US history. Ancient times, period perspective, settlements, Study notes of United States History

Download US history. Ancient times, period perspective, settlements and more Study notes United States History in PDF only on Docsity! From ancient times Early Cultures in 1490s 1491-1607 PERIOD PERSPECTIVE: 1. Transatlantic trade known as the Columbian exchange. 2. With in next 100 years, the Spanish and Portuguese developed colonies. Using Natives and enslaved africans for agriculture and mining metals. 3. Spanish & Portuguese > Dutch and French < English. ALTERNATE VIEW: European violence and disease destroyed so much of the vibrant culture that existed in americas before Columbus arrived. People migrated from arctic circle to South America 1: Mayas: remarkable cities in rain forest of Yucatan peninsula present day: Guatemala, Belize and south Mexico. 2: Centuries later decline of mayas : Aztecs from central Mexico developed a powerful empire and were dominating Mexico and Central America. Aztec capital Tenochtitlan with huge population of 200'000. 3. While, Incas based in Peru developed empire in South America 4: corn and maize for the Mayas & Aztecs, potatoes for Incas. EARLY CULTURES OF CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA CULTURES OF NORTH AMERICA People migrated from arctic circle to South America Most complex societies had disappeared by 15th century, reasons not well understood. 1: Mayas: remarkable cities in rain forest of Yucatan peninsula present day: Guatemala, Belize and south Mexico. Men made tools for hunting, women gathered plants and nuts or grew crops such as maize, tobacco and beans. 2: Centuries later decline of mayas : Aztecs from central Mexico developed a powerful empire and were dominating Mexico and Central America. By time of Columbus, people lived in semipermanent settlements in groups, seldom exceeding 300ppl. Aztec capital Tenochtitlan with huge population of 200'000. Population from 1 million to 10m. Present day US & CA 3. While, Incas based in Peru developed empire in South America 4: corn and maize for the Mayas & Aztecs, potatoes for Incas. smaller and Less sophisticated than Mexico and South America, one reason because maize cultivation spread slowly northward from Mexico. SOUTHWEST settlements NORTHWEST settlements GREAT PLAINS settlements DRY REGION High mountain ranges. NOW New Mexico & ARIZONA, groups evolved multifaceted societies supported by farming with irrigation systems. NOW Alaska to Northern California. They had rich diet, hunting fishing gathering nuts berries and roots. They survived on hunting, principally buffalo, it supplied their food, decorations, crafting tools, knives and clothing. They raised corn, beans, squash while actively trading with other tribes. Groups were: Hokokam, Anasazi, Pueblos. People living were either nomadic hunters or sedentary people who farmed and traded. They lived In large numbers in caves, under cliffs, multistoried buildings. They lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses. nomadic tribes lived in teepees, which were easily disassembled and transported. Farming tribes lived permanently in earthen lodges along rives Extreme drought and hostile natives had taken their toll on these groups. However, their way of life was preserved. High mountain ranges isolated tribes in this region, creating barriers to development. Not until the 17th century did American Indians acquire horses by trading or stealing from Spanish settlers. With horses tribes moved away from farming to hunting, easily following the buffalo across the plains. Preserved in the arid land and stone and masonry dwellings To save stories, legends & myths, carved large totem pole. The plains tribes would merge or split apart as conditions changed Migration was also common. E.x the Apaches gradually migrated southward from Canada to Texas. MIDWEST settlements NORTHEAST settlements ATLANTIC SEABOARD Some Adena culture spread from Ohio valley into NY. From NJ south to Florida lived the people of coastal plains. East of Mississippi River, the woodland American Indians prospered with hunting, fishing and agriculture. Their culture combined hunting & farming. Their farming techniques exhausted soil quickly, people had to move to fresh land frequently. Many were descendants of the woodland mound builders (MIDWEST settlements) and built timber and bark lodging along rivers. Many permanent settlements developed in the MISSI & OHIO river valleys & elsewhere. Most famous group was Iroquois Confederation, political union of 5 tribes who lived in the mohawk valley of NY. The rivers and Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food. The Adena- hopewell culture centered in what is now OHIO. is famous for large earthen mounds it created. As long as 300 ft long. 5 tribes were SENECA, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk. Multiple families related through a mother lived in longhouses unto 200feet long. Largest settlement was Cahokia (near present day East St. Louis, Illinois), as many as 30’000 inhabitants. From the 16th century through the American revolution, the Iroquois were a powerful force, battling rival American Indian as well as europeans. MIDWEST settlements NORTHEAST settlements ATLANTIC SEABOARD Some Adena culture spread from Ohio valley into NY. From NJ south to Florida lived the people of coastal plains. East of Mississippi River, the woodland American Indians prospered with hunting, fishing and agriculture. Their culture combined hunting & farming. Their farming techniques exhausted soil quickly, people had to move to fresh land frequently. Many were descendants of the woodland mound builders (MIDWEST settlements) and built timber and bark lodging along rivers. Many permanent settlements developed in the MISSI & OHIO river valleys & elsewhere. Most famous group was Iroquois Confederation, political union of 5 tribes who lived in the mohawk valley of NY. The rivers and Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food. The Adena- hopewell culture centered in what is now OHIO. is famous for large earthen mounds it created. As long as 300 ft long. 5 tribes were SENECA, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk. Multiple families related through a mother lived in longhouses unto 200feet long. Largest settlement was Cahokia (near present day East St. Louis, Illinois), as many as 30’000 inhabitants. From the 16th century through the American revolution, the Iroquois were a powerful force, battling rival American Indian as well as europeans. MIDWEST settlements NORTHEAST settlements ATLANTIC SEABOARD Some Adena culture spread from Ohio valley into NY. From NJ south to Florida lived the people of coastal plains. East of Mississippi River, the woodland American Indians prospered with hunting, fishing and agriculture. Their culture combined hunting & farming. Their farming techniques exhausted soil quickly, people had to move to fresh land frequently. Many were descendants of the woodland mound builders (MIDWEST settlements) and built timber and bark lodging along rivers. Many permanent settlements developed in the MISSI & OHIO river valleys & elsewhere. Most famous group was Iroquois Confederation, political union of 5 tribes who lived in the mohawk valley of NY. The rivers and Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food. The Adena- hopewell culture centered in what is now OHIO. is famous for large earthen mounds it created. As long as 300 ft long. 5 tribes were SENECA, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk. Multiple families related through a mother lived in longhouses unto 200feet long. Largest settlement was Cahokia (near present day East St. Louis, Illinois), as many as 30’000 inhabitants. From the 16th century through the American revolution, the Iroquois were a powerful force, battling rival American Indian as well as europeans.