West Coast EMT Block 2 Study Guide Latest 2023-2024 (Verified Answers), Exams of Study of Commodities

Download West Coast EMT Block 2 Study Guide Latest 2023-2024 (Verified Answers) and more Exams Study of Commodities in PDF only on Docsity! West Coast EMT Block 2 Study Guide Latest 2023-2024 (Verified Answers) 1. electrical conduction of the heart - correct answers ✅The flow of electrical current causes smooth, coordinated heart contractions; they produce pumping action of the heart 2. Depolarization - correct answers ✅electrical charges on the surface of the muscle cell change from positive to negative 3. Repolarization - correct answers ✅the heart returns to its resting state, and the positive charge is restored to the surface 4. Where do the electrical impulses begin? - correct answers ✅Electrical impulses begin high in the atria in the sinoatrial node, travel to the atrioventricular node and bundle of His, and then move through the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles 5. Three types of muscle - correct answers ✅skeletal, cardiac, smooth 6. Skeletal muscle - correct answers ✅Voluntary muscle/Striated muscle (characteristic stripes): Movement of the body like waving or walking/ Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton 7. Smooth muscle - correct answers ✅Found within blood vessels and intestines 8. Cardiac muscle - correct answers ✅found only within the heart and is able to create and conduct its own electrical impulses 9. Ligaments - correct answers ✅Connect bone to bone 10.Tendons - correct answers ✅Ropelike structures that connect muscles to bones 11.Cartilage - correct answers ✅Smooth connective tissue that covers the ends of bones at mobile joints 12.Anatomy of lower airway: delivers oxygen to alveoli - correct answers ✅Trachea (windpipe): conduit for air entry into the lungs; divides at the carina into two main stem bronchi, right and left 13.Bronchioles: dilate and constrict as oxygen passes through them 30.Transverse (axial) plane - correct answers ✅Top and bottom 31.Saggital (lateral) - correct answers ✅Left and right 32.Midsagittal (midline) - correct answers ✅Left and right (equal halves) 33.Blood flow through the heart - correct answers ✅Super Vena Cava --> Rt atrium --> Tricuspid --> Rt ventricle --> Pulmonic valve --> Lungs --> Lt atrium --> Mitral valve --> Lt ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> Body 34.The right (slower pressure) side of the heart pumps blood from the body through the lungs 35.The left (high pressure) side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body 36.Arteries - correct answers ✅carry blood away from the heart 37.Veins - correct answers ✅Blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart 38.Central pulses - correct answers ✅Carotid artery pulse (at the upper portion of the neck) 39.Femoral artery pulse (in the groin) 40.Peripheral pulses - correct answers ✅Radial artery pulse (at the wrist at the base of the thumb) 41.Brachial artery pulse (on the medial aspect of the arm, midway between the elbow and the shoulder) 42.Posterior tibial artery pulse (posterior to the medial malleolus) - in the inside of the ankle) 43.Dorsalis pedis artery pulse (on the top of the foot) 44.White blood cells - correct answers ✅Fights infection 45.Red blood cells (hemoglobin) - correct answers ✅transports oxygen 46.Plasma - correct answers ✅Transports carbon dioxide 47.Plasma (water) - correct answers ✅transports wastes and nutrients 48.Platelets - correct answers ✅clotting (coagulation) 49.Chemicals within the plasma - correct answers ✅controls (buffer) pH 50.Organs in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of abdomen - correct answers ✅Liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon 51.Organs in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) of abdomen - correct answers ✅stomach, spleen, and a portion of the colon 52.Organs in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) of abdomen - correct answers ✅contains two portions of the large intestine (cecum and ascending colon); the appendix is attached to the lower cecum 70.Diffusion - correct answers ✅Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. 71.Ventilation - correct answers ✅the physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs 72.Oxygenation - correct answers ✅the process of loading oxygen molecules onto hemoglobin molecules in the bloodstream 73.Respiration - correct answers ✅the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli as well as the tissues of the body 74.Inhalation - correct answers ✅The active, muscular part of breathing 75.The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, allowing air to enter the body and travel to the lungs. The chest expands 76.Thoracic cage expands and air pressure within the thorax decreases, creating a vacuum 77.When air pressure outside equals air pressure inside, air stops moving. Gases, such as oxygen will move from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure until the pressures are equal. 78.Activated Charcoal - correct answers ✅Action: absorbs toxic substances in digestive tract 79.Indications: most oral poisonings 80.Contraindications: decreased LOC; overdose of corrosives; causatics (substances such as acid or an alkali), or petroleum substances 81.Side effects: nausea, vomiting, constipation, black stools 82.Dose: adult dose is 1-2 g/kg of body weight (divide weight in lb by 2.2) 83.Spinal column (total 33 bones) - correct answers ✅Cervical spine (first 7) 84.Thoracic spine (next 12) 85.Lumbar spine (next 5) 86.Sacrum (5) 87.Coccyx (4) 88.Aspirin (Bayer, Acetylsalicylic or ASA) - correct answers ✅Action: anti- inflammatory 89.Indications: Relief of mild pain, headache, muscle aches; chest pain of cardiac origin 90.Contraindications: hypersensitivity; pre-existing liver damage; bleeding; asthma (relative) 91.Dose: Adult dose is 160-325 mg for chewable and tablet 92.Side effects: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, bleeding, allergic reaction 110. Contraindications: hypertension, use of sildenafil (Viagra) or another treatment for erectile dysfunction 111. Dose: 0.3-0.4 mg SL; 0.4 mg spray 112. Side effects: Headache, burning under tongue, hypertension, nausea 113. Oral glucose - correct answers ✅Action: Provides glucose for cellular use 114. Indications: low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) 115. Contraindications: decreased LOC, nausea, vomiting 116. Dose: 1/2-1 tube 117. Side effects: vomiting, nausea 118. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) - correct answers ✅Action: analgesic and fever reducer 119. Indications: relief of mild pain or fever, headache, muscle aches 120. Contraindications: hypersensitivity 121. Dose: 500-1,000 mg every 4 hours as needed; dose is weight-based for children 122. Side effects: allergic reaction 123. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - correct answers ✅Action: Antihistamine (blocks histamine) 124. Indications: mild allergic reaction 125. Contraindications: Asthma, glaucoma, pregnancy, hypertension 126. Dose: 25-50 mg 127. Side effects: sleepiness (can stimulate children), dry mouth and throat 128. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin) - correct answers ✅Action: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory that reduces inflammation and fever 129. Indications: mild pain or fever, headache, muscle aches 130. Contraindications: hypersensitivity 131. Dose: adult dose is 200-400 mg every 4-6 hours; dose is weight-based for children 132. Side effects: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, bleeding, allergic reactions 133. Exhalation - correct answers ✅diaphragm relaxes (moves up) 134. The size of the thoracic cage decreases, then air in the lungs is compressed into a smaller space 147. Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio and Mismatch - correct answers ✅Air and blood flow must be directed to the same place at the same time (ventilation aka air flow, V and perfusion aka blood flow, Q must be matched) 148. When ventilation is compromised but perfusion continues, blood passes over some alveolar membranes without gas exchange taking place. Carbon dioxide is recirculated within the blood stream, which could lead to hypoxemia 149. When blood flow is compromised, less oxygen is absorbed in the blood stream and less carbon dioxide is removed 150. Intrapulmonary shunting - correct answers ✅blood entering the lungs from the right side of the heart bypasses the alveoli and returns to the left side of the heart in an unoxygenated state 151. Respiratory compromise - correct answers ✅The inability of the body to move gas effectively. 152. Epiglottis - correct answers ✅A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering. 153. Pharynx - correct answers ✅throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx 154. Composed of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx 155. nasopharynx - correct answers ✅filters out dust and small particles, humidifies air as it enters the body 156. oropharynx - correct answers ✅entrance for respiratory and digestive system 157. electrical conduction of the heart - correct answers ✅ 158. what is in the lower airway - correct answers ✅trachea (esophagus and epiglottis), bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, cricoid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane 159. what does the Coronary artery supply? - correct answers ✅Supplies the heart 160. What does the Carotid artery supply? - correct answers ✅supplies the head 161. What does the hepatic artery supply? - correct answers ✅Supplies the liver 162. What do the renal arteries supply? - correct answers ✅Supplies the kidneys 163. what do the mesenteric arteries supply? - correct answers ✅Supplies the digestive system 164. what do the Pulmonary arteries supply? - correct answers ✅Carrie's oxygen poor blood to the lungs 165. Snoring breath sounds - correct answers ✅These suggest an obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways 166. Wheezing breath sounds - correct answers ✅These suggest an obstruction or narrowing of the lower airways. 188. Obstructive shock - correct answers ✅Shock that occurs when there is a block to blood flow in the heart or great vessels, causing an insufficient blood supply to the body's tissues. 189. -cardiac tamponade 190. -tension pneumothorax 191. -pulmonary embolism 192. cardiac tamponade - correct answers ✅pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space 193. tension pneumothorax - correct answers ✅a type of pneumothorax in which air that enters the chest cavity is prevented from escaping 194. pulmonary embolism - correct answers ✅A blood clot that breaks off from a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung, causing obstruction of blood flow. 195. septic shock - correct answers ✅Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection. 196. Neurogenic shock - correct answers ✅a state of shock (hypoperfusion) caused by nerve paralysis that sometimes develops from spinal cord injuries 197. Psychogenic shock - correct answers ✅Shock caused by a sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting (syncope). 198. Anaphylactic shock - correct answers ✅Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction. 199. Hypovolemic shock - correct answers ✅shock resulting from blood or fluid loss 200. vasodilatory shock - correct answers ✅A type of shock related to relaxation of the blood vessels, allowing blood to pool and impairing circulation. 201. Hypopoelemix shock - correct answers ✅Abnormal decrease in blood volume 202. tripod position - correct answers ✅an upright position in which the patients lean forward onto two arms stretched forward and thrusts the head and chin forward. This suggests a difficulty in breathing 203. Functions of chemo receptors in the medulla - correct answers ✅montors levels of 204. Oxygen 205. CO2 206. Hydrogen ions 207. pH of cerebrospinal fluid 208. provide feedback to respiratory centers - correct answers ✅