Early Childhood Education: Phonological Awareness & Literacy Instruction, Quizzes of History of Education

Download Early Childhood Education: Phonological Awareness & Literacy Instruction and more Quizzes History of Education in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Mock Letters DEFINITION 1 Symbols that look like conventional letters of the alphabet because they are composed of letter features, but are not conventional letters. These are also called Letter-Like Forms TERM 2 Metaliguistic Awareness DEFINITION 2 Conscious attention to properties of language. This includes phonological awareness but also awareness of other aspects of language such as concept of written word, sentence structure, and concept of story. Children demonstrate this when they can finger- point read a familiar text, when they correctly use such words as questions and statement, and when they can retell a story including important information from the beginning, middle, and end of the story. TERM 3 Schema DEFINITION 3 A mental structure in which one stores information necessary for the understanding of a concept. A schema for the game of football contains such information as hot to play football, how a football field is configures, what positions football players pay, and how many points are awarded for scoring plays. TERM 4 Pragmatics DEFINITION 4 Of the four linguistic systems, the one that has to do with how language is used in everyday life to get done that which would be difficult or impossible without language. Pragmatics includes, for example, requests for action and forms of politeness, such that a child who says , "May I have a cookie?" is more effective than a child who only points in the general direction of the cookie jar and grunts. TERM 5 Phonemes DEFINITION 5 The smallest units of sound that are combined and contrasted in meaningful ways in language's words. For example, /p/ /i/ /t/ are combined to make the word pit. TERM 6 Semantics DEFINITION 6 Of the four linguistic systems, the one that has to do with meanings. Semantics includes vocabulary knowledge, knowledge of word parts, and knowledge of how words work together TERM 7 Syntax DEFINITION 7 Of the four linguistic systems, the one that has to do with sentence structure. Syntax mostly uses word order. TERM 8 Morphemes DEFINITION 8 The smallest unit of meaning. Hose is one morpheme; it means flexible tube. Toes is two morphemes; it is the plural of toe TERM 9 Phonology DEFINITION 9 Of the four linguistic systems, the one that has to do with sounds. This includes a wide range, from phonemes( e.g. that night is composed of three phonemes, /n I t/) to inflections(e.g. SANDY can whistle vs Sandy can WHISTLE, where the first emphasizes who can whistle, that of Sandy and her friend Patty, only Sandy can; the second emphasizes what Sandy can do, that she can whistle but perhaps not perform a handstand.) TERM 10 Centers DEFINITION 10 Small partitioned spaces in classrooms, created by an arrangement of bookshelves and other dividers, such as a librabry center, a computer center, an art center, a writing center, a center for housekeeping and other dramatic play, a block center , and a center for puzzles and other manipulatives TERM 21 Rehearsing, Drafting, Revising, Editing, Publishing DEFINITION 21 All parts of the writing workshop approach Rehearsing: writers search for a topic, identification of audience and purpose and collection of ideas about which to write drafting: commit ideas to paper revising: reread drafts, add or delete words, phrase, sentences, and move sentences Editing: focus on misspellings, and errors in capitalization,punctuation, and grammar usage publishing: sharing writing with an audience. TERM 22 Choral Reading DEFINITION 22 everyone reading at the same time. Promotes shared voice and vision TERM 23 Story Retelling DEFINITION 23 when the students retell the story using vocab and explaining the different characters and a summary of what the story was actually about. TERM 24 Guided Spelling DEFINITION 24 Spelling instruction for small groups of children with similar abilities. Instruction is about spelling patterns the members of a group are just beginning to recognize and use. TERM 25 Response Journals DEFINITION 25 A journal in which readers record their reactions to and thoughts about books they read TERM 26 Motif DEFINITION 26 A kind of character, event, or other story element recurring across many folk or fairy tales. TERM 27 Affixes DEFINITION 27 a bound morpheme attached either at the beginning of a base word, in which case it is a suffix. TERM 28 Literature Text Sets DEFINITION 28 A selection of books with a common theme (e.g. that friends are often found in unusual places), author or illustrator, literary element, or genre TERM 29 Word/Character Clusters DEFINITION 29 Definition TERM 30 Homophones DEFINITION 30 Words that sound alike but are not spelled the same, such as bare and bear. TERM 31 Homographs DEFINITION 31 Words that are spelled the same but do not sound alike, such bow in bow and arrow and bow as in bow to the king TERM 32 Book Clubs DEFINITION 32 A small group of children who decide to read a particular book or set of books together. They read the books independently or with partners but discuss the books and engage in response activities as a group. TERM 33 Literary elements of Narratives DEFINITION 33 The components of a well-crafted story: setting, character, plot, point of view, style, mood, and theme TERM 34 High Frequency Words DEFINITION 34 Words that appear often in just about any text that is longer than a few sentences. They are usually grammatical words, they create sentences structure and coherence, such as articles and prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, etc. If they are learned as sight words, they enable the reader to read a large portion of words in almost any text automatically, thus freeing themselves to devote conscious attention to other reading processes. TERM 35 Sight Words DEFINITION 35 Words that one can read immediately upon seeing them, automatically, and without sounding them out. TERM 46 Word Walls DEFINITION 46 A display on a classroom wall or large bulletin board of word cards for children's reference when reading and writing, usually of undecodable and high-frequency words, grouped by initial letter TERM 47 Strategic Readers DEFINITION 47 Readers who take initiative in solving their own reading difficulties by recognizing problems and choosing appropriate strategies for solving them. TERM 48 Dynamic Ability Groups DEFINITION 48 Forming small groups for reading and writing instruction based on students' similar abilities and needs and using texts carefully matched to those abilities and needs. TERM 49 Leveled Text DEFINITION 49 A series of books used for reading instruction that are calibrated and labeled by degree of difficulty. Low level tests, which are repetitive and use few words, are easier than high level texts which use more words, convey more information and use more complex and more literary language. TERM 50 Phonograms DEFINITION 50 A combination of letters that is reliably associated with a particular pronunciation, especially in the middle and final positions of a word. for example, -an is pronounced /an/ in the middle and final positions of ban, can, fan, pan, plan, tan. and van TERM 51 Scope and Sequence DEFINITION 51 A list of skills students in a particular grade a expected to learn and that their teachers are required to assess and teach. A scope and sequence of skills is usually found in a published basal reading series or in a district or state curriculum guide. TERM 52 Word Sorts DEFINITION 52 a word-study activity in which children collect words by making word cards for them, and then, after several days of collecting, a rrange the cards according to the words' spelling patterns. TERM 53 Spelling DEFINITION 53 A system for associating words parts with individual letters or combinations of letters. It is always systematic and often abstract. It is systematic in that it is not random, there are sound base and meaning based reasons for the letter combinations used in a particular written language. TERM 54 Phonics DEFINITION 54 more or less regular linking of letters and combinations of letters with sounds and combinations of sounds. TERM 55 Consonant Digraphs DEFINITION 55 A two-letter spelling of consonant phoneme. In english consonant digraphs include ch, ph, and gh, th, sh etc. TERM 56 Short Vowels DEFINITION 56 Definition TERM 57 Systematic Phonics Instruction DEFINITION 57 Teaching of phonics by following a sequence of skills considered necessary for efficient word decoding and spelling. Mose sequences are arranged from those skills considered easiest to those considered most difficult. TERM 58 Embedded Phonics Instruction DEFINITION 58 Teaching while children are reading continuous, authentic, and functional texts, such as in guided reading instruction or writing in journals. TERM 59 Decoding Coaching DEFINITION 59 All that a teacher might do or say during embedded instruction to support a child in successfully applying phonics generalizations. TERM 60 Automatic Sight Vocabularies DEFINITION 60 All the words that one can read immediately, on sight, without having to use decoding strategies. A reader looks at a sight word and recognizes it in less than one-tenth of a second. Efficient reading depends on readers' having most high frequency words, especially those that are undecodable, in their automatic sight vocabulary. TERM 71 Rime DEFINITION 71 The part of a syllable from its vowel through its end. pan, pen, pie are -an, -en, -ie Rhyming words have identical rimes. TERM 72 Dictation DEFINITION 72 A child's slowly speaking a message or telling a story as a teacher or other adult writes it, usually for later reading by the adult and child. TERM 73 Alliteration DEFINITION 73 Use of the same sound at the beginning of two or more words. TERM 74 Environmental Print DEFINITION 74 Text found in everyday settings, such as print on signs, clothing, and store fronts, and in logos. TERM 75 Pretend Readings DEFINITION 75 A telling of the content of a book, rather than an actual reading of the text, but performed as if it were an actual reading by a child who can not read conventionally, usually of a very familiar or favorite book, one that the child frequently has heard read to him or her. TERM 76 Alphabetic Recognition DEFINITION 76 looking at a letter of the alphabet and immediately saying its name TERM 77 Phonological Awareness DEFINITION 77 being able to attend to sounds in words apart from word meanings TERM 78 Concepts about print DEFINITION 78 understandings about how text works, how they are configured, and how a reader approaches them, including that alphabet letters are a special category of visual symbols and that one reads the print rather than the pictures in a picture books. TERM 79 Alphabetic Principle DEFINITION 79 A guiding rule for reading and writing whereby both processes depend on the systematic use of sound-letter correspondences. TERM 80 Contextual Dependency DEFINITION 80 A texts reliance on the situation of its composition for the conveying of its meaning. A mock cursive text, for example, cannot be read on its own. If however, one was present when a child composed the text, then it is meaningful. TERM 81 Literal Meaning DEFINITION 81 messages or information explicitly stated in the words of a text or shown in an illustration. TERM 82 Inferential Meaning/Inferred Meaning DEFINITION 82 that which must be inferred from the text or illustrations because it is not explicitly stated or illustrated. TERM 83 Oral Comprehension DEFINITION 83 Understanding of speech. In school settings, oral comprehension usually refers to understanding of classroom conversation, spoken directions, story telling, and books read to children. TERM 84 Symbol salad DEFINITION 84 a mixture of letters, numbers, other symbols, and letter-like forms TERM 85 Analytical Talk DEFINITION 85 discussion that goes beyond the literal meaning presented in a text or in illustrations, children infer character traits and motivations, infer problems, connect events across parts of a book, inver cause and effect relationships, and construct explanations for why characters act as they do. TERM 96 Decodable words DEFINITION 96 a word that a reader can identify by applying phonics generalizations. TERM 97 Interactive writing DEFINITION 97 Instruction in which the teacher and students write on chart paper. The teacher helps the children to determine what will be written and then selects children to step up to the chart and write words or parts of words. During interactive writing teachers model for children how to write texts that serve a variety of purposes. TERM 98 Bookhandling Skills DEFINITION 98 Ways of looking at, holding, turning pages, and otherwise manipulating books in order for their texts and illustrations to be accessible for accurate meaning making. TERM 99 Interactive book reading DEFINITION 99 a booksharing experience by a child and a more knowledgeable other person, usually an adult, to which both contribute. During interactive bookreading, for example, the adult invites the child to participate in making of meanings from the books text and illustrations and responds to the child's gestures, facial expressions, statements, questions, and reading attempts by validating, elaborating, and clarifying. TERM 100 Concepts of story DEFINITION 100 A persons schema for story. A child's concept of story develops from very simple notions, such as that a story has a beginning, a middle, and an end, to the more complex notions embodied in story grammar. TERM 101 Book sharing Routines DEFINITION 101 familiar, expected actions and language that accompany book reading TERM 102 Motor Schemes DEFINITION 102 Children's control of their movements so they can make intentional shapes and lines. TERM 103 Story grammar DEFINITION 103 A representation of the structure of a typical narrative, including the required elements of a main character or characters; a setting; a problem-setting action or event; a goal; an attempt or attempts to solve the problem or attain the goal; resolution; and the main character's or characters' reaction to the resolution TERM 104 Decontextualized Language DEFINITION 104 language that greatly depends on itself for meaning. Spoken language usually occurs amid people, objects, actions, and events, and along with facial expression, gesture and other forms of body language, and so it is contextualized by those co-occurrences. Written language, however, lacks those means of reinforcing its message, and so compared to spoken language it is relatively decontextualized. TERM 105 Anecdotal Notes DEFINITION 105 Short written descriptions of events or brief duration, making note of participants' speech,reading,writing or other actions, without judgement of quality. TERM 106 Environmental Print Puzzles DEFINITION 106 a food box-front or other environmental print item cut into puzzle pieces and stored with an identical, uncut item. Children's attention to print is stimulated as they place the puzzle pieces onto the uncut item until it is covered by the fully reassembled puzzle. TERM 107 DIBELS DEFINITION 107 The Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills (DIBELS) is a formative early literacy assessment TERM 108 Consonant Phonemes DEFINITION 108 one of the two major categories of sounds in a language. The other is vowel phonemes. Consonant sounds involve a more restricted flow of sound than do vowel sounds, and so they are sometimes described as having friction. They are more numerous than vowels TERM 109 Vowel Phonemes DEFINITION 109 Vowel sounds have a more open, unrestricted flow of sound than do consonant sounds and for that reason are sometimes described as lacking friction. A vowel sound is the most prominent sound in a syllable. TERM 110 Alphabet Book DEFINITION 110 The best alphabet books for helping children listen to beginning of sounds are books with large alphabet letters and pictures of a few items that are familiar to children. TERM 121 Sight Word Method DEFINITION 121 This term is an abstraction rather than a description of reading instruction. Some beginning reading materials developed in the first half of the century, however, advocated teaching a limited number of sight words before phonic analysis was introduced.itbecame common even though it actually described only this initial teaching procedure. Gradually the term was used to imply the existence of an instructional approach that allegedly proscribed phonics and advocated teaching every new word by sight only. TERM 122 Word Analysis DEFINITION 122 inclusive term that refers to all methods of word recognition. Phonics is one such method. TERM 123 The Writing Process DEFINITION 123 1. Prewriting (Rehearse, brainstorming)2. Drafting: get ideas down on paper3. Revision: content based, not the same as editing4.Editing: cleans up the piece, checks conventions5. Publishing TERM 124 6+1 Traits of Writing DEFINITION 124 1. ideas: the meaning/ development of the message2. Sentence fluency: way words and phrases flow throughout text3. Organization: internal structure of the piece4. Word Choice: Vocab the writer uses to convey meaning5. Voice: Tone of the piece- personal stamp the writer creates6. Conventions7. Presentation TERM 125 TAPP DEFINITION 125 TopicAudiencePurposePlanUsed within Brainstorming (prewriting, rehearsing) TERM 126 MLPP DEFINITION 126 Michigan Literacy progress profile :A set of assessments used with earlyliteracy learners to develop an understanding of their progress.11 performance assessments designed to provide teachers and parents a clear picture of students progress in literacy learning TERM 127 Concepts About Print Test DEFINITION 127 Measures what kids know about book handling and how print works, helps to determine if they are ready for formal reading instruction. It is a formal and formative assessment- not used for grading. TERM 128 Oral Reading (Running Records) DEFINITION 128 Measures fluency, rate accuracy and use of reading strategies. Teacher listens to the child read orally and records miscues and strategies.This is a formal and formative assessment (it is not used for grading) TERM 129 GLCE DEFINITION 129 Grade level content expectationsmandated through the no child left behind , explains what all children are required to master going by grades TERM 130 Three Cueing Systems DEFINITION 130 Meaning: Semantics (does it make sense?)Visual: Graphophonic ( Does it look right)Structure: Syntactic (Does it sound right to you? Grammar) TERM 131 Summative Assessment DEFINITION 131 summarize what students have learned at the conclusement of an instructional segment. Tend to be evaluated and teachers encapsulate and report assessment as a score or gradei.e. unit testssummarizes, gets a grade, moves on TERM 132 Formative Assessment DEFINITION 132 Duagnostic use of assessment to provide feedback to teachers and students of the course of instruction. They are ongoing, used to "check the pulse" and alter instruction if necessary. TERM 133 Venn Diagram DEFINITION 133 diagram that is used to show the differences and similarities between two different topics. It is in a circle format where the middle overlap shows the similarities. TERM 134 Web/Cluster DEFINITION 134 Blow the topic up!! A form of brainstorming that allows the author to begin with a few topics and expand through drawing lines to connect different things that would coincide with a specific topic TERM 135 Memorable and More DEFINITION 135 A revision conference Model.1st round:everyone shares something that they found to be memorable ( author doesn't speak)2nd round: Everyone shares something that they liked and something they would like to know more about