Vertical Structures: Types, Examples, and Design Principles, Study notes of International Business

Download Vertical Structures: Types, Examples, and Design Principles and more Study notes International Business in PDF only on Docsity! 1 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 1 V e r t i c a l S t r u c t u r e s Height motivations: express power religion symbol visibility wind power 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 2 St ru ctu re sy ste ms vs . b uil din g h eig ht, by F as lur K ah n 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 3 Structure weight (steel structures) Structure weight per floor area defines efficiency. Structure weight for gravity load increases only slightly with height. Structure weight for lateral load, however, increases substantially. 1 Structure weight vs. building height by Fazlur Kahn 2 Structure weight per floor area of actual buildings A Number of stories B Structure weight in psf C Structure weight in N/m2 D Structure weight for floor framing only E Structure weight for gravity load only F Structure weight for gravity and lateral optimized G Structure weight for gravity and lateral not optimized Structure weight for various buildings H Empire State building New York I Chrysler building New York J World Trade center New York K Sears tower Chicago L Pan Am building New York M United Nations building New York N US Steel building Pittsburgh O John Hancock tower Chicago P First Interstate building Los Angeles Q Seagram building New York R Alcoa building Pittsburgh S Alcoa building San Francisco T Bechtel building San Francisco U Burlington House New York V IDS Center Minneapolis W Koenig residence Los Angeles 2 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 4 Vertical / lateral systems 1 Shear walls are least flexible but good for apartments and hotels with party walls 2 Cantilevers provide the least intrusion at ground floor 3 Moment frames are most flexible, good for office buildings A Concrete moment resistant joint: rebars extend through beam and column B Steel moment resistant joint: beam flanges welded to column flanges; stiffener plates between column flanges resist bending stress of beam flanges 4 Braced frames are more flexible than walls but less flexible than moment frames bracing is usual around central cores B 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 5 1 X-direction concentric, Y-direction eccentric 2 X-direction eccentric, Y-direction eccentric 3 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric 4 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric 5 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentric 6 X-direction concentric, Y-direction concentricC o n c e n tr ic & e c c e n tr ic s h e a r w a ll s No te: ec ce ntr ic sh ea r w all s c au se to rsi on an d s ho uld be av oid ed S h e a r w a ll s No te: sh ea r w all s r es ist la ter al loa d on ly pa ra lle l to w all 1 Shear walls resist only lateral load parallel to wall 2 One-way shear walls collapse @ perpendicular load 3 Eccentric shear walls cause torsion 4 Concentric shear walls resist torsion Note: Walls in 4 are offset but provide concentric support 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 6 Platform framing Platform framing is used for low-rise residential structures, due to economy & flexibility. 2x4 studs @ 16” reach from platform to platform. Double top plates overlap at corners and splices. Plywood sheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral wind and seismic loads. Joists, usually 2x12 @ 16” support plywood floor and roof (platforms). Blocking resists joist buckling and supports plywood panel edges to transfer shear. Standard plywood and gypsum board panels 48” (4’) wide match 2, 3, or 4 joist/stud spaces of 24”, 16” or 12”, respectively. A Joists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24“, or 12” o.c.. B Blocking C Double top plates overlap at corners and splices D Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4 @ 16“ or 24” o. c. E Bottom plates F Double plates supporting joists G Anchor bolt, 1/2“ @ 6‘ o. c. H Sole plate, min. 6" above soil I Concrete foundation Maximum height: 3 stories (4 with fire sprinklers 5 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 13 Marina City towers, Chicago Architect: Bertrand Goldberg • Cylindrical core wall • Sixty-story towers • Each has 450 apartments • Over continuous parking ramp 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 14 Curved shear walls City Hall Toronto Architect: Viljo Revel 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 15 1, 2 Single tower 3, 4 Twin tower 5, 6 Suspended T V tow er S tut tg ar t En gin ee r: Fr itz Le on ha rd C an ti le ve rs 6 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 16 Cantilever Pirelli Tower, Milan Architect: Ponti Engineer: Nervi 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 17 Hy po B an k M un ich Ar ch ite ct: B ea an d W alt er B etz Fo ur ci rcu lar to we rs su pp or t a m id- lev el me ch an ica l fl oo r t ha t su pp or ts the fl oo rs ab ov e w hil e f loo rs be low ar e s us pe nd ed fr om it. 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 18 Moment frames 7 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 19 Steel: Reduced beam flanges reduce joint stress Concrete: Extend rebars through beam & column I = inflection points of zero bending stress Moment frames Provide ductility Require rigid beam-column joints to transfer moments 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 20 Moment frames Casa Terragni, Como, Italy Architect: Terragni Concrete moment frame combined with shear wall for fail-save seismic performance • shear wall provides stifness • moment frame ductility 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 21 Articulated moment frames Beam / column moment joints provide lateral resistance to provide full width windows 10 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 28 Sears tower Chicago Architect/Engineer: SOM Bundled tube structure Tubular walls to transfer shear from tension to compression to reduce shear lag B u n d le d t u b e s 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 29 B ra c e d F ra m e s A rc h it e c tu ra l b ra c in g o p ti o n s re ga rd in g lo ca tio ns o f o pe ni ng s 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 30 B ra c in g c o n fi g u ra ti o n s First interstate Bank Los Angeles Architect: I M Pei Engineer: CBM Combines framed tube exterior with braced core Moment frame Braced frame Combined drift drift drift 11 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 31 1 IBM building Pittsburgh Architect: Curtis and Davis Engineer: Worthington & Skilling 2 Alcoa building San Francisco Architect/Engineer: SOM 3 Federal Reserve Banc Boston Architect: Hugh Stubbins Engineer: Le Messurier 1 Onterie Center Chicago Architect/Engineer: SOM 2 Proposed 142 story tower Chicago Architect: Kay Vierk JanisE xp re s s e d b ra c in g 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 32 John Hancock tower Chicago Architect/Engineer: SOM Braced tube Reduced top reduces wind load AT&T tower, Seattle Architect: Basetti et all Engineer: Skilling et all Braced superstructure with 4 columns of 12 ksi high strength concrete in 10’ φ steel tubes Bank of China Hong Kong Architect: I M Pei Engineer: Ove Arup Braced superstructure defines architectural form 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 33 Centre Pompidou, Paris Architect: Piano and Rodgers Engineer: Ove Arup Bracing provides lateral stability in both width and length directions 12 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 34 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 35 E xp re s s e d b ra c in g Alcoa Building San Francisco Architect/Engineer: SOM John Hancock Tower Chicago Architect/Engineer: SOM 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 36 B e lt t ru s s /o u tr ig g e r joi ns ex ter ior co lum ns to tr an sfe r s he ar to re du ce dr ift 1 Georgia-Pacific tower, Atlanta Architect: SOM Engineer: Weidlinger Associates 2 Barcelona hotel Architect: SOM 15 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 43 Suspended high-rise Challenges • Load path detour: load travels up to top, then down to foundation • Combined hanger / column deflection yields large differential deflection Architectural rational • Column-free flexible ground floor • Facilitates top down future expansion with minimal operation interference • Small hangers replace large columns Structural rational • Eliminates buckling in hangers • Hangers replace large columns • Concentration of compression to a few large columns minimizes buckling Options • Multiple towers to reduce lateral drift • Multiple stacks control deflection • Adjust hangers for DL and partial LL to reduce deflection • Prestress hangers to reduce deflection 1 Gravity load path 2 Differential deflection 3 Prestress to reduce deflection 4 Ground anchors for stability 1 Single tower 2 Multiple towers 3 Multiple stacks 4 Multiple stacks / towers 5 Triple stacks 6 Triple stacks / twin towers 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 44 West coast Transmission Tower, Vancouver Architect: Rhone & Iredale Engineer: Bogue Babicki • 12 suspenders • supported by concrete core 108’ 36’ 36’ 36’ 174’ 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 45 BM W h ea dq ua rte rs M un ich Ar ch ite ct: K ar l S ch wa nz er St an da rd B an k C en te r, Jo ha nn es bu rg Ar ch ite ct: H en tric h a nd P ets ch nig g 16 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 46 Ho ng K on g Sh an gh ai Ba nk Ar ch ite ct: N or ma n F os ter En gin ee r: Ov e A ru p 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 47 UN Center Vienna built project Architect: J Staber Design objectives: Independent expansion of conference center and offices was required Triangular grid allows horizontal expansion of conference center in three directions Suspended high-rise allows independent top-down expansion UN C en ter V ien na co mp eti tio n e ntr y - Ar ch ite ct: G G S ch ier le 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 48 Federal Reserve Bank, Minneapolis Architect: Gunnar Birkerts • Parabolic suspenders are supported by 2 towers • Top trusses resist lateral suspender thrust • Floors below parabola are suspended • Floors above parabola are supported by columns • Support type is expressed on the facade 17 20 Vertical structures Copyright © G G Schierle, 2001-06 Press Esc to end, ↓ for next, ↑ for previous slide 49 Design stable structures