Virginia Commercial Pesticide Applicators CORE Exam 2024 Study Guide, Exams of Biological Sciences

Download Virginia Commercial Pesticide Applicators CORE Exam 2024 Study Guide and more Exams Biological Sciences in PDF only on Docsity! Virginia Commercial Pesticide Applicators CORE exam 2024 new solution Explain the difference between key pests, occasional pests and secondary pests - Key pests are nearly always present and require regular control. occasional pests are migratory or cyclical and require intermittent control. secondary pests require control only under certain conditions, such as the elimination of a key pest or the absence of a natural host. what should you do first if you see damage to a plant, animal, or valuable product/ - identify the cause what should you do first if you discover a pest that may need to be controlled? - make sure the pest is actually responsible for the damage. then accurately identify the pest how can pest identification help you develop a good pest control strategy? - it allows you to determine basic information about the pest, including its life-cycle and when it is most susceptible to control measures. name the 5 basic pest groups - weeds, parasites and diseases, mollusks, arthropods, and vertebrates. why do weeds present such a challenge to pest managers? - weeds are often hardy, aggressive, and tolerant of harsh conditions. many produce large numbers of seeds which can spread over a wide area and remain dormant for a long time. how can you tell a monocot from a dicot? - monocots (sedges and grasses) have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, flower parts in multiples of 3 and fibrous roots. Dicots have 2 cotyledons, broad leaves with netted veination, and flower parts in multiples of 4 and 5 and usually have taproots. name the pathogens that cause most plant and animal diseases - fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, and viruses what are the symptoms of viral plant diseases - stunting, yellow rings on leaves, wilting, and mosaic patterns how do plant parasitic nematodes harm plants? - by attacking the roots, stems and leaves. nematode root feeding interferes with a plants ability to take up water and nutrients. infected plants wilt and seem to be suffering from a lack of water or nutrients. how do mollusks harm plants? - by feeding on foliage and fruit. mollusks reduce the value of commercial produce if they feed on harvested plants and fruit. what are arthropods? how do they differ from vertebrates? - arthropods are animals with segmented bodies and jointed appendages. Arthropods have an external skeleton and may have specialized appendages such as sucking tubes, chewing mouth parts, antennae, and pincers. they have no backbones like vertebrates what is the difference between gradual and complete metamorphosis? why is it important to know the life cycle stage of an insect? - gradual metamorphosis includes 3 stages: egg, nymph and adult. there is no pupa stage. complete metamorphosis includes 4 stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. insects that develop via complete metamorphosis change body form. larvae may not look at all like adults within the same species.it is very important to recognize the damaging stage for best treatment results. many insect are pests in one stage but not another. especially larval form. what are beneficial insects? and why are they important to agriculture? - insects that are pollinators (bees and butterflies) or pest predators (ladybeetles and lacewings). with out pollinators many types of plants could not reproduce and beneficial predators feed on harmful insects, mites, and weeds. how do mites harm plants? - They suck the plant juices, eat the underside of leaves, and disfigure the plants they feed on. what is an economic threshold? - the level at which economic losses caused by pest damage, if the pest population continued to grow, would be greater than the cost of controlling the pests. reaching an economic threshold usually prompts some kind of pest control action. how are thresholds important to a sound pest control strategy? - setting a treatment or action threshold is essential to prevent the pests in an area from causing unacceptable injury or harm. action thresholds vary: sometimes one pest is too many (like a rat in a food processing facility). Thresholds help producers and applicators weigh the cost of pest control against the cost of a pest infestation what is monitoring and how is it important to a sound pest control strategy? - regular checking or scouting for pests in a designated area. Monitoring will tell you what pests are in an area, how many are in the area, and how much damage they are causing. it will help determine if the pest population has reached the treatment threshold and whether control measures have worked. what is the difference between prevention, suppression and eradication of a pest? - prevention means reducing the chances that a pest will become a problem. suppression means reducing pest numbers or damage to an acceptable level. Eradication means destroying an entire pest population. what is registration of a pesticide - the ongoing review of a registered pesticide to assess the risks and benefits associated with its labeled uses. the goal of registration is to identify and reduce risks, based on current scientific knowledge what is a tolerance - the max amount of pesticide residue that may remain on food or reed at harvest or slaughter. tolerance levels are set by EPA. observing tolerances is crucial in ensuring food safety. when and why may a pesticide product be registered for a special local need SLN? - if a manufacturer wants to register a pesticide for use only on a regional crop or to manage a localized pest problem. SLN registrations allow states to expand or limit the uses of federally registered pesticides within their jurisdictions. what is a federal Section 3 registration? - an EPA registered product with a label reviewed and approved by that federal agency. Most pesticides are registered this way. these have an EPA registration number true or false: ALL pesticide products must be registered with EPA. This agency reviews the labels of ALL pesticide products sold in the US - False. Minimum risk pesticides are exempt from the federal registration process. under what conditions may a pesticide be labeled "minimum risk" and thus be exempt form federal regulations? how do labels of minimum-risk Section 25(b) products differ from those that are EPA registered (section 3)? - EPA has produced a list of minimal risk active and inert ingredients. to be exempt, all of the active and inert ingredients in a pesticide product must be on this list. are minimum risk products exempt from Virginia's state registration requirements? - no. all pesticides that are sold or used in the Commonwealth of Virginia must be registered with VDACS office of pesticide services. what are emergency (section 18) exemptions> - responses to pest problems for which no pesticides are registered. section 18 exemptions allow the sale and use of a certain pesticide for a specific nonregistered purpose for a specified period. the four types of emergency exemptions are: specific, quarantine, public health, and crisis. what is a restricted use pesticide? - RUPs are pesticides that require special care and handling. the restricted use designation limits the use of a pesticide product. RUPs are for sale only to properly certified applicators. only trained persons, or people under their direct supervision, may handle and apply RUPs. EPA classifies pesticides RUPs for different reasons. Some are highly toxic to humans. others may cause long-term health effects. still others are restricted because of an environmental effect such as ground water pollution. what is the difference between the chemical name, common name, and trade name? which is the most accurate identify the active ingredient? - chemical name is a complex term that identifies the chemical components and structure of a pesticide. common name is a shorter name that EPA recognizes as a substitute for the chemical name. best identifier.--ex. glyphosate a tradename is used by a chemical company to identify the product--- ex. round up name and explain the signal words you see on a pesticide label - DANGER-POISON: skull and cross bones- appears on highly toxic pesticides. acute illness DANGER: highly toxic ex. skin irritant WARNING: moderately toxic CAUTION: slightly toxic explain the meaning of the statement: " it is a violation of federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling." - it is illegal to use the pesticide in any way not permitted by the labeling. you must follow ALL directions for use, including safety, mixing, diluting, storage, and disposal. you may not use higher doses or more frequently than the label allows. also, you must wear the required PPE. if you transfer a pesticide (concentrate or diluted) into another container, do you have to label the secondary container? - YES! what is FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1947. FIFRA regulates the registration, manufacture, sale, transportation, and use of pesticides. it specifies how they must be registered and used, the required training and certification of applicators, and the classification of RUPs when and why might you use a MSDS for a pesticide product? - to get technical information about the environmental and human health effects of a pesticide product. you could also consult an msds to find out how to respond to an accident or incident what is a pesticide formulation? - the mixture of active ingredient and inert ingredients that forms an end-use pesticide product. a formulated pesticide will contain both an active ingredient to control the target pest and a carrier or diluent. many also contain adjuvants and other ingredients such as stabilizers or dyes. what is the difference between active and inert ingredients? - active ingredients are the chemicals that control the pests what is the term used to describe a mixture formed by dispersing solid particles in a liquid? - suspension. suspensions contain fine solid particles, which do not dissolve in the liquid carrier. these must be agitated to maintain even particle distribution. what is the term used for a mixture made by suspending droplets of one liquid in another? - Emulsion: each ingredient retains its unique properties and identity. emulsions have a milky appearance. (E or EC) what is the difference between a solution and a suspension? how can you tell one from another? - a solution is the result of dissolving a substance into a liquid. homogeneous and can not be filtered out. look clear a suspension can be filtered and looks opaque what formulation is a concentrate that may approach 100% a i? - ultra-low volume (ULV) these concentrates are designed to be used as is or diluted with only a small quantities of solvents what are aerosols? - formulations that contain one or more AI and a solvent. most contain a low percentage of AI. the 2 types are ready-to-use and those designed for smoke or fog generators what are invert emulsions? - thick mixtures that contain a water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier. these products require a special kind of emulsifier that allows the pesticide to be mixed with a large volume of petroleum carrier, usually fuel oil. they are most often used for weed control on rights-of-ways. name at least one advantage and one disadvantage of dust (D) formulations. - adv: usually ready to use dis: easily drift off target name at least one advantage and one disadvantage of granule (G) and pellet (P) formulations. - adv: low drift hazard bc of large particle size dis: uniform application hard to achieve name at least one advantage and one disadvantage of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations. - adv: little agitation required dis: may damage treated plants/animals name at least one advantage and one disadvantage of ready-to-use (RTU) formulations. - adv: convenience- no measuring or pouring dis: high cost/unit of ai name at least one advantage and one disadvantage of concentrate solution (C, LC, or WSC/WSL) formulations. - adv: do not clog hoses or nozzles dis: easily absorbed through skin