Understanding Normality and Mental Health: Approaches, Disorders, and Developmental Stages, Exams of Medicine

Download Understanding Normality and Mental Health: Approaches, Disorders, and Developmental Stages and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity! VCE psychology Unit 1 - SAC 2 revision - ALL AREAS exam 2024 Which approach to normality involves defines, behaviour that is typical to cultural values/beliefs in a particular society. - ANS>> Sociocultural approach Which approach to normality defines, the ability a person has to interact and involve themselves in everyday activities - daily life. - ANS>> Functional approach Which approach to normality involves defines, a period of time, century, era that the behaviour takes place. Contains the idea that what is normal in a society changes over time. - ANS>> Historical approach Which approach to normality involves, setting/context/circumstances in which behaviour occurs. - ANS>> Situational approach Which approach to normality involves, being physically healthy. Abnormality is having an illness with an underlying physical cause. - ANS>> Medical approach Which approach to normality involves, normality is what the majority of people do. - ANS>> Statistical approach What is 'typical' behaviour? - ANS>> Behaviour that represents what most people do What is 'atypical' behaviour? - ANS>> Behaviour that does not represent the behaviour of the population of interest What is 'adaptive' behaviour? - ANS>> Behaviour that allows a person to completely meet and adapt to the demands of everyday living What is 'maladaptive' behaviour? - ANS>> Behaviour that is potentially harmful and prevents a person from meeting and adapting to the demands of everyday living. When someone sees you in a negative way because of your mental illness. Is the definition of what? - ANS>> Stigma Have a positive effect/promote or enhance health. Is an example of a '(.......)' factor. - ANS>> Protective Have a negative effect on a persons health. Is an example of a '(......)' factor. - ANS>> Risk '(.....)' factor is a factor within an individual. - ANS>> Internal '(.....)' factor is a factor outside of an individuals control. - ANS>> External physical health, disability, genetic vulnerabilities are examples of which biopsychosocial factor? - ANS>> Biological family circumstances, school, peers are examples of which biopsychosocial factor? - ANS>> Social self-esteem, coping skills, social skills are examples of which biopsychosocial factor? - ANS>> Psychological State the 5 mental health disorders - ANS>> anxiety, mood, personality, psychotic, addiction What does the DSM-5 stand for? - ANS>> The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders What are two examples of an anxiety disorder? - ANS>> OCD and PTSD What are two examples of a mood disorder? - ANS>> depressive disorders and bipolar disorders What are two examples of a personality disorder? - ANS>> Paranoid personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder What an example of a psychotic disorder? - ANS>> schizophrenia What are two examples of an addiction disorder? - ANS>> alcohol abuse and drugs Explain the 2 hit hypothesis - ANS>> Patient must have an underlying condition of the disorder, then it must be triggered by an event/experience. What is an example of a two hit hypothesis in work? - ANS>> Schizophrenia What is the second stage called in Eriksons theory? - ANS>> Autonomy vs. Shame conflict between personal impulses and the social world (experiences with other people) - ANS>> psychosocial crisis/dilemma Successful in overcoming the crisis = - ANS>> healthy personality/ productive lifestyle Unsuccessful in overcoming the crisis = - ANS>> problems later in life/harder to deal with later conflicts. Who developed their theory from case-studies, not experiments. Their theory includes 8 stages. - ANS>> Erikson Failure to establish intimacy, deep sense of isolation/depression/loneliness. Is the definition of what? - ANS>> Isolation Contributing to society and guiding future generations/concerned about the welfare of others. Is the definition of what? - ANS>> Generativity Self-absorbed and can't find a way to contribute to society. Failure of generativity. Is the definition of what - ANS>> Stagnation Reflect back on your life. This occurs in which stage of Eriksons theory? - ANS>> Stage 8, Integrity vs. Despair Person has lived richly and responsibly/can face death and ageing with dignity. Is the definition of what? - ANS>> Integrity Unhappy with life path and missed opportunities/regret/fear of ageing and death. Is the definition of what? - ANS>> Despair Procedure: 1. Infant enters with mother 2. Infant plays with mother present 3. Stranger enters 4. Mother leaves infant alone in room with stranger for 3 minutes 5. Mother returns - Whole process was watched by psychologist through one way mirror. - Behaviours (eg. Crying / distress / quality of play) were recorded - Looking for comparison between quality of play and level of distress when mother was present vs. Mother absent. This is the (.........) experiment. by (.......) - ANS>> Strange Situation experiment by Ainsworth. Group A is the (........) type? - ANS>> Avoidant attached What are the three types of attachment? - ANS>> Avoidant, securely, anxiously Group B is the (........) type? - ANS>> Securely attached Group C is the (........) type? - ANS>> Anxiously attached Paid little attention to mother, indifferent to their mothers, if she was there/not it wouldn't impact infants exploitation of the room. Mothers tend to be insensitive to infants signals/irritable/ no close body contact. This is the (.......) group and type. - ANS>> Group A, avoidant attached Cried when mother left/looked for her/ lively greeting when she returned, explored room more when the mother was present, more confident in relationship with mother than other groups. Mothers were more sensitive to signals/more likely to accept and express affection. This is the (.......) group and type. - ANS>> Group B, securely attached Great disstress when mother left the room, not calmed easily when she returned, not much exploration the room at all. Mothers were insensitive/awkward with their infants/ not affectionate (but didn't reject as much as group mothers). This is the (.....) group and type. - ANS>> Group C, anxiously attached From Ainsworth's experiment which group had the largest amount of infants? - ANS>> Group B Cultural Basis : Strange Situation is a good measure of attachment for societies where the scenario is fairly normal - eg. Australia / US / Canada / NZ - babysitters / child-care. However the Japan comparison - same experiment - 40% classified as Type C. Why may this be? - ANS>> In the 'fairly normal' society they rely more on babysitters and other people to look after the infant too, giving them a chance to make more closer relationships. Whereas in Japan it is only the mother. When infants have difficulty seeing things from another persons perspective - ANS>> Egocentrism Understanding that an object still exists even if it cannot be seen or touched - ANS>> Object permanence The ability to organise information into categories based on the common features that set them apart from other groups of things - ANS>> Classification Changing an exisiting mental idea in order to fit in new information - ANS>> Accomodation When infants can only focus on one quality or feature of an object - ANS>> Centration The stage of development where children are mainly learning about their environment through senses and purposeful movement - ANS>> Sensorimotor stage When individuals can develop plans to solve problems and identify a range of possible solutions to a problem. - ANS>> Hypothetical possibilities A way of thinking that does not need a visual cue in order to understand concepts. - ANS>> Abstract thinking Possibilities based on a supposition, guess or projection - ANS>> Logical thinking The ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent objects, places or events - ANS>> Symbolic thinking During this stage children began to use the concepts of time, space and number; they learnt that Santa Claus is not real. - ANS>> Concrete operational stage Understanding that something can change from one state to another - ANS>> Transformation When infants are incapable of following a line of thought back to its original starting point - ANS>> Reversibility thinking that makes little or no use of reasoning or logic - ANS>> Intuitive The changes that occur in human thinking, knowing and understanding - ANS>> Cognitive development When an infant learns that an object does not change its weight, mass, volume or area when the object changes its shape or appearance - ANS>> Conservation The final stage of cognitive development, characterised by thinking that includes abstract, theoretical and hypothetical ideas - ANS>> Formal operational stage The stage in which children begin to use language and think symbolically - ANS>> Pre-operational stage The process of taking in new information and fitting it into and making it part of an existing mental idea (schema) ss = same schema - ANS>> Assimilation concepts or ideas, knowledge that you already knew beforehand - ANS>> Schema behaviour that is carried out with a particular purpose in mind - ANS>> goal-directed behaviour the belief that everything that exists has some sort of consciousness or awareness - ANS>> animism a child can think about situations from multiple perspectives, not just their own. - ANS>> decentered thoughts what age is someone in their sensorimotor stage? - ANS>> birth-2 years old what age is someone in their pre-operational stage? - ANS>> 2-7 years old Brothers & Sisters, Upbringing, Friendship groups, Schooling, Occupation, Income, Religion, Media are examples of what? - ANS>> nurture Adoption studies compare biological children with adopted children to determine what is "nature" and what is "nurture". True or False? - ANS>> True Twin studies compare fraternal and identical twins. True or False? - ANS>> True Twins who are genetically the same are called fraternal twins. True or False? - ANS>> False The closer 2 people are on a family tree, the more (.....) their IQ's are. - ANS>> Alike Environmental factors affecting intelligence can be.... - ANS>> Socioeconomic status and Educational level a period of time in which the majority of people develop certain skills or abilities. this is called a? - ANS>> Developmental norm unless the necessary bodily structures and processes are sufficiently mature (muscle, brain, nerves, neurons), then no amount of practice will produce the particular mental process or behaviour. this describes the? - ANS>> Principle of Readiness What is universal to humans (all cultures / races) and has a biological basis - main function is to increase survival? - ANS>> Attachment Seeking attachment is an innate / inborn behaviour (not learned / taught), True or False? - ANS>> True Harlows experiment didn't include monkeys. True or False? - ANS>> False The aim of Harlow's experiment was to find out whether provision of (....) or (.........) is more important in the formation of infant-mother attachment. - ANS>> food or contact How many surrogate mothers were there in each cage? - ANS>> Two What materials were the surrogate mothers made from? (include whether one was covered and if so, with what) - ANS>> Wire mesh. But one was covered in cloth and the other was left uncovered. How many participants was in this study and who were they? - ANS>> 8 monkeys Briefly explain Harlows experiment talking about the distribution of the feeding bottles. - ANS>> Half of the monkeys were in cages with feeding bottle on the wire surrogate and the other half were in cages with the feeding bottle on the cloth surrogate. If an infant's attachment to its mother was based primarily on feeding, the infant monkeys should have preferred and become attached to whichever surrogate mother had the bottle. (this statement is....) - ANS>> Harlow's hypothesis What was the result from Harlow's experiment? - ANS>> The monkeys spent more time with the cloth surrogate, regardless of whether they had the feeding bottle or not. Harlow concluded that 'contact comfort' (provided by the softness of the cloth covering) was more important than feeding in the formation of an infant rhesus monkey's attachment to its mother. True or False? - ANS>> True Further experiments found that contact comfort the only important variable in attachment. True or False? - ANS>> False The longer away from emotional & social contact = (..........) - ANS>> The more emotionally and socially impaired they were