Urban Land Models: Understanding City Morphology, Site, Situation, and Urban Functions, Lecture notes of Technology

Download Urban Land Models: Understanding City Morphology, Site, Situation, and Urban Functions and more Lecture notes Technology in PDF only on Docsity! URBAN LAND MODELS Chapters 13ish, 14ish, and 15ish Urban Morphology • Morphology (pg 302) is the shape of the city • layout of a city • physical form or structure Tennessee Morphology – advantages or disadvantages? Morphology advantages? ; CANADA lI CHIGAN Niagara Falls * Palmyra ~~ Bufttala Cleveland PENNSYLVANIA * Lebanon Vermissa Valley wee L~* JF Pray ~ poe F at Site oSite (pg 9) – is the absolute location and physical characteristics of a place oPositive Sites – Paris, Singapore oNegative Sites – Mexico City, Bangkok oSite does not change Mexico City – pollution? Nashville – pollution? \ " _ om S i) THAILAND 7 7 i \ rf CE ; \ 7 Urban Concepts • How and why did cities begin? • How did cities grow? Remember Gravity Model? • Primate City • Megacities • Global Cities Borchert’s Epochs of Urban Transportation Development • Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830), low and slow tech • Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks • Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network • Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine • Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?). Also called the High-Technology Epoch q a 2 Irom Horse Epoch 1830-1870 3 Steel Rail Epoch 1870-1920 4 Auto Alr-Amenity n 1920-1970 | Sail-Wagon Epoch 1790-1830 5 High Technology Epoch 1970-Present Day a e eet _—_ US. Cities structure – circa end of WW II – Compare to Borchert Denmark? Parking tower in Germany. Why? Definitions we need to know Urban Functions – What are they? • Hamlet, Village, Town, City, Metropolis, Megalopolis – What’s difference between each one? # & type of urban functions • Low order goods • High order goods • Population Threshold - # of people • Market threshold – amount of $ in the place/area • Range or Range of Sale - the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service. • Rank-Size Rule • Functional hierarchies (linkages – pg 285-286) – this determines big, small, or medium – how does everything fit together? • Basic Sector – factory jobs • Non-basic Sector – teachers, restaurants • Multiplier Effect – for every BS job, 2 NBS jobs are created • Complementary Region - exclusive hinterland within which the town has a monopoly on the sale of a certain good(s) • Rank-Size Rule • Settlements in a country may be ranked in order of their size. The 'rule' states that, if the population of a town is multiplied by its rank, the sum will equal the population of the highest ranked city. In other words, the population of a town ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest city—the fifth town, by rank, will have a population one- fifth of the first. Pg 382 - Christaller looked at the arrangement of urban place and functions. He started trying to model what he saw. ‘ ATK Le \ Deere The model to reality Individual Community ves Larger central town. Rail to the Main city  e Three Classic Urban Models eOther Urban Models Burgess Concentric Zone Model The Burgess Model CBD @@Factcories / indusctry( Transitional) @RLow Class Residential (Old Inner City Areas) @@Medium Class Residential (Interwar Period) w_High Class Residential (Modern Suburbs)  Or, how about this? Pa. 411 Rubenstein 1 Central business district 2 Zone of transition 3 Zone of independent workers' homes se23es 2.2 2299 99 saan, 4 Zone of better residences * ae 9 26,° Fee Reo, . 5 Commuter's zone * 9 me 298 o aati? Does this really work on the landscape? Urban Issues – Segregation – Where are Cubs and White Sox fans? http://www.thechicago77.com/2009/01/chicago-is-americas-most-segregated-city/ ON Hoyt Sector Model Mi cep BB light manufacturing | low quality residential C medium quality residential [5 high quality residential Hoyt Sector Model  Late 1930s  Answered the drawbacks of Burgess Model  Hoyt said growth created on these pie-shaped urban structures  Sector model is also based on bid rent  Hoyt said his pie-shaped zones could reach from the Core (CBD) to the edge of the city (e.g. low rent sector 3 from CBD to outskirt of city)  Sectors were developed along transport routes (e.g. highways, RRs, etc.)  Sector Model says that the CBD is not as important as Burgess indicated 1. Central business district 2. Transportation and industry 3. Low-class residential 4. Middle-class residential 5. High-class residential O SN ded ((G@ ON Harris & Ullman — Multiple Nuclei Harris and U8 flsrrazrn "= reeusits e-muctices modet of urban tand use ceD Wrolesalec. ght manufacturing Low-class residential Medium-—class residential High-class residential Heavy manufacturing Cutiying busimess district Residential suburb Industrial suburb OHONOWRUNS Multiple Nuclei  1940s  Harris & Ullman hypothesized the CBD was further losing its dominance  CBD no longer the nucleus of the modern city, thus emergence of ‘nuclei’  Reflects decentralization and then re-nucleation of urban functions  Also each nucleus is disconnected and do not necessarily rely on another nucleus  Suburban downtowns appear Central business district Wholesale, light manufacturing Low-class residential Medium-class residential High-class residential Heavy manufacturing Outlying business district Residential suburb Industrial suburb OODNONAWN= sy mang: Any Ca 668 Cp Bt) 2g uonjoalorg CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL A [3] Central business [RB Zone of better district reskiences BB Zone ot HB Commuters’ zone transition [BY Zone of independent workers’ homes SECTOR MODEL #2 Education anc HB inter meciate HB transportation rent residential BG industriat BEGGS a MULTIPLE NUCLE! MODEL c Central business district Wholesate, light manutacturing Low-ciass residential Middie-class residential Highclass residential Heavy manufacturing Outlying business district Residential suburb Industral suburb Urban Realms Model www.csiss.org • Vance • 1980s • Modeled after cities like Atlanta and Los Angeles • Further metamorphosis of multiple nuclei City or Edge City Model Galactic  How does this... John S. 1970. Residential Structure of Midwestern Cities. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60:56. Courtesy Blackwell Publishers.  « ...become this? Source: Based on Adams, John S. 1970. Residential Structure of Midwestern Cities. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60:56. Courtesy Blackwell Publishers.  Transportation Model Original Downtown i Streetcar or Rail Line with Stops 2 ee Freeway —— Urban Areas Built During Each Transport Era Era Density Walk and Horse 1800 - 1890 GD veynian Streetcar 1890 - 1920 high Auto 1920 - 1950 moderate Freeway 1950 - present 3 low ‘Source: Based on Adams, John S. 1970. Residential Structure of Midwestern Cities. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 60:56. Courtesy Blackwell Publishers. Redlining, Blockbusting, Property Values, Race • Video Two – Chicago – Redlining and Blockbusting • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video2 - Redlining and Blockbusting.mov • Video Three - Creation of parks to block development - Deerfield, IL case study - video • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video3 - Chicago - Deerfield.m4v • Adam Ruins Everything – The Suburbs Who can afford to live in the upscale neighborhoods? What about accessibility and proximity to affordable housing? • Video Four – Where do the firemen, teachers and clergy live? • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video4 - Affordable Housing.mov • Videos Five & Six – Affordable housing in proximity to where one works • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video5 - Chicago - Transportation.mov • APHG\APHG - Urban - Video6 - Transportation City.mov OE More on CZM — pg 310 a) - F J 8 oe  A very interesting look at NIMBY • http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo- way/2014/01/17/263476645/whats-inside-this-mystery- house-in-north-carolina Other Special Urban Areas/Clusters • Gay/Lesbian districts • Sports/Entertainment Districts • Art Districts • Medical districts/corridors • Homeless Areas • Urban Villages (e.g., Ft. Worth) - characterized by medium-density housing, mixed use zoning, good public transit and an emphasis on pedestrianization and public space. Revitalization and Gentrification – see Baltimore’s downtown and Inner Harbor district Another way to keep “those people” out • Zoning • School zones – particularly elementary schools • Transportation geography – creating highways, rails as buffers between disparate racial areas • Suburbs – property values Robertson County, T! School Zones = Schools School Zone (0 Cheatham Park [9 coopertown [0 East Robertson [0 Greenbrier [VV Jo Byms. [FV kriste [0 watauga [HE Westside [ER White House  Judgementea NashHvill Below the poverty line ndiess hipsters erwhelming beverage Gangs Succes that will St-fund hipsters kill cats Possibly Hot chicken drugs and coffee le wiack y Bie! gto ‘oy NSS coness Realy RSina i meh ~ ot purenS arugs ishing Detro en Republicans snady We" Gentrification attempt Golf rei groae and re 8 <= So, eeokS ne Wealthy dogs Poa S black people ve _ Great lev. ‘Pa, 179, L y inconvenience Nascar er, Might be ibertariane” Ueto aes Aspring to as cuthern suburbs os 1% ride A fe Wal- 7 range ca Normal eMart Weird TRAFFIC Normal ee # = -S Mall for wae ee Mexico ow rich people o %~e. Democrats % Guatamala Se, 2s with oy WO Horses+dogsthi _young ss Iracpee Vv Map data @0013 Google > http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/05/opinion/gentrification- is-threatening-nashvilles-soul.html? r=0 | A NEW AND IMPROVED MUDEtL OF LATIN AMERICAN CITY STRUCTURE | | Commercial =z Zone of peripheral squatter settlements [] Market GEM Elite Residential Sector § incustrial MO Gentrification Zone of Maturity [ Middie-Class Residential Tract [EE Zone of In Situ Accretion Latin American City Model • elite is close to CBD along spine, market is next to CBD, industrial connected to CBD, squatter on periphery ex: Rio de Janiero and Mexico City Monserratel iy Caeere CUE )*.) <= eee ETS teal % = Clits nicl Condominic 3 STAI. ye eu aig Pern) 7  World City Models - African City Model A MODEL SU AFRICAN CITY GEE colonia! cBD (__] Traditional cBD QQ market Zone =—— Major road ——-_ Local street African City Model • 3 main CBDs-Colonial, Traditional, Market, rich live further in and poor further out, ethnic groups cluster around dif areas • ex: Nairobi and Johannesburg