Understanding Different Types and Theories of Violence: A Comprehensive Guide, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Download Understanding Different Types and Theories of Violence: A Comprehensive Guide and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Aggression DEFINITION 1 hard to define because of different perceptions and contexts. Behavior that is physically and/or psychologically harmful. TERM 2 Sample DEFINITION 2 a small quantity to show what the whole is like. TERM 3 UCR program DEFINITION 3 The most widely used source of statistical information about violent crime in the United States TERM 4 NIBRS National Incident-Based Reporting System DEFINITION 4 Includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status. FBIs national database of crime implemented to include more characteristics of the incident than previous reporting systems. NIBRS data are more specific than data in the Uniform Crime Reports, and the system includes many more offenses that local agencies have to report information on. It includes detailed information on crime incidents, including the characteristics of the victim, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, and resident status. In all, NIBRS categorizes each incident and arrest in one of 22 basic crime categories that span 46 separate offenses. A total of 53 data elements about the victim, property, and offender are collected under NIBRS. TERM 5 NCVS DEFINITION 5 (National Crime Victimization Survey) Designed by the US Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, to measure crime victimization TERM 6 Structural Violence DEFINITION 6 Discriminatory social arrangements that can be construed as violent. social inequality. Examples might be minorities access to education, healthcare, an adequate diet, and other necessities for survival and human development. TERM 7 Incidents DEFINITION 7 an event or occurrence.For crimes of violence, each act is measured as 1 unit regardless of the # of victims. Ex: If an offender robs 3 people leaving a bar, there would be 1 incident but 3 victimizations. TERM 8 Victimization rates DEFINITION 8 The number of people 12 and older who experience a particular type of victimization TERM 9 Subcultures of Violence DEFINITION 9 The idea that members of particular groups or subgroups are prone to violence because of values & beliefs embedded in their cultures. TERM 10 Instrumental Violence DEFINITION 10 Violence as a means to an end, such as acts committed durning a robbery. TERM 21 Eugenics Movement DEFINITION 21 justified sterilization and discrimination; Attempts to improve the human race through selective breeding practices, forced sterilization programs, and similar kinds of policies. These ideas formed the philosophical justification for many discriminatory laws, beliefs and policies. TERM 22 Relative Deprivation DEFINITION 22 deprived in comparison to another person; A type of inequality, being poor and living within a relatively affluent community. TERM 23 Shame DEFINITION 23 The painful feeling arising from awareness of something improper or dishonorable done by oneself or another. TERM 24 Turning Points DEFINITION 24 changes in a persons life that affects the course of their life (marriage, job, kids) TERM 25 Atavisms DEFINITION 25 Violent criminals as evolutionary throwbacks. The idea that individuals are born to be violent and criminal, and they are identifiable through a number of distinguishing physical characteristics, including the following: a small head with a large facial area; a sloping forehead; large, protruding ears, bushy eyebrows that met over the nose, abnormally large teeth, and tattoos. TERM 26 Dehumanization DEFINITION 26 perception that victims are less than us or are less human.; It is easier to remove ethical restrictions against violence where we perceive the victims to be less than we are or perhaps even less than human. TERM 27 Mertons General Strain Theory DEFINITION 27 3 sources: removal of positive stimulus, blocked opportunity, insertion of negative stimulus. Macro. Focuses on connection between stress and violence. Lower class only TERM 28 Agnews General Theory of Crime DEFINITION 28 Individual/micro. Tries to find why people are stressed. Looks at everyone. TERM 29 Super Predators DEFINITION 29 A type of violent offender popularized by criminologist John Dilulio. Radically impulsive, brutally remorseless youngster, including pre teenage boys, who murder, assault, rape, rob, burglarize, deal deadly drugs, join gun-toting gangs, and create serious communal disorders TERM 30 Macro-level DEFINITION 30 big picture, looking at a whole city TERM 31 Antisocial Personality Disorder DEFINITION 31 often characterized as being very narcissistic, reckless, and emotionally shallow, they are also unable to empathize or feel compassion for others. TERM 32 Deindividuation DEFINITION 32 Loss of sense of self and individuality when in a group, collective mind takes over the individual. The loss of sense means that individuals are more capable of acting outside of the boundaries of their normal behavior. TERM 33 Differential Association Theory: DEFINITION 33 People not only learn the techniques of criminality but also the motives and attitudes.; Sociological variant of social learning theory, asserts that if you associate with individuals and groups who use violence and who have attitudes supporting and justifying violence, then you are more likely to engage in violent behavior yourself. TERM 34 Institutional Anomie Theory of Crime DEFINITION 34 Links crime to the existing social structure. Suggest that the high rates of crime and violence found in the US society can, in part be explained with reference to the notion of the American Dream which suggest that economic success can be achieved by anyone who works hard, plays by the rules, and is willing to engage in competition with other for jobs, income, and status. Our culture pressures people to strive relentlessly for success-primarily monetary success. Relentless pressure for financial success causes some to turn to crime. TERM 35 Focal concerns DEFINITION 35 posited in 1962 byWalter B. Miller, attempts to explain the behavior of "members of adolescent street corner groups in lower class communities" as concern for six focal concerns: trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, autonomy.[1]These focal concerns are described as "areas or issues which command widespread and persistent attention and a high degree of emotional involvement."[2]Miller's theory, as it is often referred to, views these criminogenic influences as a learned part of the lower-class subculture values.[3]In essence, the theory suggests that delinquency is in fact part of the learned cultural values rather than ananomicreaction to unattainable goals. TERM 46 Schedule II Drugs DEFINITION 46 Substances having high abuse risk but also some accepted medical purpose. TERM 47 Illicit Drug Use DEFINITION 47 can be illegal drugs or using legal drugs incorrectly. TERM 48 Disinhibiting DEFINITION 48 lowers inhibitions and thought process.; The effect of loosening self-restraint on behavior of substance, such as alcohol. TERM 49 Emotional Desensitization DEFINITION 49 getting used to seeing violence on media so that it affects us less. TERM 50 Taylor Paradigm DEFINITION 50 Measures aggression by the extent to which subjects give electric shocks to planted confederates (individuals pretending to be subjects themselves but who are really part of the experiment) for some incorrect answer on a given test or task. TERM 51 Self-Protection Argument DEFINITION 51 owning guns as a means of protection TERM 52 Collateral Consequences DEFINITION 52 The hidden costs or sanctions faced by those released from prison. These include being excluded from voting, jobs, housing, and other public benefits TERM 53 PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) DEFINITION 53 Individuals who experience an extreme and distressing event can develop a set of symptoms that include recurrent dreams and nightmares, flashbacks, avoidance behaviors, psychological numbing, outbursts of anger, difficulty concentrating, a heightened startle response, and various other problems that can dramatically affect their ability to function and maintain relationships and jobs. TERM 54 Tertiary Prevention DEFINITION 54 intervening in the lives of those already affected; Geared toward intervening in the lives of those who have been impacted by violence. TERM 55 Hot Spots DEFINITION 55 spots in town that are filled with crime. TERM 56 Prevention DEFINITION 56 trying to keep damage from being done TERM 57 Restorative Justice DEFINITION 57 Largely concerned with repairing the harm and damage caused by violence and criminality. This approach generally relies on cooperative rather than punitive and judgemental process and often involves mediation, restitution, and similar forms of healing. TERM 58 Formal Costs of Violence DEFINITION 58 Medical bills, legal fees, etc TERM 59 Inequality DEFINITION 59 Generally described as the economic, social, and political inequality between the rich and the poor. TERM 60 Primary Prevention DEFINITION 60 population outreach. Finding causes of violence.