Genetics and Molecular Biology: Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Environmental Science

Download Genetics and Molecular Biology: Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 DNA is a nucleic acid which carries the molecular basis of ___________. DEFINITION 1 inheritance TERM 2 A type of permanent genetic change in which the properties of one genetic type are conferred on another genetic type is known as DEFINITION 2 transformation TERM 3 ______________ can reproduce by injecting only their DNA into cells, indicating that DNA is the genetic material. DEFINITION 3 Bacteriophages TERM 4 Nucleotides consist of _______ _____ (___________), _________, ___________ ____. DEFINITION 4 pentose sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base TERM 5 The bases in nucleotides include the two purines, _______ and _______, and two pyrimidines ________ and _______. DEFINITION 5 adenine/guanine cytosine/thymine TERM 6 _-___ ___________ studies by Franklin and Wilkins showed that DNA has a helical structure with nucleotide bases stacked like run DEFINITION 6 X-ray diffraction TERM 7 Watson and Crick devised a DNA model based for the most part on existing data. Their model suggested that DNA was formed from tw DEFINITION 7 antiparallel nucleotide strands TERM 8 ___(#) hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine, and _____(#) hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine. DEFINITION 8 Two three TERM 9 Replication of DNA is considered semiconservative because each "old" strand serves as a ________ for the formation of a new stra DEFINITION 9 template TERM 10 Using density gradient centrifugation, scientists can sperate large molecules like DNA on the basis of differences in their ____ DEFINITION 10 density TERM 21 The site of a gene on a chromosome is called its _____. DEFINITION 21 locus TERM 22 The two chromosomes that make up a pair are called __________ chromosomes. DEFINITION 22 homologous TERM 23 An individual is said to be ____________ for a particular feature when the two alleles it carries for that feature are different DEFINITION 23 heterozygous TERM 24 A ________ ______ predicts the ratios of genotypes and phenotypes of teh offspring of a cross. DEFINITION 24 Punnette square TERM 25 The phenotype of an individual does not always reveal its ________. DEFINITION 25 genotype TERM 26 A test cross is a cross between an individual of unknown genetic composition and a __________ _________ individual. DEFINITION 26 homozygous recessive TERM 27 A dihybrid cross is a cross between individuals that differ with respect to their alleles at ___(#) ____. DEFINITION 27 two loci TERM 28 The mechanics of _______ are the basis for independent assortment. DEFINITION 28 meiosis TERM 29 The chromosome theory of inheritence can be explained by assuming that genes are ________ ________ in specific locations along t DEFINITION 29 linearly arranged TERM 30 The _______ ____ predicts the combined probabilities of independant events. DEFINITION 30 product rule TERM 31 Probability can range from ____(#) (impossible) to ___ (#) (certain). DEFINITION 31 zero one TERM 32 The probability of two independent events occuring together is the _______ of the probabilities of each occuring sperately. DEFINITION 32 product TERM 33 The ___ ____ predicts the combined probabilities of mutually exclusive events. DEFINITION 33 sum rule TERM 34 If events are truly independent, ____ ______ have no influence on the probability of the occurrence of ______ ______. DEFINITION 34 past events future events TERM 35 Genes in the same chromosome are said to be ______ and do not assort independently. DEFINITION 35 linked TERM 46 It is called _________ ___________ when two or more independent pairs of genes have similar and additive effects on a phenotype. DEFINITION 46 polygenic inheritance TERM 47 The range of phenotypic possibilities that can develop from a single genotype ender different enviromental conditions is known a DEFINITION 47 norm of reaction TERM 48 Cells contain a massive amount of precisely coded gentic information in the form of DNA, collectively called the organism's ____ DEFINITION 48 genome TERM 49 DNA and associated proteins form a complex, the _________, that make up chromosomes. DEFINITION 49 chromatin TERM 50 According to the HUman Genome Project, humans have about __,___(#) genes that code for proteins. DEFINITION 50 25,000 TERM 51 Positively charges histones associate with DNA forming structures called ___________. DEFINITION 51 nucleosomes TERM 52 Most human body cells have exactly__(#) chromosomes. DEFINITION 52 46 TERM 53 The period from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of teh next cell division is the ____ _____. DEFINITION 53 cell cycle TERM 54 Interphase is divided into the G1 phase, which stands for _____ ___ phase, the S phase, or _________ phase, and the G2 phase, or DEFINITION 54 first gap synthesis second gap TERM 55 Each chromatid includes a constricted region called the __________. DEFINITION 55 centromere TERM 56 Attached to each centromere is a ___________, a structure formed from proteins to which microtubules can bind. DEFINITION 56 kinetochore TERM 57 Some of the microtubules radiating from each pole elongate toward the chromosome, forming the _______ _______, which seperates t DEFINITION 57 mitotic spindle TERM 58 In prometaphase, sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome become attached to _______ ____________ at opposite poles of te DEFINITION 58 spindle microtubules TERM 59 During metaphase, all the cell's chromomes align at the cell's midplane, or _________ _____. DEFINITION 59 metaphase plate TERM 60 Kinetochore microtubules shorten, or ____________, during anaphase. DEFINITION 60 depolymerize TERM 71 Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material (crossing over) during the first meiotic ________, providing more _______ _____ DEFINITION 71 prophase genetic variability TERM 72 The haploid condition is established as the members of each pair of homologous chromosomes seperate during the first meiotic ___ DEFINITION 72 anaphase TERM 73 In metaphase I, chromatids are arranged in bundles of ____(#), and in metaphase II, chromatids are in groups of ___(#). DEFINITION 73 four two TERM 74 _______ results in two daughter cells identical to the original cell. _______ results in four genetically different, haploid dau DEFINITION 74 Mitosis Meiosis TERM 75 Sex cells (sperm and eggs/ova) are known as _______, therefore, the formation of sex cells is referred to as _____________. DEFINITION 75 gametes gametogenesis TERM 76 The formation of sperm is called _______________. DEFINITION 76 spermatogenesis TERM 77 The formation of eggs or ova is called _________. DEFINITION 77 oogenesis TERM 78 Gene expression involves a series of steps in which the information in the sequence of ___ _____ specifies the makeup of the cel DEFINITION 78 DNA bases TERM 79 Neurospora is an ideal experimental organism because it grows primarily as a haploid organism, allowing researchers to immediate DEFINITION 79 recessive mutant allele TERM 80 DNA is transcribed to form three specific kinds of RNA. These are ____, ____, and ____. DEFINITION 80 mRNA/tRNA/rRNA TERM 81 Each tRNA is specific for only one _____ ____. DEFINITION 81 amino acid TERM 82 Sequencing of amino acids in a protein involves two major steps: forst is _____________, wherein DNA codes are read unit a speci DEFINITION 82 transcription translation TERM 83 Each _____ in mRNA consists of three-bases that specify ine amino acid in a polypeptide chain. DEFINITION 83 codon TERM 84 __________ and __________ are the only amino acids that are specified by single codons. DEFINITION 84 Mathionine/tryptophan TERM 85 There are __(#) possible codons. Of these, __(#) code for amino acids, and _(#) function to terminate protein synthesis. DEFINITION 85 64 61 3 TERM 96 The addition of amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain is called __________. DEFINITION 96 elongation TERM 97 Peptide bond formation requires the enzyme ________ ___________. DEFINITION 97 peptidyl transferase TERM 98 Newly formed polypeptides are released and ribosome subunits dissociate as the result of sequences in nRNA called ____ ______. DEFINITION 98 stop codons TERM 99 A ____________ consists of mRNA molecule that is bound to clusters of ribosomes. DEFINITION 99 polyribosome TERM 100 The original transcript in eukaryotes is known as _________ ____. DEFINITION 100 precursor mRNA TERM 101 Intron is an abbreviation for ___________ _________, and exon stands for _________ _________. DEFINITION 101 intervening sequences expressed sequences TERM 102 _______ _______ are regions of protein tertiary stricture that may have specific functions. DEFINITION 102 Protein domains TERM 103 SiRNAs silence genes at the ___________________ level by selectively cleaving mRNA molecules with base sequences complementary t DEFINITION 103 posttranscriptional TERM 104 A gene carries the information needed to produce a ________ ___ or ___________. DEFINITION 104 specific RNA/polypeptide TERM 105 Retroviruses are viruses that require _______ _____________. DEFINITION 105 reverse transcriptase TERM 106 A mutation is a change in teh __________ ________ in DNA. DEFINITION 106 nucleotide sequence TERM 107 _____ or ____-____________ mutations involve a change in only one pair of nucleotides. These can lead to the substitution of one DEFINITION 107 point/base-substitution missense nonsense TERM 108 In frameshift mutations, one of two nucleotide pairs are ________ or _______ from the molecule, altering the reading frame. DEFINITION 108 inserted/deleted TERM 109 Mobile genetic elements can disrupt the functions of some genes because they are _______. DEFINITION 109 moveable TERM 110 ___ _____ are regions of DNA that are particularly susceptible to mutations. DEFINITION 110 Hot spots TERM 121 ________ __________ is when a product blocks its own production by binding to an enzyme that is required to generate that produc DEFINITION 121 Feedback inhibition TERM 122 RNA polymerase in multicellular eukaryotes binds to a portion of the promotor known as the ____ ___. DEFINITION 122 TATA box TERM 123 The efficency of a eukaryotic promoter depends largly on the number and type of ________ ________ ________ (____). DEFINITION 123 upstream promoter elements (UPEs) TERM 124 Highly coiled and compacted chromatin containing inactive genes is called _______________, whereas loosely coiled chromatin cont DEFINITION 124 heterochromatin euchromatin TERM 125 Through ____________ ____ __________, the cells in each tissue produce their own version of mRNA corresponding to the particular DEFINITION 125 differantial mRNA processing TERM 126 The addition or removal of phosphate groups is an example of ________ ____________, a mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to regu DEFINITION 126 chemical modification TERM 127 Enzymes that modify chemicals by adding phosphate groups are called _______. DEFINITION 127 kinases TERM 128 Enzymes that modify chemicals by removing phosphate groups are called ____________. DEFINITION 128 phosphatases TERM 129 The modification of an organism's DNA to produce new genes with new traits is called _______ ___________. DEFINITION 129 genetic engineering TERM 130 ___________ _______ cut DNA molecules are specific loci, producing precise fragments that can be incorporated into vector molecu DEFINITION 130 Restriction enzymes TERM 131 Recombinant DNA vectors are usually constructed from ________. DEFINITION 131 plasmids TERM 132 A ___________ sequence reads the same as its complement when both are read in the 5' to 3' direction. DEFINITION 132 palindromic TERM 133 ______ _______ _______ are combination vectors with heatures from both bacteriophages and plasmids. DEFINITION 133 Cosmid cloning vectors TERM 134 A _______ ___ _______ is a collection of thousands of DNA fragments that represent the entire DNA in the genome. DEFINITION 134 genomic DNA library TERM 135 _______ ______ are radioactive strands of RNA or DNA that are complementary to specific targeted cloned fragments. They are used DEFINITION 135 Genetic probes TERM 146 Several scientific fields, including ______________, ________________, and __________ emerged in the wake of the HUman Genome Pr DEFINITION 146 bioinformatics/pharmacogenetics/proteomics TERM 147 ____ _______, the use of specific DNA to treat a genetic disease by correcting the genetic problem, is another application of DN DEFINITION 147 Gene therapy TERM 148 STRs are highly ___________ because they vary in length from one individual to another, making them useful in identifying indivi DEFINITION 148 polymorphic TERM 149 Transgenetic organisms (plants or animals) are generally produced by injecting the DNA of a gene into a recipient's __________ _ DEFINITION 149 fertilized egg/stem cell TERM 150 ____ _________ is a research procedure in which the researcher chooses and inactivates a single gene in an organism. DEFINITION 150 Gene targeting TERM 151 Transgenic plants that are resistant to insect pests, viral diseases, drought, heat, cold, herbicides, and salty or acidic soil DEFINITION 151 genetically modified crops TERM 152 The science of ____ __________ uses statistical methods to quanitify risks so they can be compared and contrasted. DEFINITION 152 risk assessment TERM 153 In DNA sequencing, researchers identify the order of ___________ in ___ to understand the genetic basis of human similarities an DEFINITION 153 nuceotides/DNA TERM 154 ____________ is the study of chromosomes and their role in inheritance. DEFINITION 154 Cytogenetics TERM 155 A _________ is an individuals chromosome composition. DEFINITION 155 karyotype TERM 156 A ________ ________ shows the transmission of genetic traits within a family over several generations and helps determine the ex DEFINITION 156 oedigree analysis TERM 157 The Human Genome Project sequenced _._ _______ (#) base pairs. DEFINITION 157 2.9 billion TERM 158 About ___(#) DNA segments longer than 200 base pairs are known to be 100% identical between the mouse and human genomes. DEFINITION 158 500 TERM 159 Researchers have used ____ _________ to produce strains of mice that are homozygous or heterozygous to genetic diseases. DEFINITION 159 gene targeting TERM 160 __________, the presence of multiple sets of chromosomes, is usually lethal in humans. DEFINITION 160 Polyploidy TERM 171 Cystic fibrosis results from defective ___ _________. DEFINITION 171 ion transport TERM 172 In cystic fibrosis, a mutant protein causes the production of a very heavy ______ that eventually causes severe tissue damage. DEFINITION 172 mucous TERM 173 Tay-Sachs disease results from abnormal _____ metabolism in the _____. DEFINITION 173 lipid brain TERM 174 Huntington's disease is caused by a rare _________ ________ ______ that affects the central nervous system. DEFINITION 174 autosomal dominant allele TERM 175 Hemophilia A is caused by the absence of a blood-clotting protein called ______ ____(Roman #). DEFINITION 175 factor VIII TERM 176 Gene therapy is a strategy that aims to replace a ______ allele with a ______ allele to treat some serious diseases. DEFINITION 176 mutant normal TERM 177 _____________ may be used to diagnose prenatal genetic diseases. It analyzes cells in amniotic fluid withdrawn from the uterus o DEFINITION 177 Amniocentesis TERM 178 One technique designed to detect prenatal genetic defects is _________ ______ ________ (___) which involves inspecting fetal cel DEFINITION 178 chorionic villus sampling (CVS) TERM 179 New born genetic screening is used primarily as the first step in _________ ________. DEFINITION 179 preventative medicine TERM 180 Genetic counselors use family histories of each partner to acquire the ___________ that any given offspring will inherit a parti DEFINITION 180 probability TERM 181 Genetic discrimination is discrimination against an individual or family members because of differences from the ______ genome i DEFINITION 181 normal TERM 182 The broad, flat portion of a leaf is the _____; the stalk that attaches the blade to the stem is the _______. Some leaves also h DEFINITION 182 blade petiole stipules TERM 183 Leaves may be ______, having a single blade, or ________, having a blade divided into two or more leaflets. DEFINITION 183 simple compound TERM 184 Leaves are arranged on a stem in one of three possible ways. These are _________ ____ ___________, with one leaf at each node; _ DEFINITION 184 alternate leaf arrangement opposite leaf arrangement whorled leaf arrangement TERM 185 The photosynthetic ground tissue of the leaf, called the _________, is sandwiched between the upper epidermis and the lower epid DEFINITION 185 mesophyll palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll