Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers, Exams of Introduction to Western Music

Download Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers and more Exams Introduction to Western Music in PDF only on Docsity! Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers The Pharaoh, Akhenaten, c. 1372-1355 BCE, went so far as to proclaim an official religion in Egypt and it concentrated on the worship Aten, who represented pure power of the sun. This was a step towards _____________________, with Aten becoming the sole god of the state. - correct answer Monotheism Queen Hatshepsut, c. 1502-1482 BCE, built her massive mortuary temple in Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes, including a temple dedicated to the god ___________________________ to express her claim to divine birth and the right to rule. After her husband died, who was in reality her half-brother, she proclaimed herself "female king" as co-ruler with her younger stepson. She had herself represented in the official art as a king, with a royal beard and male clothing. She proved that a woman could ensure the safety of the nation, lead it to prosperity, and maintain goodwill among the gods. - correct answer Amum or Amen When the Middle Kingdom of Egypt lost its power about 1664 BCE, foreign, diverse bands of a Semitic people originally from the eastern Mediterranean coast seized power. The Egyptians called them (rulers of the foreign countries). They brought foreign culture to Egypt and moved the capital to Avaris. These foreigners introduced bronze-making technology new musical instruments, humpbacked cattle, and olive trees to Egypt. They greatly increased the strength of the Egyptian military capacity by increasing the number of chariots and more powerful bows. - correct answer Hyksos Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers Old Kingdom Egyptian rulers spent vast resources on giant complexes to proclaim their divine status and protect their mummified bodies for existence in the afterlife. King Khufu, c. 2609-2584 BCE, also known as Old Kingdom Egyptian rulers spent vast resources on giant complexes to proclaim their divine status and protect their mummified bodies for existence in the afterlife. King Khufu, c. 2609-2584 BCE, also known as - correct answer Cheops The Egyptian goddess, _____________________, "what is right," embodied the divine force of justice. - correct answer Matt Ancient Egyptians used pictures to develop their own system of writing about 3000 BCE. They used approximately 700 pictures which fell into three categories: ideograms, phonograms, and determinatives. Most of their writings were for religious purposes such as writing on buildings and sacred objects. The Greeks referred to their pictures as sacred carved letters. We know the Egyptian writing as _______________________________________. - correct answer Hieroglyphic Writing Archaeological finds from ____________________________________ show international correspondence between the Egyptian and other nations by which the Egyptian pharaoh was attempting to set other nations against each other with the purpose of weakening then and protect his own weakened kingdom. - correct answer El-Amarna Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers The concept of citizenship in the Greek city-state meant free people agreeing to form a political community that was a partnership of privileges and duties in common affairs under the rule of law. Citizenship was a remarkable political concept because, even in Greek city-states organized tyrannies (rule by tyrants) or oligarchies (rule by small group), it meant a basic level of political equality among citizens. Most important, it carried the expectation of equal treatment under the law for male citizens regardless of their social status or wealth. - correct answer True In the Greek pantheon of gods and goddesses, who was the goddess of wisdom and war? - correct answer Athena __________________________ hinted at the gods' expectations of proper human behavior. For example, gods demanded hospitality for strangers, proper burial for family members, and participation in divine worship. - correct answer Mythology The Greek city-state was unique because it was based on the concept of citizenship for all its free inhabitants, rejected monarchy as its central authority, and made justice the responsibility of the citizens. Moreover, except in tyrannies, in which one man seized control of the city-state, at least some degree of shared governing was normal. Power sharing reaching its widest from in democratic Greek city-states. The Greek philosopher _______________________, c. 384-322 BCE, expressed Greece's most famous analysist of politics and society, asserted, Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers "Humans are beings who by nature live in city-states." - correct answer Aristotle The Greek city-state, "polis," was identical to the Mesopotamian city- state. - correct answer False Darius, King of Persia, led his armies against both Ionia and Marathon expecting to crush the Greeks. He was furious when the Athenians joined forces with these cities and shockingly defeated his much larger armies. The Athenian army then hurried the twenty-six miles to guard and protect Athens from the Persian navy. Today, the "Marathon" race of twenty-six miles in named in honor of the legend of one Athenian soldier running from Marathon to Athens to announce the great victory and then dropping dead. - correct answer True _________________________ defeated the Persian King, Xerxes (the God King) in a naval battle at Salamis. Xerxes could not use all of his light naval ships against the smaller navy of Athens. The navy of Athens consisted of the triremes battle ship, which were larger, heavier with 170 rowers who could quickly maneuver the ships in close quarters. Basically, the triremes was used to ram other ships and sink them. - correct answer Themistocles _____________________ became Golden Age Athens' dominant politician who spearheaded reforms to democratize the judicial system and provide pay for most public offices. He led to what is known as the Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers "Radical Democracy" of Athens. He led Athenians to believe that the best way to support democracy was to trust the majority vote. Many critics believed that oligarchy (the rule of the few) was morally superior to democracy because they believed the poor lacked the education and moral values needed for leadership and would use majority rule to strip the rich of their wealth by making them provide benefits to the poorer citizens. He led the Radical Democracy to strengthening the equality of all citizens. He introduced that all offices filled by lottery and those serving in jury duty be paid so that poor people could afford to serve. Citizen was reduced to those whose both parents were citizens to prevent the wealthy from ma - correct answer Pericles The , which means "virgin goddess's house," was a enormous marble temple built to Athena. It is 230 feet long; 100 feet wide, and constructed from more than 20,000 tons of marble. - correct answer Parthenon is the Greek goddess of fertility and agriculture - correct answer Demeter In the Greek city states, were foreigners granted permanent residence in return for paying taxes and military service - correct answer metics Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers battling between 2 vices. He identified "the Golden Mean" which is the perfect balance between the virtue and the vice. He developed the table of for all the virtues of "Too Little," "Too Much," and "Just Right." In addition he developed the "Art of Rhetoric." How do you get people to agree with you? Aristotle developed much of this thinking around Four Big Questions: (1) What makes people happy? (2) ?, (3) What are friends for? He even identifies three kinds of friends: friends for fun, strategic friends, and true friends. (4) How can ideas cut through in a busy world? Feedback The correct answer is: What is art for - correct answer What is art for Epicurus asks and sought the answer to the question: "What makes people happy?" He concluded that people make three huge mistakes concerning what makes people happy. These three things do not make people happy or even happier: (1) Romance/passionately sexual relationships, (2) Lots of money, and (3) Luxury. Instead Epicurus concluded that there are three things that indeed do make people happier: (1) Friends around them much of the time, (2) Everyone downs shifts to less money, less things, fewer possessions, schedules not as full, less pressures, etc. (3) Develop calm and peace in their own minds. Epicurus concluded that humans are not very good at making themselves - correct answer happy Seneca was one of the great Stoics of his day. Stoicism claims to help people to answer or overcome two problems: (1) anxiety, and (2) Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers . To overcome anxiety, one must stamp out hope. Realize that life is tough and hard and that one will be okay in the end. Suicide is an acceptable way out for Stoics. They realize that material gain or possessions will not settle anxiety. The other problem which the Stoics claim to help overcome is by not being stupid. Expect the bad and harsh to happen. Then you are not shocked by it happening to you. Accept the true fact that life is miserable. - correct answer anger Plato's concept of opts that humans possess immortal souls distinct from their bodies. This is a separation of the soul (or mind) from the body. Further, Plato opted that the human soul possesses pre-existing knowledge put there by god. Human's present, impure existence is only a temporary stage in cosmic existence because, while the body does not last, the soul is immortal. - correct answer dualism The Twelve Tables were developed about 451-450 BCE. They are the earliest piece of surviving Roman literature. The cover three areas: crime, property, and family matters. The Plebeians, the poor class, wanted protection from the Patricians, the rich class. According to Table 4, the father had the right of life or death over his children. According to Table 8, the penalty for murder was clubbing to death. The penalty for stealing crops was clubbing to death and then the body was hung as a sacrifice to Ceres, the goddess of agriculture. - correct answer True Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers The 3 Punic Wars which Rome fought for the first time against external nations, rather then from internal disputes were against the Phoenicians whom they called Punics. The Punic Wars were Rome fighting against the home city, ,of the punics/phocenicians - correct answer Carthage To defeat the Phoenicians/Punics, the Romans who were strong in military but did not have a navy had to build ships and learn to use the skills of their armies aboard ships. To win the ______________________________, the Romans not only had to build ships like the Phoenicians, but had to learn from people in the city of Syracuse how to build a "corvis" or a gangplank so their soldiers could cross into Punic Battleships to defeat their sailors. - correct answer First Punic War Which great Carthaginian general lead an army of 60,000 soldiers and 37 elephants to conquer much of Spain, cross the Alps , losing many soldiers and most of his elephants, and still threatened Rome to the extent Roman soldiers had to attack Carthage to stop him. - correct answer Hannibal writes The Origins, the first history of Rome written in Latin - correct answer Cato Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers races, the games, the baths, or the plays. (Christians believed all these were opposing their concepts of Christian morals.); and (5) ignorant/uneducated because they would not read and accept the literature of the Roman scholars. - correct answer True The Roman government viewed Christians as: (1) atheists because they worshiped an invisible god. (They did not worship idols in temples.); (2) cannibals because the talked of eating the body of Christ and drinking the blood of Christ during the Lord's Supper; (3) as sexual perverts because they viewed "The Love Feast" which preceded the Lord's Supper as an orgy for wild sex; (4) as traitors/insurrectionists because they would not worship and pray for Caesar nor support the Roman races, the games, the baths, or the plays. (Christians believed all these were opposing their concepts of Christian morals.); and (5) ignorant/uneducated because they would not read and accept the literature of the Roman scholars. - correct answer Perpetua The following is an accurate list of Roman Emperors, their dates for ruling and their connection to the New Testament and Christianity: August (Octavian), 27 BCE - 14 CE, under whose reign the birth of Jesus occurred, the census connected with the birth, and the beginning of the emperor cult, or deification and worship of the emperor Tiberius, 14-37 CE, under whom Jesus publicly ministered, died, and arose Claudius, 41-54 CE, who expelled Jewish residents from Rome, among them Aquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:2) for civil disturbance Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers Nero, 54-68 CE, who persecuted Christians, probably only in the environs of Rome, and under whom Peter and Paul were martyred Vespasian, 69-79 CE, who as general began to crush a Jewish revolt, returned to Rome to become emperor, and left completion of the military task to his son, Titus, whose army destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple in 70 CE Domitian, 81-96 CE, whose persecution of the chu - correct answer True After Julius Caesar's death in 44 BCE, seventeen years of civil war followed. With the internal peace finally established in 27 BCE, Caesar's adopted son, ______________________________, declared that he had restored the republic, in reality, he created a disguised monarchy. His new system retained the traditional institutions for sharing power -- the Senate, the consuls, the courts -- but in reality he and his successors governed like kings ruling an empire. - correct answer Octavian (Augustus) After Octavian, won over Julius Caesar's army by promising them money, marched on Rome, and forced the Senate to consul in 43 BCE, he and Mark Anthony joined with general ________________________ to form the second Triumvirate to reorganize the government. They murdered many of their enemies including some of the own relatives, and seized their property. - correct answer Lepidus Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers Octavian (Augustus) defeated Mark Anthony and __________________________ in the naval battle at Actium in northwest Greece in 31 CE to gain control of the entire Roman Empire. The following year Mark Anthony committed suicide by stabbing himself and bleeding to death in his lover's arms. Then she took her life by allowing a poisonous snake to bite her. Octavian's revenues from the capture of Egypt made him Rome's richest citizen. - correct answer Cleopatra VII The term the Romans used in the early empire for what we know as emperor was - correct answer imperium Augustus made the military the foundation of the emperor's power by turning the republic's citizen militia into a professional army, full-time army and navy. He established regular lengths of service and retirement benefits, making the emperor the troops' patron to solidify their loyalty to him. To pay the added costs, Augustus imposed Rome's first inheritance tax o citizens angering the rich. He also stationed several thousand soldiers in Rome for the first time ever. These soldiers known as the would later play a crucial role in selecting the next emperor when the current one died. Augustus meant for them to provide security for him and prevent rebellion in the capital by serving as a visible reminder that the superiority of the emperor was backed by the threat of armed force. - correct answer praetorian guard Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers Constantine did not make polytheism illegal and he did not make Christianity the official state religion. Instead, he and his polytheist co- emperor Licinius enforced religious freedom, as dictated by the ____________________________ in 313 CE. It proclaimed free choice of religion for everyone and referred to protection of the Empire by "the highest authority" -- a general term meant to satisfy both polytheists and Christians. - correct answer Edict of Milan Constantine's great vision or dream (other explanations are given, too) that led to his trusting in the power of the god of the Christians, having the symbols of the two letters for the word cross put on all of his soldiers shields, and his claims to having received salvation occurred at the ___________________________. - correct answer Milvian Bridge The _________________________________ in 325 CE defends Christianity against Arianism. Arianism stated that Jesus Christ was not of the same essence/substance as God. Jesus Christ was created and therefore not God. The orthodox view was that God, Jesus and later, the Holy Spirit are all of one essence/substance, but three persons. - correct answer Council of Nicaea ________________________ made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire. - correct answer Theodosius I Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers The most famous Church Father was _____________________________ who wrote the City of God which says that man's dilemma is the conflict between desiring earthy pleasures and desiring spiritual purity. He identified the issue as Original Sin. He argued that history has a divine purpose even if mankind cannot see it. - correct answer Augustine Gregory the Great organized the Synod at Whitby to settle the issue between the Roman churches and the Irish churches as the date to celebrate Easter. - correct answer False In southern England in 597 CE, Christianity was brought to England via missionaries sent by Leo III. - correct answer False The Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop of Wynfrith took the Latin name Clovis to symbolize his loyalty to the Roman church. Preaching on the continent, Clovis set up churches in Germany and Gaul, that like those in England, looked to Rome for leadership and guidance. - correct answer False The Merovingian king Clovis (c. 481/482 - 511) defeated the Visigoths in 507, the Visigoth kingdom, which has sprawled across Gaul into Spain was dismembered. By midcentury the Franks had come into possession of most of its remnants in southern Gaul. Clovis became the founding king for the Merovingian Dynasty. - correct answer True Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers Pope Stephen II was the pope around 600 CE. The pope's position was ambiguous: he was both a ruler -- successor of St. Peter and head of the church -- and subordinate, subject to the Byzantine emperor. Pope Stephen II in many ways laid the foundation for the papacy's spiritual and temporal ascendancy. During Stephen's reign, the papacy became the greatest landowner in Italy. Stephen organized the defenses of Rome and paid the army; he heard court cases, made treaties, and provided welfare services. The missionary expedition Stephen sent to England was only a small part of his involvement in the rest of Europe. He was a prolific author of spiritual works and biblical commentaries. He digested and simplified the ideas of the church fathers like St. Augustine of Hippo, making those views accessible to a wider audience. His book, Pastoral Rule, was used as a guide for bishops throughout Europe. - correct answer False The arrival on the continent around 590 CE of the Irish monk St. Columbanus (543-615) heightened this emphasis in religion. Columbus's brand of monasticism -- which stressed exile, devotion, and discipline -- found much favor among the Merovingian elites. The monasteries St. Columbus established in both Gaul and Italy attracted local recruits from the aristocracy. Some were grown men and women. Wives given to the monastery by their husbands in a ritual called "oblation" provided for the spiritual well-being of the wife and her family left behind. - correct answer False Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers King Alfred the Great fought 54 hand-combat battles mainly against the Vikings. He personally led his soldiers in battle. He is know for expanding both education and English law. He based English law on the Ten Commandments of the Old Testament and especially the New Testament teachings of Christ and the Epistles of Paul. Alfred did not kill his conquered enemies; he converted them to Christianity. Alfred felt that without Christ there was not any wisdom. He had the Bible taught to all the children in the schools he developed in England. - correct answer True _______________________________________ was known as the "Father of Europe." - correct answer Charlemagne Between 750 and 850, ____________________________ staved off Muslim attacks and began to rebuild. After 850, it expanded. Military victories brought new wealth and power to the imperial court, and the emperors supported a vast program of literary and artistic revival at Constantinople. But while the emperor dominated at the capital, a new landowning elite began to control the countryside. On its northern frontier, ____________________ helped create new Slavic realms. - correct answer Byzantium Flush with victory and recalling the Byzantium's past glory, the emperors of the late ninth century revived classical intellectual pursuits. ____________________ from Macedonia founded the imperial dynasty Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers that presided over the so-called Macedonian renaissance. His dynasty drew upon the intellectual elite who -- even in the anxious years of the eighth century -- had persisted in studying the classics. Now, with the empire slowly regaining its military eminence and with icons permanently restored by in 843, this scholarly elite thrived again. - correct answer Basil I Few Rus were Christians (most were polytheists, Muslims, or Jews), but that changed at the end of the 10th century, when good relations between the Rus and the Byzantines were sealed by the conversion of the Rus leader Vladimir (r.980 - 1015). In 988, Emperor Basil II sent his sister Anna to marry Vladimir in exchange for an army of Rus. To seal the alliance, Vladimir was baptized and took his brother-in-law's name. The general population seems to have quickly adopted the new religion. Slavic realms such as Moravia, Serbia, and Bulgaria adopted the Byzantine form of Christianity. The peoples of Poland, Hungary, Denmark, and Norway were converted under the auspices of the Roman Catholic church. - correct answer True The Shi'ite group known as the Fatimids took their name from Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad and his wife, Ali. They established themselves in 909 as rulers in the regions of North Africa, now called Tunisia. The Fatimid ruler claimed to be not only the true imam -- the descendant of Ali -- but also the mahdi, the "divinely guided" messiah, come to bring justice on earth. In 969, the Fatimids declared themselves rulers or Egypt. their dynasty lasted about 200 hundred years. At one time Fatimid leaders controlled North Africa, Arabia, and Syria. Sunni Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers Muslims ruled Spain from their capital at Cordoba. - correct answer True The ____________________________ of 1054 was the separation between the Roman Catholic Church of the West and the Greek Orthodox Church of the East. The separation has not been resolved even today. The Roman Catholic Church was centered in Rome, spoke Latin, and was led by the Pope. The Eastern Church (the Orthodox Church or Greek Orthodox Church) centered in Constantinople, spoke Greek, and was led by a Patriarch. The Catholic Church excommunicated the Orthodox Church and in turn the Orthodox Church excommunicated the Catholic Church. The four main issues were: (1) the source of the Holy Spirit (The Catholic church changed the wording in the Creed of Nicaea of 325 to add the phrase "and the son," which appeared to the Orthodox Church that without consulting them, the Catholic Church had made the Father and the Son the source of the Holy Spirit. The real issue may have been one of the difference between Latin and the - correct answer Great Schism _____________________________ is known as the most historically significant German Pope of the Middle Ages. He is most noted for Letter of Donation from Constantine giving much land to the papacy. In addition he is known for spreading the Rule of Cluny among the bishops and clergy. He demanded celibacy for all clergy, bishops, and popes. He stopped simony. - correct answer Pope Leo IX Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers __________________________________, son of a well-to-do trader in the city of Assisi in Italy, began to experience doubts, dreams, and illnesses that spurred him to religious self-examination. Eventually, he renounced his family's wealth, put on only a course tunic, and went about preaching repentance to anyone who would listen. By all accounts he was an exceptional speaker. Clinging to poverty as if, in his words, "she" were his "lady" (and thus using the vocabulary of chivalry), he accepted no money, walked without shoes, and wore only a course tunic. He brought religious devotion out of the monastery and into the streets. Intending to follow the model of Christ, he received, as his biographers put it, a miraculous gift of grace: the stigmata, a bleeding sores corresponding to the wounds of Christ suffered on the cross. His followers known both as "the beggars" and "friars" -- from the Latin term for "brothers" spe - correct answer St. Francis By the end of the 11th century and the beginning of the 12th the best schools (universities) were in Reims, Paris, and Montpellier in France, and Bologna in Italy. What the students sought above all else was knowledge in the seven liberal arts. The "trivium" belonged to the beginning arts: grammar, rhetoric, and logic. Logic or dialectic involved the technical analysis of texts as well as application and manipulation of mental constructs. Logic was transitional to the second part of the liberal arts, the "quadrivium." This area might be called theoretical math and science. It consisted of four areas of study: arithmetic, geometry, music (theory), and astronomy. Of the seven arts, logic appealed to the most students. Medieval scholars and students were convinced that logic could order and clarify every issue, even questions Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers about the nature of God. Paris was known for theology. Montpellier was known for medicine. Bolo - correct answer Abelard _____________________________ was the driving force in extending and strengthening the institutions of English government. He took the throne in the wake of terrible civil war (1139-1153) between two royal claimants. The new system of "common law" meant that the laws applied to all humans in England (king, archbishop, bishops, priests, landowners, Lords, and servants, etc.). He instituted a system of "eyres" from the Latin word "iter" meaning "journey." Under this system, royal justices made regular visits to every locality in England to judge those accused of murder, rape, and arson -- all defined as crimes against the "king's peace." We would call these civil cases today. The struggle came because the church had its own separate system of trial and punishment and usually gave much less severe punishment to clergy and others under church protection. Thus, the King of England and the Archbishop of the Church of Engla - correct answer King Henry II During the 14th century Dante writes the poem entitled the "Divine Comedy." It was written in Italian, not in Latin the official language, so that the masses could read and understand it. The "Divine Comedy" is a scathing satire challenging the Roman Catholic politics of that era and their understanding for finding the way to salvation. The poem presents three themes: love, sin, redemption. In some ways it may be the greatest love story ever told. The poem presents 9 realms of hell and 9 spheres of heaven. The "Divine Comedy" consists of Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers _____________________________________________. - correct answer Three section: Inferno, Purgatori, and Paradiso _______________________ wrote more than 200 books. He explained and taught that religion and science do not have to oppose each other. They do go together. He emphasized that faith and reasons do not contradict each other. They go hand in hand together. He taught that any human can have access to truth and wisdom without having to be religious. He taught that the world could be explored by reason and use secular (natural) law or by religion and use sacred (eternal law). His greatest work was Summa Theologiae. - correct answer Thomas Aquinas The result of the Council of Pisa in 1410 CE was it recognized ___________________________________ popes at one time: One at Pisa, one at Rome, and one a Avignon. - correct answer Three The "Height of Papal Power" is reflected during the leadership of ________________________________ and the papacy's struggles with the Holy Roman Empire. The church was struggling with the following: (1) lay investure of the papacy, (2) the Crusades were failing, (3) monastic interest was dropping, (4) the church was being criticized for all the problems, and (5) there was an attitude of anti-clericalism prevalent. The Pope fought with the King of England, King John, over the appointment to the position of Archbishop of Canterbury. King John wanted John de Grey; the monks wanted Reginald; and the pope Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers During the Hundred Year's War five new weapons were developed: (1) The French Crossbow, (2) the English Longbow, (3) gun powder, (4) canons, and (5) hand guns. - correct answer True ____________________________________ and his army of 80,000 soldiers besieged the Ottoman capital of Constantinople, which was only defended by 3,000 soldiers in 1453 CE. When his canon shots besieged the walls of the city it quickly fell. The Ottomans plundered the city, killed the emperor and displayed his head on in triumph. Hagia Sophia, the great church built in 538 by Justinian, became a Islam mosque, which is what happened to most of the other Byzantine churches. The city retained it's name, Constantinople "City of Constantine," however, it was popularly referred to as "Istanbul" which simply means "the city." - correct answer Sultan Mehmed II The Parisian Revolt was led by ____________________________. - correct answer Etienne Marcel Which humanists wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man," which summed up the humanist view: "the creative individual, armed only with his (or her) "desires of judgment," could choose to become a boor or an angel. Humanity's potential was unlimited. - correct answer Giovanni Pico della Mirandola Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers England's civil wars, "Wars of the Roses," concluded with the victory by Henry Tudor who took the title of Henry VIII. - correct answer False ________________________________________ was signed in 1555. It was an attempt to reconcile the wars between politics and religion. It was primarily an effort to reconcile the conflict between the Lutherans and Charles V, the last Holy Roman Emperor. It declared that "The Prince of a region could choose the religion of that region for the people." There were only two choices: Lutheran or Roman Catholic. No other religions were allowed. If the Prince choice Lutheranism then all the Roman Catholics had to leave or vice-versa. One of the problems was that every time the region changed Prince, the religion could change. - correct answer The Peace of Augsburg ___________________________ of England had six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine of Howard, and Catherine Parr. He declared himself the Head of the Church of England. Thus starting the Anglican Church (Church of England) and breaking with the Roman Catholic Church. - correct answer Henry VIII ______________________________ last for more than 18 years. It consisted of 2 sessions: 1545-47; 1551-52; 1562-63. At the last of the three meetings, there were 213 members present to make decisions on 12 topics in 4 major areas: uniformity, orthodoxy, regulating life, and worship. Pope Paul III called the first meeting. Pope Julius III called the Western Civilization Final Exam Questions And Answers second meeting. Pope Pius IV called the third meeting. Key world rulers such as Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, Phillip II of Spain, and Ferdinand played leading roles, too. - correct answer The Council of Trent ______________________________ wrote the "Institutes of Christian Religion." He was a trained lawyer, who systematized Christian theology. He led the city of Geneva, Switzerland, under the direction of the "consistory" to enforce Christian moral behavior on all the inhabitants of the city. His teachings led to what is known today as the Reformed Church. - correct answer John Calvin Often the doctrine of election (doctrine of predestination) is known as the Five-Points of Calvinism or by the across "Tulip." The Five Points are as follows: - correct answer 1. Total Depravity 2. Unconditional Election 3. Limited Atonement 4. Irresistible Grace 5. Perseverance of the Saints