Urbanization - Introduction Sociology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Introduction to Sociology

Download Urbanization - Introduction Sociology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 21 Population, Urbanization and The Environment docsity.com Chapter Outline • Demography and the U.S. Census • Diversity and the Three Basic Demographic Processes • Population Characteristics • Theories of Population Growth Locally and Globally docsity.com Polling Question • There should be government intervention in determining the maximum number of children people can have. A.) Strongly agree B.) Agree somewhat C.) Unsure D.) Disagree somewhat E.) Strongly disagree docsity.com Demography and the U.S. Census • Demography is the scientific study of the current state and changes over time in the size, composition, and distribution of populations. • A census is a head count of the entire population of a country, usually done at regular intervals. • Vital statistics include information about births, marriages, deaths, migrations in and out of the country, and other fundamental quantities related to population. docsity.com Three Demographic Processes • The number of people in a society is determined by: –Births –Deaths –Migrations docsity.com Life Expectancy and Infant Mortality Country Life Expectancy Infant Mortality Rate Japan 80.8 3.9 Canada 79.6 5.0 France 78.9 4.5 United States 77.3 6.9 Russia 67.3 20.1 docsity.com Death • The U.S. ranks near the bottom among Western nations with a life expectancy of 76.2. • The lower one's social class, the less one's life expectancy, regardless of gender. docsity.com Sex Ratio and the Population Pyramid • The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females, or the number of males divided by the number of females, times 100. • A sex ratio above 100 means there are more males than females in the population; below 100, more females than males. • In the United States, 105 males are born for every 100 females, for a sex ratio of 105. • After factoring in male mortality, the sex ratio is 94—there are 94 males for every 100 females. docsity.com The Baby Boom Cohort • This cohort comprises nearly 1/3 of the entire population of the U.S. and has had a major impact on the practices, politics, preferences, and culture of our society. • Raised in the relatively permissive late 1950s and 1960s, they became a part of the “Greed Generation” of the 1990s. • As they begin to pass age sixty-five in 2010, the Baby Boom cohort will greatly increase the ranks of the elderly. docsity.com Malthusian Theory • The idea that a population tends to grow faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it. • Malthus noted that populations grow not by arithmetic increase but by exponential increase. – The number of individuals added each year increases, with the larger population generating an even larger number of births with each passing year. docsity.com Malthusian Theory • Malthus failed to foresee three revolutionary developments that derailed his cycle of growth and catastrophe. – In agriculture, technological advances permitted farmers to work larger plots of land and grow more food per acre. – In medicine, science fought off diseases that Malthus expected to wipe out entire nations. – The development of contraceptives kept the birthrate at a level lower than Malthus thought possible. docsity.com Demographic Transition Theory Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 High birthrate, High birthrate, Low birthrate, high death rate low death rate low death rate Birthrate Death rate docsity.com Zero Population Growth • Achievement of zero population growth solves the problem of unchecked population growth. • Zero population growth has been achieved in the United States and other countries. docsity.com Comparison of Demographic Theories Main Point Malthusian Theory A population grows faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it. Demographic Transition Theory Populations go through stages from high birth and death rates to a stable population with low birth and death rates. Zero Population Growth Solves the Malthusian problem of unchecked population growth. docsity.com Comparison of Demographic Theories Prediction for the Future Malthusian Theory Pessimistic, despite positive and preventive checks, a population will ultimately outstrip its food supply. Demographic Transition Theory Optimistic, given technology and medical advances in a population. Zero Population Growth Very optimistic; zero population- growth has already been achieved in the United States and other countries. docsity.com Urbanization • Scholars locate the development of the first city at around 3500 B.C. • The study of the urban, the rural, and the suburban is the task of urban sociology, a subfield of sociology that examines the social structure and cultural aspects of the city in comparison to rural and suburban centers. • Urbanization is the process by which a community has the characteristics of city life and the “urban” end of the rural–urban continuum. docsity.com Theories of Urbanism • Simmel - urban life leads individuals to avoid emotional involvement. • Wirth - the city is a center of distant, cold interpersonal interaction. • Gans - many city residents develop strong loyalties and have a sense of community. docsity.com Polling Question • Environmental pollution is one of the top five social problems in our country today. A.) Strongly agree B.) Agree somewhat C.) Unsure D.) Disagree somewhat E.) Strongly disagree docsity.com Worldwide Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Burning Fossil Fuels Metric tons per year 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 docsity.com Energy consumption per Capita Energy consumption “sat per capita ita (BTUs, in docsity.com Globalization Population and Environment in the 21st Century • The U.S. census predicts that the world’s population will increase from the 6 billion it is now to 7.9 billion by the year 2020. • A few years ago, the United Nations Division on Population estimated that the world population would stabilize as it reached 9 billion. • That estimate has been revised to 10 billion, with a high estimate of as much as 14 billion. docsity.com Globalization Population and Environment in the 21st Century • Sociologists predict that the United States will continue to experience increasing suburban development, with accompanying increases in heavy industry and additional pollution. • Concerns today’s sociologists have for the future: – The effect that a changing planet will have upon our lifestyle. – The effect our lifestyle will have on the planet. docsity.com Quick Quiz docsity.com 2. The idea that a population tends to grow faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it, is referred to as: a. human ecology b. population bomb c. Malthusian theory d. demographic transition theory docsity.com Answer: c • The idea that a population tends to grow faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it, is referred to as Malthusian theory. docsity.com 3. All of the following are what Malthus called 'positive checks" on population growth, except: a. disease b. birth control c. war d. famine docsity.com