located near key freeway intersections, often with: - office complexes - shopping centers - hotels - restaurants - entertainment facilities - sports complexes Urban Realms Model, 1960’s Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework. Ex. San Francisco Bay Area URBAN REALMS MODEL Sonoma . Solano . Contra Costa 2 ‘San Francisco — ban Rein Alameda cao ¢ ral Business San * Mateo . Santa Clara Question 5 Compare and contrast elements of the following urban models found in North America: • Concentric zone • Sector • Multiple-nuclei • Edge cities 3 Models of World Cities 1. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) 2. African City (de Blij model) 3. Southeast Asian City (McGee model) Latin American City - Griffin-Ford model Zone of maturity: Middle Income Residents The Spine: extension of the CBD w/ many commercial and industrial applications Situ Accretion: "constant state of on-going construction" Southeast Asian City - McGee model - No CBD, but various economic focal points Alien commercial zone: Chinese businesses in Asian cities Middle and lower class live towards edges of city Singapore Sos | I ATS ar Bi Lagos, Nigeria Kinshasa, Dem.Rep. of Congo European Cities Mostly developed during the Medieval Period and that retain many of the same characteristics: • Narrow buildings and winding streets • An ornate church that marks the city center • High walls surrounding the city center Hazardous Waste Sites East St. Louis @ CERCLA Cl] Neigh borhoods  Trends in Urbanization Blockbusting Realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight.” Inner City/ Inner City Decay • Parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. • Loses taxes base and becomes a center of poverty. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldne ws/northamerica/usa/10191824/Detroit- bankruptcy-survival-the-only-goal-in-city- that-once-epitomised-the-American- dream.html Ghettoization • A process occurring in many inner cities • Become centers of poverty and fall apart, as affluent white move out to the suburbs • Immigrants and various ethnicities vie for scarce jobs and resources. • Ex: Alberta & Calgary, Canada (Video) • http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/12/05/canada-income- inequality-cities-ghettoization_n_1128683.html a EGETABLE GARDEN] BUTSOBRIED FRUITS New York City: Greenwich ALE Te f=) WHAT CITY {S_ THIS: Proposed high- rise hotel ‘at Canal & Tchoupitoulas streets, owed Thriving local businesses occupying restored historic buildings by Mike Motwani. Renderings by Mathes Brierre Architects. that are appropriately zoned and scaled for Canal Street. NOT SURE? NO DOUBT ABOUT IT: THIS COULD BE ANYWHERE, USA NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA ASK CITY COUNCIL TO SAVE OUR BUILT HERITAGE, RESPECT THE MASTER PLAN AND CZO