Understanding Sentences, Paragraphs and Writing Techniques, Exams of English

Download Understanding Sentences, Paragraphs and Writing Techniques and more Exams English in PDF only on Docsity! WRITING EXERCISE BY Danti Pudjiati, S.Pd, M.Hum PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS STKIP KUSUMA NEGARA JAKARTA 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ….……………………………………………………………….. i TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………………………... ii CHAPTER I SENTENCES …..…………………………………………………….. 1 1. The Simple Sentence ……………… ………………………………… 1 2. The Compound Sentence ….... ……………………………………….. 7 3. The Complex Sentence ……….……………………………………….. 13 4. The Compound-Complex Sentence …………………………………… 17 5. Writing Effective Sentences ………..………………………………... 20 CHAPTER II BUILDING A PARAGRAPH ….........................................................…. 26 1. The Topic Sentence …………….……………………………………… 26 2. The Supporting Sentence ……..……………………………………….. 30 3. The Concluding Sentences ……..…………………………………….... 34 CHAPTER III KIND OF PARAGRAPHS ……………………………………………….. 39 1. Descriptive Paragraph …………...……………………………………… 39 2. Narrative Paragraph ……………………………………………….……. 43 3. Argumentative Paragraph ………………………………………………. 49 4. Expository Paragraph …………………………………………………… 55 CHAPTER I SENTENCE I. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE A. Explanation A sentence is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb. A sentence expresses a complete thought.1 A simple sentence has one subject and one verb. The subject tells who or what did something. The verb tells the action (or condition). These are examples of simple sentence: Subject Verb Object I study French. My head hurts. The students are reading magazines. Galih went to the office yesterday. 1Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue, Writing Academic English Fourth Edition (New York: Pearson Longman, 2006), p. 164. B. Identification B.1. Underline the subjects and verbs. For Example: My name is Roberto Manchini. S V 1. My native language is Spanish. 2. Mario works in the hospital. 3. All of us sit in front of the class this morning. 4. In my country most of people are Muslims. 5. Lima is the capital of Peru. B.2. Find 5 simple sentences in the text below! Hello! My name is Frank Sanchez. I was born on November 2nd, 1977, in the large city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. I live at St. Avenue 53B, Boston. I am a student at Green Hills College in Boston, Massachusetts. I am studying English now, but I want to study business or economics later. I am from Puerto Rico, so my native language is Spanish. There are nine persons in my family. I have four brothers and two sisters. My favorite pastime is playing video game, and my favorite sport is soccer. I like studying in the United States, but I miss my family very much. Please write the answers below. 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________ C. The Formula of Simple Sentences2 1. Subject + Verb The visitors have arrived. The old man died. The verb in this structure is called an intransitive verb, e.g. arrive, die, rise, and wait. a. Subject + Verb(trans) + Object The children have eaten all the fried chickens. The shop sells clothes. A verb in this structure is called a transitive verb, e.g. eat, sell, take, and wear. b. Subject + Verb + Complement She looks very beautiful. It is a big house. A verb in this structure is called a linking verb, e.g. be, become, get, look, seem. The complement can be a noun phrase (a big house). c. Subject + Verb + Adverbial The test is tomorrow. We laughed on the car. The meetings are every week. An adverbial can be an adverb phrase (tomorrow), a prepositional phrase (on the car) or a noun phrase (every week). d. Subject + Verb + Object + Object 2 AS. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Grammar (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 75. ANSWER KEY B. Identification B.1. Underline the Subject and Verb. 1. My native language is Spanish. S V 2. Mario works in the hospital. S V 3. All of us sit in front of the class this morning. S V 4. In my country most of people are Muslims. S V 5. Lima is the capital of Peru. S V B.2. Identify 5 Simple Sentences. 1. My name is Frank Sanchez. 2. I was born on November 2nd, 1977, in the large city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. 3. I am a student at Green Hills College in Boston, Massachusetts. 4. I live at St. Avenue 53B, Boston. 5. There are nine persons in my family. C. Production 1. Subject + Verb (Intransitive) They are sitting. 2. Subject + Verb (Transitive) + Object Mr. Galih teaches French. 3. Subject + Verb + Complement His mother is pretty. 4. Subject + Verb + Adverbial Barbara is on time. 5. Subject + Verb + Object + Object You give us many candies. 6. Subject + Verb + Object + Complement The party made everyone very happy. 7. Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial My father has bought an apartment in Liverpool. II. THE COMPOUND SENTENCE A. Explanation A compound sentence is two or more independent clauses joined together.3 In another word, compound sentence is composed of two simple sentences which are joined together by a comma and a coordinating conjunction.4 There are three ways to join clauses: 1. With a coordinator5 A compound sentence can be formed as follows: There are seven coordinators, which are also called coordinating conjunctions. It can be remembered by the phrase FAN BOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So). e.g.: a. For [= to add a reason] Japanese people live longer than most other nationalities, for they eat healthful diets. b. And [= to add a similar, equal idea] The groom enters the church and waits for his bide at the front. c. Nor [= to add a negative equal idea] They do not eat a lot of red meat, nor do they eat many dairy products. d. But [= to add an opposite idea] I dropped the vase, but it did not break. e. Or [= to add an alternative possibility] Would you like some water, or some fruit juice? 3 Ibid., p. 165. 4 Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue, Introduction to Academic Writing (United States: Wesley Publishing Company, 1988), p. 32. 5 Oshima and Hogue (2006), op.cit. p. 166. Independent clause, + coordinator + independent clause 1. After marriage, the bride may take her husband’s family name. She may keep her own family name. 2. The party lasted until midnight. Everyone was tired. 3. There is no demand in the United States for the type of car you sell. I cannot give you an order for this car. 4. I can’t swim well. I can play tennis. 5. Many people enjoy themselves at the beach on a warm day. There are many things to do. B.2. Combine each group of sentences in the three ways just given―by semicolon alone, by coordinate conjunction, and by conjunctive adverb! Example: John was sick. He came to school anyhow. John was sick; he came to school anyhow. John was sick, but he came to school. (Anyhow is replaced by but) John was sick; however he came to school. (Anyhow is replaced by however) 1. Mr. Smith was very angry at his boss’ order. He decided to obey it anyhow. 2. Mr. Smith doesn’t like his aunt. He won’t invite her to his wedding. 3. The young man needs a car for his work. He is going to buy one right away. 4. The new student was very shy. The teacher didn’t call on him. 5. The new student was very shy. The teacher called on him several times anyhow. C. Production Make your own compound sentences by using coordinator conjunctions! 1. And 2. Yet 3. But 4. Nor 5. Or 6. For 7. So ANSWER KEY B. Identification B.1. Add the semicolon, conjunctive adverb, coordinate conjunction! 1. After marriage, the bride may take her husband’s family name and she may keep her own family name. 2. The party lasted until midnight, so everyone was tired. 3. There is no demand in the United States for the type of car you sell, so I cannot give you an order for this car. 4. I can’t swim well, but I can play tennis. 5. Many people enjoy themselves at the beach on a warm day, so there are many things to do. B.2. Combine each group of sentences in the three ways (by semicolon, conjunctive adverb, coordinate conjunction) 1. Mr. Smith was very angry at his boss’ order, but he decided to obey it anyhow. 2. Mr. Smith doesn’t like his aunt, so he won’t invite her to his wedding. 3. The young man needs a car for his work; he is going to buy one right away. 4. The new student was very shy, so the teacher didn’t call on him. 5. The new student was very shy; nevertheless the teacher called on him several times. C. Production 1. And Rita bought candies and cakes for her friends few days ago. 2. Yet The company moved in its marketing division to Phoenix, yet the operations division stayed in Boston. 3. But I want to go Manchester, but my parents do not permit me. 4. Nor For example: - That there is a hole in the ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is well known. - The scientists know what caused it. In the first example, that there is a hole in the ozone layer of Earth’s atmosphere is the subject of the verb. In the second example, what caused it is the object of the verb know. B. Identification Improve this paragraph, which contains too many compound sentences. Change compound sentences into complex sentences, using one of the subordinator listed. Use each subordinator once. Equal Rights for Women Russian women started to gain equality earlier than women in the United States. In the former Soviet Union, men and women had access [as soon as] to equal education and job opportunities and that reflected the Soviet philosophy. The [ _________ ] 1937 Soviet constitution declared that women and men had equal rights and responsibilities, and women joined the workforce. Also [ ________ ], millions of Russian men were away in the military during World War II, so Russian women filled their places at work. [ ________ ] Soviet women worked full time at their jobs, but they also had the primary responsibilities for taking care of the family. [ ________ ] They finished their work, and they had to shop, cook the evening meal, and perhaps wash, iron, or mend the family’s clothes. U.S. women started to demonstrate [ _________ ] that they could do the work of men during World War II. Because although when after as soon as since C. Production Make your own complex sentences by using complex sentence forms! 1. A Complex Sentence with Adverb Clauses 2. A Complex Sentence with Adjective Clauses 3. A Complex Sentence with Noun Clauses According to the laws of that time, African-Americans had to give up their seats to whites, so the bus driver asked Parks and the three other African-Americans to get up and move. Although the others complied, Parks refused. She later said she was not tired from work, but tired of being treated like a second-class citizen. The bus driver called the police, who arrested Parks and took her away in handcuffs. Over the weekend, a protest was organized, and on the following Monday, African-American people in Montgomery began a boycott of the public buses. The boycott was tremendously successful, lasting for more than a year. The Supreme Court of the United States finally ruled that segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional. Because they had won a huge victory, African-Americans realized their power to change the system. C. Production Write 5 compound-complex sentences using one independent clause and two dependent clauses! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ANSWER KEY B. Identification Rosa Parks Rosa Parks is a famous American African-American woman who is often called “the mother of the civil rights movement”. When she was born into a poor but hardworking African- American family in Alabama, no one suspected that she would become the spark that ignited the civil rights movement in the United States. This movement changed U.S. society forever by helping African-American people attain equal right under the law. Park became famous quite by accident. One day in 1955, on her way home from her job in Montgomery, Alabama, department store, she boarded a city bus with three other African- Americans. They sat in the fifth row, which was the first row African-Americans were allowed to sit in. A few stops later, the front four rows filled up, and a white man was left standing. According to the laws of that time, African-Americans had to give up their seats to whites, so the bus driver asked Parks and the three other African-Americans to get up and move. Although the others complied, Parks refused. She later said she was not tired from work, but tired of being treated like a second-class citizen. The bus driver called the police, who arrested Parks and took her away in handcuffs. Over the weekend, a protest was organized, and on the following Monday, African- American people in Montgomery began a boycott of the public buses. The boycott was tremendously successful, lasting for more than a year. The Supreme Court of the United States finally ruled that segregation on public transportation was unconstitutional. Because they had won a huge victory, African-Americans realized their power to change the system. C. Production 1. Joe was sick, so he did not come to school, therefore his mother suggested him to see the doctor before being heavy. 2. Nisa and her aunt go to the market; she buys some clothes and her aunt gets some shoes; therefore they go home late. 3. I wanted to travel after I graduated from college; however, I had to go to work immediately. 4. Gina started to study when Hasan and Rio came to the house last Wednesday. 5. I could not decide where I should work or what I should do, so at first I did nothing. V. WRITING EFFECTIVE SENTENCES 1. Word Order (1) - Verb + Object; Place and Time15 A. Explanation 1) Verb + object The verb and the object of the verb normally go together. We do not usually put other words between them: verb + object I like children very much. Did you drink tea last night? She calls me every day. Do they clean the class every day? Have you studied Chemistry for an hour? 2) Place + time We usually say the place (where?) before the time (when? / how often? / how long?) place time Lee goes home from campus every evening. He has lived in Turkey since 1999. We arrived at the airport early. I’m going to Paris on Monday. You must be here at 7 o’clock. Tom walks to work every morning. It is often possible to put the time at the beginning of the sentence: On Monday I’m going to Paris. Every morning Tom walks to work. 15 Raymond Murphy, English Grammar In Use (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 210. B. Identification a. Word Order (1) - Verb + Object; Place and Time Determine these sentences below by giving word RIGHT or WRONG! 1. Jim doesn’t like very much football. …………… 2. Ann drives every day her car to work. …………… 3. When I heard the news, I phone Tom immediately. …………… 4. Maria speaks very well English. …………… 5. After eating quickly my dinner, I went out. …………… 6. You watch all the time television. Can’t you do something else? …………… 7. Jim smokes about 20 cigarettes every day. …………… 8. I think I’ll go early to bed tonight. …………… 9. You should go to the dentist every six months. ………….. 10. When I heard the alarm, I got immediately out of bed. …………... b. Word Order (2) - Adverbs with the Verb Determine these sentences below by giving word RIGHT or WRONG! 1. I have a good memory for faces but I always forget names …………… 2. Those tourists over there probably are American. .………….. 3. Tom gets hardly ever angry. .………….. 4. We both were astonished when we heard the news. ..…………. 5. I soon found the keys I had lost. ..…………. 6. I did some shopping and I went also to the bank. ……..……. 7. Tom has always to hurry in the morning because he gets up so late. .………….. 8. The baby is very good. She seldom cries during the night. ..…………. 9. I usually am very tired when I get home from work. ..…………. 10. I usually have a bath when I get home from work. ..…………. C. Production a. Word Order (1) - Verb + Object; Place and Time Rewrite the sentences below based on the words in the brackets! 1. (again/please don’t ask/ that question) ………….……………………….. 2. (his name/after a few minutes/ I remembered) ……………..………………….… 3. (around the town/all morning/ I’ve been walking) …………………………………… 4. (recently/to the theatre/ have you been) ……….………………………….. 5. (on Sunday night/ I didn’t see you/at the party) …..………………………………. 6. I don’t have to work on Saturdays. (usually) ..…………..……………………… 7. I’ll be late home this evening. (probably) .…………………………….…….. 8. (Don’t take me seriously). I was joking. (only) …………………………………… 9. Did you enjoy the party? (both) ……………………………………. 10. (I’ve got a lot of housework to do.) I must write some letters. (also) …………………… b. Word Order (2) - Adverbs with the Verb Rewrite the sentences below based on the words in the brackets! Example: I can never remember his name. (remember/never/can) 1. Ann and Tom …………………………….. in Manchester. (both/were/born) 2. We …………………………..…….. a long time for the bus. (have/always/to wait) 3. I …………………………….……… early tomorrow. (probably/leaving/will/be) 4. I’m afraid I …………………….……. able to come to the party. (probably/be/won’t) 5. If we hadn’t taken the same train, we ………….……. each other. (never/met/might/have) ANSWER KEY B. Identification Word Order (1) - Verb + Object; Place and Time 1. Jim doesn’t like very much football. WRONG 2. Ann drives every day her car to work. WRONG 3. When I heard the news, I phone Tom immediately. RIGHT 4. Maria speaks very well English. WRONG 5. After eating quickly my dinner, I went out. WRONG 6. You watch all the time television. Can’t you do something else? WRONG 7. Jim smokes about 20 cigarettes every day. RIGHT 8. I think I’ll go early to bed tonight. WRONG 9. You should go to the dentist every six months. RIGHT 10. When I heard the alarm, I got immediately out of bed. WRONG Word Order (2) - Adverbs with the Verb 1. I have a good memory for faces but I always forget names. RIGHT 2. Those tourists over there probably are American. WRONG 3. Tom gets hardly ever angry. WRONG 4. We both were astonished when we heard the news. WRONG 5. I soon found the keys I had lost. RIGHT 6. I did some shopping and I went also to the bank. WRONG 7. Tom has always to hurry in the morning because he gets up so late. WRONG 8. The baby is very good. She seldom cries during the night. RIGHT 9. I usually am very tired when I get home from work. WRONG 10. I usually have a bath when I get home from work. RIGHT The Arabic origin of many English words is not always obvious. The following sentence on the other hand, is too specific. It could serve a supporting sentence but not as a topic sentence. The slang expression of so long (meaning “good bye”) is probably a corruption of the Arabic salaam. This sentence is too general. English has been influenced by other languages. 2. Position of Topic Sentence The topic sentence is usually (but not always) the first sentence in a paragraph. Writers sometimes put topic sentence in other locations, but the best spot is usually right at the beginning. For example: Synonyms Synonyms, words that have the same basic meaning, do not always have the same emotional meaning. For example, the words stingy and frugal both mean “careful with money.” However, calling someone stingy is an insult, but calling someone frugal is a compliment. Similarly, a person wants to be slender but not skinny, aggressive but not pushy. Therefore, you should be careful in choosing words because many so-called synonyms are not really synonymous at all. Sometimes a topic sentence comes at the end. In this case, the paragraph often begins with a series of examples. Other paragraphs may begin with a series of facts. And the topic sentence at the end is the conclusion from these facts. 3. The Two Parts of a Topic Sentence TOP I C S E N T E N C E T O P I C TOPI C A topic sentence has two essential parts: the topic and the controlling idea. The topic names the subject of the paragraph. The controlling idea limits or controls the topic to a specific area that you can discuss in the space of a single paragraph. Convenience foods are easy to prepare. The reader immediately knows that this paragraph will discuss how easy it is to prepare convenience foods and perhaps give some examples (canned soup, frozen dinners, and so on). Immigrants have contributed many delicious foods to U.S. cuisine. The reader of this topic sentence expects to read about various ethnic foods popular in the United States: egg rolls, sushi, pizza, and so on. B. Identification Circle the topic and underline the controlling idea in each of the following sentences. For example: Driving on freeways requires skill and alertness. 1. The Caribbean island of Trinidad attracts tourists because of its calypso music. 2. Spectacular beaches make Puerto Rico a tourist paradise. 3. A major problem for many students is the high cost of tuition and books. 4. In my opinion, television commercials for cosmetics lie to women. 5. It is an expensive luxury to own an automobile in a large city. C. Production Please, determine the topic sentence! My Roommate Rita, my roommate is very inconsiderate. She leaves the kitchen in a mess. Yesterday, Rita made a sandwich and left the lettuce and mayonnaise on the breadboard. Also, she frequently leaves one or two dirty pots or pans in the sink. CONTROLLIN G IDEA CONTROLLING IDEA Sometimes she eats my foods without asking. Last week, she ate the red apples that I was going to take for lunch. This morning, she used up my milk on her breakfast cereal. Besides, Rita uses the bathroom for an hour or more every morning. She showers, and washes and blow-dries her hair. She even makes up her face there. Of course, the bathroom is always in a mess. I have found towels on the floor and toothpaste on the washbasin. She even leaves her dirty laundry on the towel ranks. Finally, she seldom takes my phone messages. Last night, I asked her if anyone had called while I was out. But she could not remember if Jim or Joe has called. When she does take a message, she sometimes forgets to write down on important phone number. In brief, Rita is a very thoughtless person. If she does not change some of her ways soon, I am going to look for another roommate. Quotations from reliable and knowledgeable sources are good supporting details. There are two kinds of quotations: direct and indirect. In a direct quotation, you can another person’s exact words (spoken and written) and enclose them in quotation marks. In an indirect quotation, you report the person’s words without quotation marks, but with a reporting expression such as according to XYZ … or XYZ believes that ….. Use the phrase according to or a reporting verb such as the following: assert insist report suggest claim maintain say write declare mention state For example: As one writer says when discussing the case of an Olympic medalist who unknowingly took a banned drug, “The human body, of course, doesn’t distinguish intentional use from inadvertent exposure. Neither does the IOC [International Olympic Committee]” (Kidder, par. 5). B. Identification Determine the supporting sentences in the paragraph below! Olympic Athlete An Olympic athlete must be strong not only in body, but also in mind. She or he has to train for years to achieve the necessary strength and control over her or his sport to compete in the Olympics. This requires great discipline and self-sacrifice. Similarly, the Olympic athlete has to train her or his mind in order to compete under extreme mental pressure. This, too, requires great discipline. In other words, an Olympic athlete must be in top condition, both mentally and physically. C. Production Write the correct adverbial transitions to fill the paragraph based on the choices in the bracket below! How Storms Are Named? Have you ever wondered how those big ocean storms called hurricanes or typhoons get their names? Who decides to name a hurricane “Ann” or “Barbara” or “Bill”? The way hurricanes and typhoons are named has changed over the years and is an interesting story. ________________ (first, initially, originally) weather forecasters described by them their position in degrees of latitude and longitude. ______________ (in addition, for example, since) a typhoon might be called “21.20 north, 157.52 west” ______________ (then, however, moreover) this method was confusing because storms do not stay in the same place, therefore, people developed other ways to identify them. In the Caribbean Ocean, hurricanes were named for the Catholic saint’s day, _________________ (therefore, for example, moreover) a hurricane that struck an island in the Caribbean on Saint Ann’s Day was named “Santa Ana”. A weather forecaster in Australia used to name typhoons after politicians whom he disliked _________________ (so, for instance, nevertheless) he could make weather forecasts such as “Typhoon Smith is on a very destructive path” or “Typhoon Jones is very weak and is not moving in any direction.” _________________ (in addition, later, as result) during World War I, hurricanes and typhoons were named according to the military alphabet: Able, Baker, Charlie, etc. Later, during World War II, women’s names began to used, so for the next thirty-five years, weather forecasters talked about “Typhoons Alice” or “Hurricane Betsy” _______ (however, then, furthermore) in the 1970s, the women’s liberation movement came along and forced weather forecasters to use men’s names, too. ________________ (thus, for instance, finally), after about 1975, a storm could be named “Gertrude” or “George”. Finally, the way hurricanes and typhoons are named has changed over the years and will undoubtedly change again. ANSWER KEY B. Identification Olympic Athlete An Olympic athlete must be strong not only in body, but also in mind. She or he has to train for years to achieve the necessary strength and control over her or his sport to compete in the Olympics. This requires great discipline and self-sacrifice. Similarly, the Olympic athlete has to train her or his mind in order to compete under extreme mental pressure. This, too, requires great discipline. In other words, an Olympic athlete must be in top condition, both mentally and physically. C. Production 1. First 2. For example 3. However 4. For example 5. So 6. As result 7. Then 8. For instance Sup p o r t i n g S e n t e n c e B.2. Read the following paragraph below! Drugs and the Olympic Games 2 It seems apparent that if athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs. Dr. Michael Karsten, a Dutch physician who said he had prescribed anabolic steroids to hundreds of world-class athletes, stated that if [athletes] were especially gifted, [they] might win once, but from his experience [they] couldn’t continue to win without drugs. He asserted that the field was just too filled with drug users (qtd. in Bamberger and Yaeger 62). In fact, some people claim that record-breaking performances of Olympic athletes may be directly due to drugs. Charles Yesalis, a Pennsylvania State University professor who has studied the use of drugs in sports believes that “a large percentage” of athletes who have set new records have done so with the help of performance-enhancing drugs. He claims that a lot of experts, at least in private, feel that way (qtd. In Herper, par. 6). Writing Technique Questions! 1. Underline the topic sentence of the paragraph. 2. Underline the verbs in the indirect quotations following these two verbs. 3. Underline the supporting sentence the paragraph above. C. Production Directions: Step 1 Underline the topic sentence in this paragraph below. Step 2 Add a good conclusion sentence to the paragraph. You may either paraphrase the topic sentence or summarize the main points. Step 3 Practice using end-of-paragraph signals by starting each concluding sentence with one. You can be a good conversationalist by being a good listener. When you are conversing with someone, pay close attention to the speaker’s words while looking at his or her face. Show your interest by smiling and nodding. Furthermore, do not interrupt while someone is speaking; it is impolite to do so. If you have a good story, wait until the speaker is finished. Also, watch your body language; it can affect your communication whether you are the speaker or listener. For instance, do not sit slumped in a chair or make nervous hand and foot movements. Be relaxed and bend your body slightly forward to show interest in the person and the conversation. ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ANSWER KEY B. Identification B.1. Fill in the blank! 1. also 2. for example 3. in fact 4. similarly 5. indeed 6. second 7. third 8. final and convincing B.2. Answers 1. If athletes want to win, they must consider using drugs. 2. Said and stated are past tenses. 3. Asserted, claims, stated, apparent, believes, and said. C. Production You can be a good conversationalist by being a good listener. When you are conversing with someone, pay close attention to the speaker’s words while looking at his or her face. Show your interest by smiling and nodding. Furthermore, do not interrupt while someone is speaking; it is impolite to do so. If you have a good story, wait until the speaker is finished. Also, watch your body language; It can affect your communication whether you are the speaker or listener. For instance, do not sit slumped in a chair or make nervous hand and foot movements. Be relaxed and bend your body slightly forward to show interest in the person and the conversation. In brief, do sure appreciate your partner when you are talking with him or her. Topic Senten ce Concluding Sentence write letters. When the chandelier was on medium, I would often lounge in a chair next to the stereo and listen to soft music while staring at the colors emanating from the crystals. Yet my favorite setting was low. There were nights I would arrive home before my wife and would prepare dinner for the two of us. When she would walk into the dining room, the colors from the crystals would shine on her hair, she would smile, and I would see the most beautiful woman in the world. Though we are no longer together, those moments under the crystal chandelier are among my fondest memories. Answer the questions below based on the text above! 1. Who are the main characters in the text? 2. How many settings are there in the chandelier? Mention them! 3. What happen when his wife walks in the dining room? 4. What is the conclusion in the text? B.2. Determine these sentences below by giving word RIGHT or WRONG based on descriptive perceptions! 1. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. ……………. 2. Movie is identical with watching. .…………… 3. A 19-years-old girl cannot undergo the pressure of bearing a child. ……………. 4. In Chinatown, there are rows of shop houses. ……………. 5. Singapore is a beautiful city with lots of parks and open spaces. ……………. 6. Gregory is my beautiful gray Persian cat. ……………. 7. Professional sport is a major source of entertainment. ……………. 8. We can relax on the shelter while enjoying the natural beach breezy wind. ……………. 9. I look at the old fleabag snoozing to him in front of the television set. ……………. 10. I hear that the door chirping melodiously. ……………. C. Production Write down your subjective description paragraph about our president! ANSWER KEY B. Identification B.1. The Chandelier 1. The main characters are I and wife. 2. The chandelier had three settings: high, medium, and low. 3. When the wife would walk into the dining room, the colors from the crystals would shine on her hair, she would smile, and he would see the most beautiful woman in the world. 4. Those moments under the crystal chandelier are among my fondest memories. B.2. Determine the sentences by giving ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’ based on descriptive perceptions! 1. Right 6. Right 2. Wrong 7. Wrong 3. Wrong 8. Right 4. Right 9. Right 5. Right 10. Right C. Production Our president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, was very wise to take a decision. He was a tall and smart man. His behaviors were also polite to other people, especially to people who came from other countries. He also spoke very clearly and said directly to people who behaved impolite and not educative for other persons. He wanted to do the best for the citizens although some did not agree with the policy that he chose. II. THE NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH21 A. Explanation 1. The Definition of Narrative Paragraph Narrative paragraph is paragraph which tells a story or relates an event or anecdote. The writer often sets the scene first, telling who, hat, when, or where. Description, dialogue, or illustration may be included to kindle interest and to clarify. Action verbs also keep a story moving. Narrative is not only in fiction writing, but it is also to relay news, to share research data, to write reports, other documents. Histories, biographies, journals, college papers, magazines, and even advertisement are including narratives. Narrative is a powerful tool that can captivate readers that can stir the imagination, elicit empathy, and lend weight to opinion. Several different kinds of paragraph with own rule organization such as: 1. First paragraph 2.Middle paragraph 3.Narrative paragraph 4.Descriptive paragraph 5.Concluding paragraph22 2. Purpose of Narrative Paragraph a. To entertain b. To express feelings c. To relate experience d. To inform e. To persuade23 3. The Element of Narrative Paragraph 1. Who was involved? 5. How did it happen? 21 Betty Mattix Dietsch, Reasoning and Writing Well (New York: McGraw Hill, 2003), p. 123. 22 James C. Raymond, Writing is an Unnatural Act (New York: Harper & Row, 1817), p. 103 23 Barbara Fine Clouse, The Student Writer, (New York: McGraw Hill, 2004), p.171. The bear was very gluttonous and did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. The rabbit could not even taste the blood from the butchering as the bear would throw earth on the blood and dry it up. The poor rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day’s work. The bear was the father of five children. The youngest child was very kind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would take it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicks toward the rabbit’s house and when he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great kick. The meat would fly into the rabbit’s house. In this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal unknown to the papa bear. These are regular elements of narrative paragraph, such as: Setting : where the story takes place, usually scene has a change of setting. Character : Description of the character and a little of their background. Plot : The series of events that unfold in the story. Conflict : The struggle between two opposing forces. Climax : The strongest part of the story, where the conflict builds up to the emotional peak. Resolution : where the conflict is resolved. B. Identification The Legend of Rawa Pening Once upon a time, there was a little poor boy came into a little village. He was very hungry and weak. He knocked at every door and asked for some food, but nobody cared about him. Nobody wanted to help the little boy. Finally, a generous woman helped him. She gave him shelter and a meal. When the boy wanted to leave, this old woman gave him a “lesung”, a big wooden mortar for pounding rice. She reminded him, “please remember, if there is a flood you must save yourself. Use this “lesung” as a boat”. The boy was happy and thanked the old woman. The little boy continued his journey. While he was passing through the village, he saw many people gathering on the field. The boy came closer and saw a stick stuck in the ground. People challenged each other to pull out that stick. Everybody tried, but nobody succeeded. “Can I try?” asked the little boy. The crowd laughed mockingly. The boy wanted to try his luck so he stepped forward and pulled out the stick. He could do it very easily. Everybody was dumbfounded. Suddenly, from the hole left by stick, water spouted out. It did not stop until it flooded the village. And no one was saved from the water except the little boy and the generous old woman who gave him shelter and meal. As she told him, he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. It is now known as Rawa Pening Lake in Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia. Please answer these questions below! 1. Who is the main character in the text above? 2. Who is an old woman? 3. Write down the orientation, complication, and resolution from the text! 4. What is purpose of the text? 5. Where does the event take a place? C. Production Please write your own narrative paragraph about the environment around your campus and home using first person narrative and more than 200 words! ANSWER KEY B. Identification 1. A little poor boy and a generous woman. 2. She gave a shelter and a meal for the little poor boy. 3. Orientation: He was very hungry and weak. Complication: - A generous woman helped him. She gave him a “lesung”. - The little boy continued his journey and he pulls out that stick successfully. - The flood happened in that village. Resolution: he used the “lesung” as a boat and picked up the old woman. The whole village became a huge lake. 4. To remember another person’s kindness. 5. Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia. C. Production My name is Lisna, I live in Bandung, but I study in Islamic State University Jakarta, majoring English Letters. My environments in the house and in the college are not too different. I have spent a lot of my times to study hard at home and in the college; I have also looked for friends to motivate me to be a person who is more diligent than before. My parents have taught me to study more about general knowledge and religion knowledge. Both of them I have got in the Islamic State University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Most of my big family had studied in this college. The environments in both of them have to be kept to get a better and advantageous life. c. Conclusion : therefore, my pencil will float in water The conclusion is acceptable because the premises are true and the conclusion is logical. c) Cause-and-Effect Reasoning This method of reasoning tells what has happened to produce a result, or it tells what will result from a certain situation or event. d) Argument by Authority This method of reasoning uses statements from experts to support a line of reasoning. 6. Format For An Argumentative Paragraph26 a) Write one topic sentence. Your topic sentence should state your side of the argument and have three reasons why you feel the way you do. b) Explain your first reason in about one sentence. c) Provide a one to two sentence example that supports your first explanation. d) With a transitional phrase, explain your second reason. Your explanation should be no longer than one sentence. e) Write two to three sentences of a clear and specific example that supports your second explanation. f) Starting with another transitional phrase and in one sentence, explain your third reason. g) Give another two to three sentence example that supports your third explanation. Write one closing sentence to end your paragraph. Sample of an Argumentative Paragraph: The Importance of Sex Education For Teenagers (a) I believe that people who are twelve years old and up should receive sex education classes because this age group reaches puberty, it could prevent teen pregnancies, and it could prevent STD’s. (b) I first believe that sex education should be taught at the age of twelve and older because puberty makes teens curious and confused. (c) For example, when my cousin reached twelve, he 26 Pharr Donald and Santi V. Buscemi, Writing Today (Boston: The McGraw-Hill companies, inc., 2005), p. 125. was confused and did not understand his own body, so he had sex and regretted it. (d) I also believe that sex education could prevent pregnancies because of the stories that other teen mothers would share. (e) For instance, my sister took sex education at the age of 13. She was curious about sex; however, after hearing the stories of the suffering that other teen mothers went through, my sister decided to wait. (f) I finally believe that sex education could prevent STD’s for teenagers because it would bring an awareness to them. (g) To illustrate, my neighbor’s son was unaware of safe sex, and at the age of fourteen, he contracted an STD. (h) For all these reasons, I believe that sex education should be taught to people who are twelve years old and up. B. Identification Give the sentences mark below ‘F’ (Fact) or ‘O’ (Opinion)! 1. Marijuana should be legalized to reduce the effects of the current economic crisis. 2. The death penalty should be abolished because it’s just too expensive. 3. Bill Clinton was governor of Arkansas prior to becoming president. 4. America’s tax laws are very confusing. 5. In 2008, more than 92 million Americans filed their taxes electronically. 6. The second millennium actually began January 1, 2001, and not December 31, 1999. 7. College students should study at least 15 hours per week. 8. Jimmy Carter was governor of Alabama prior to becoming president. C. Production Read the following paragraph and analyze it by answering the questions at the end. A sundial is simple to make. Nevertheless, there are few of them in actual use. There are several good reasons why this is so. The most obvious reason is that sundials require direct sunlight in order to work. Of course, they are completely useless at night. In most countries of the world, for at least one season of the year, the sun hardly shines at all, and even in the warmest countries, clouds hide the sun frequently. During these times, then, the sundial cannot be used. Still, one might suppose that the sun shines frequently enough to justify its use. But if one construct a sundial and checks it against a clock in a week or two, one finds that it is no longer accurate. As the earth orbits around the sun during the year, the apparent position of the sun seems to change. Half of the year it moves south in the sky; the other half, north. When the sun changes its position in the sky, the sundial has to be rotated slightly. Perhaps one is willing to make these adjustments, but there is still another condition that one cannot cope with: the earth, as it revolves around the sun, wobbles slightly on its axis, again making the shadow cast by the sundial in accurate after a period of time. In general, clock time is calculated according to the “mean sun,” while the sundial reports the “standard sun,” acceptable scientific terms which can be found in any reference work. Only a very intricately designed sundial would remain accurate for any length of time, and even then it would have only limited use. Answer the question below correctly! 1. What is the topic sentence of the paragraph? IV. THE EXPOSITORY PARAGRAPH A. Explanation 1. The Definition of Expository Paragraph Exposition paragraph is one of the seven types of paragraphs. Generally expository paragraph explain about topic.27 Expository paragraph give information, describe or explain something.28 Therefore, the definition of expository paragraph is a paragraph that gives information on a topic or gives definition for the meaning how to do something, or show how something happens. It uses facts and details to explain something.29 2. Purposes of Expository Paragraph a. To explain facts or convey information b. To persuade or argue an opinion 3. Types of Expository Paragraph a. An informative paragraph gives factual information about a topic. b. A descriptive paragraph gives a description of a topic. c. A “how-to” paragraph gives instructions on how to do something. d. A persuasive paragraph tries to convince someone of something.30 4. Parts of an Expository Paragraph There are four different components of a well-organized expository paragraph. 1. The topic sentence is very first sentence of the paragraph and it should state the main idea of the paragraph. 2. The supporting details elaborate upon the main idea. These sentences, which come after topic sentence, should elaborate upon the main idea by explaining the main idea more fully, answering questions the reader might have, or giving examples. 27 Annie Lee Sloan, Developing Communication Skill (United States of America: Christian Liberty Press, 1994), p.12. 28 Kathleen Hax, Building Grammar and Writing Skills (United of America: Frank Schaffer, 2003), p. 79. 29 Adele Iderer, Paragraph Power (United of America: Scholastic Inc., 2002), p. 16. 30 Hax (2003), op.cit., p. 79. 3. Transition words or phrases should be used when you present a new detail. The type of transition words or phrases you use depend on whether the sentence is adding more detail, giving an example, or presenting a counter-argument. Transitional words which usually used in expository paragraph: 4. The concluding is the last sentence of the paragraph. It should either provide a new insight about the main idea based on supporting details, or it should transition into the next paragraph if you are writing a longer essay. 5. Patterns of Expository Paragraph 1. Cause and Effect Paragraph A cause is an action or act that makes something happen. An effect is something that happens because of an action or cause. Cue Words that usually used they are: reasons why; if...then; as a result; therefore; because, etc. 2. Compare-and-Contrast Paragraph An expository paragraph which tells how things the same or different is called compare-and- contrast paragraph. Cue Words that are usually use, such as: different; in contrast; alike; same as; on the other hand. Time After, always, before, finally, first, immediately, later, now ... Place Above, ahead, around, below, down, far, here, inside, near ... Order of Importance First, former, primarily, secondarily ... Cause and Effect As a result, because, by, so, then, therefore ... Comparison Contrast But, even more, however, just as, like on the other hand ... Example For example, for instance, namely, that is ... Both are pets needs to go for walks eats every day Needs a heat lamp both need care no training Directions: Use the information in the Venn diagram to complete this compare-and-contrast paragraph. Even though snakes and dogs are both good pets, they are different in many ways. A dog every day, but a snake only eats as needed. Both pets have special needs. A dog needs to go for A snake needs a lamp. Another difference is that dogs need training classes and snakes don’t. Both of these pets are fun to have.31 3. Sequential Paragraph A sequential paragraph explains the steps of how to do something. The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order. Cue Words that usually used they are: first, second, third; next; then; finally. Example: Directions: Number the following sentences in order as they should appear in a how-to paragraph. How to use a Hula Hoop Let go of the hoop 31 School Specialty Publishing, The Complete Book Of English And Language Art (United of America: American Education Publishing, 2006), p. 230. snake snake and dog eats as needed both are pets Dog Needs training classes B. Identification B.1. Choose the suitable transition expressions in the box below! Iceberg: A Potential Source of Water 1 In countries where rainfall is very sparse, scientists must constantly seek ways to increase supplies of water. One method being considered is the use of desalination plants, which would remove salt from seawater. Another method being considered is the towing of iceberg. According to the method, large icebergs from Antarctica would be wrapped in cloth or plastic, tied to powerful tugboats by strong ropes, and towed to the countries needing freshwater. While this plan may have potential, there are practical problems that must be solved. 2 ________________________ is the expense. According to estimates, it would cost between $50 million and $100 million to tow a single 100-million-ton iceberg from Antarctica to, for example, the coast of Saudi Arabia. 3 ________________________ is the possibility that the iceberg would melt en route. No one knows if an iceberg could be effectively insulated for such a long journey. At the very least, there is the possibility that it would break up into smaller pieces, which would create still other problems. 4 ________________________ there is the danger that a huge block of ice floating off an arid coast could have unexpected environmental effects. The ice could drastically change the weather along the coast, and it would probably affect the fish population. 5 ________________________ the cost of providing freshwater from iceberg would be less than the cost of providing water by desalinization, according to most estimates. It would cost between 50 and 60 cents per cubic meter to get water from an iceberg, as opposed to the 80 cents per cubic meter it would cost to get the same amount by desalinization. 6 In conclusion, before iceberg can become a source of freshwater in the future, problems involving cost, overall practically, and most important, environmental impact must be solved. B.2. Identify the paragraph below and determine the expository signals! These problems can be solved another serious problem the first problem an additional problem Industrialization32 The first stage in the process of industrialization for most countries is the discovery of new sources of raw materials and fuel. The second is reorganization of the labor force from one that is rural and agricultural to one that is urban and industrial. Concurrent or subsequent to the development of industries and factories, the third step is the creation or expansion of communication and transportation system. Many socio-economic- cultural changes follow quickly behind the technological changes, and must be considered a part of the industrialization process. One of the first social changes is the shift of population from rural areas to the cities where the factories are located. Technology is then applied to agriculture, resulting in greater production of food for the urban populations but requiring fewer agricultural workers. These changes often result in a redistribution of wealth, especially the decline of land as the sole source of wealth, and new economic and political power based on industry. Finally, there are changes that affect the world community as it tries to contain or control the aspirations and needs of individuals and nations. Industrialization is a complex technological and cultural process that shows remarkable similarities no matter where or when it takes place. Answer the questions below! 1. In most of the paragraphs you have studied, the topic sentence has appeared at or near the beginning of the paragraph. Which sentence in this paragraph is the topic sentence? 2. Underline the transition signals that tell about the process of something. C. Production Make your own expository paragraph that tells about a person who are admired to and inspire you much! 32 Maurice Imhoof and Herman Hudson, From Paragraph to Essay (London, Longman, 1975), p. 62. ANSWER KEY B. Identification B.1. Transition Expressions Iceberg: A Potential Source of Water 1. In countries where rainfall is very sparse, scientists must constantly seek ways to increase supplies of water. 2. The first problem 5. These problems can be solved 3. Another serious problem 6. In conclusion 4. An additional problem B.2. Identify the paragraph! 1. Industrialization is a complex technological and cultural process that shows remarkable similarities no matter where or when it takes place. 2. The first stage, the second, and the third step. C. Production Ekaterina Gordeeva There are not many people on this earth that I can inspire me to achieve my dreams. That is why Ekaterina Gordeeva is so special to me. She inspires me in many ways. Ekaterina Gordeeva inspires me because she is very brave. When she was just a toddler, she began figure skating. She traveled around the world without her parents throughout her entire childhood. Most kids can't stand one hour without their parents. Many times Ekaterina fell during skating, but she always got back up and continued skating. Ekaterina also survived the loss of her husband, Sergei Grinkov, and if that's not bravery I don't know what is. Another way Ekaterina inspires me is she is extremely talented. She started skating at a very early age, and held an Olympic title by the time she turned thirteen. She has won many competitions and is a role model for many young figure skaters trying to follow in her footsteps. She also is a wonderful mother. That alone takes much talent. I also admire Ekaterina Gordeeva because she is such a strong person. The fact that she is still skating after her husband/partner's death is amazing. She had never skated alone in a competition until Sergei's death. She went through tons of mental abuse from Sergei's parents because they blamed her for their son's death. Clearly it is impossible because the doctors assured it was a heart attack. Most importantly, Ekaterina is staying strong for her daughter, Daria. She has to answer Daria's questions about her father, and that must be extremely hard for a widow. To me, Ekaterina Gordeeva is a very inspiring person. I believe you don't have to know a person to be inspired by them. People can be inspirational by doing the little things that make them who they are. Ekaterina Gordeeva is a perfect example of what an inspirational person should be. a. Compound Adjective Compound adjectives are used regularly in daily English. A compound adjective is a single adjective comprising more than one word. The words in a compound adjective are usually grouped together using hyphens. One type of compound adjective ends with – ed. For example: open-minded, middle-aged, and dark-skinned.33 b.Adjective Orders When you use more than one adjective, you have to put them in the right order, according to type.34 Opinion An opinion adjective explains what you think about something. Example: silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult. Size Asize adjective tells you how big or small something is. Example: large, tiny. Age An age adjective tells you how young or old something or someone is. Example: young, lady Shape A shape adjective describes the shape. Example: square, round, flat, rectangular. Color Blue, pink, reddish, grey. Origin An origin adjective describes where something comes from. Example: French, lunar, American, eastern, Greek. Material A material adjective describes what something is made from. Example: wooden, cotton, paper. Purpose A purpose adjective describes what something is used for. These adjective often end with -ing. Example: sleeping bag, serving bowl. 33 John Langan, English Skills with Reading Eighth Edition, (New York: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2010), p.305. 34http://www.learnenglish.de/basics/appearances.htm Note: a. If there more than two adjective, use commas after each adjective except the last one, is no comma between the last adjective and the noun. For example: Alice prefers black, Italian, leather furniture. b. If there are two adjectives, no comma is used. For example: She has got pretty long hair. c. The rule is to avoid using more than three adjective in a row. Only include those really relevant and important. We use modifier with adjective to express the degree or extent of the quality describing by the adjective they precede.35 a. really: Her hair is really long; I love it. b. very: Jenny is very happy girl – always smiling. c. rather: her eyes are rather small but her face is very pretty altogether. d. quite: My boss is quite tall. e. quit a : She is quit a pretty woman in her forties. f. not very: Mariana is not very intelligent, but she works really hard. g. a little/ a bit: She is a bit shy, don’t you think so? There are two other words that can be used to modify the quality or the colors. a. light: She has beautiful light blue eyes. b. dark: Her is dark brown, but not as dark as yours. B. B. Identification B.1. Determine the paragraph below based on the pattern! A Close Friend by Jim White Jacques has been my close friend for two years. I first met him on a school exchange trip to Calais, France. I asked him the way to the library and we started talking. We’ve been friends ever since. Jacques is quite good-looking. He is tall and slim, with olive skin and curly dark hair. Like many French people, he has a great sense of style, so he always looks well-dressed even in casual clothes. 35 http://www.learnenglish.de/basics/appearances.htm Jacques is very outgoing. He is always friendly and loves to have fun. He has got a fantastic sense of humor and he always makes me laugh. However, he can be a bit immature at times. For example, when he does not get what he wants, he acts childishly and stamps his feet. Jacques is very keen on water sports. He likes sailing and he spends a lot of time on his boat. He enjoys scuba diving, too, and love exploring life under sea. All in all, I’m glad to have Jacques as my friend. It is a pleasure to be with him and I really enjoy his company. I am sure we will always be close friends. Answer the questions below! 1. What kinds of sense are used in the paragraph above? 2. What is the conclusion of the paragraph? 3. What are Jacques’s hobbies? C. C. Production Family Portrait My mother, who is seventy years old, recently sent me a photograph of herself that I had never seen before. While cleaning out the attic of her Florida home, she came across a studio portrait she had taken about a year before she married my father. The picture of my mother as a twenty-year-old girl and the story behind it have fascinated me from the moment I began to consider it. The young woman in the picture has a face that resembles my own in many ways. Her face is a bit more oval than mine, but the softly waving brown hair around it is identical. The small, straight nose is the same model I was born with. My mother’s mouth is closed, yet there is just the slightest hint of a smile on her full lips. I know that if she had smiled, she would have shown the same wide grin and down-curving “smile lines” that appear in my own snapshots. The most haunting feature in the photo, however, is my mother’s eyes. They are an exact duplicate of my own large, dark-brown ones. Her brows are plucked into thin lines, which are like two pencil strokes added to highlight those fines, luminous eyes. I’ve also carefully studied the clothing and jewelry in the photograph. Although the photo was taken fifty years ago, my mother is wearing a blouse and skirt that could II. DESCRIBING SCENE A. Explanation 1. The Definition of Describing Scene Describing scene is a method to tell the readers the description of picture, scenery or place using the writer’s experience, feelings, and point of view. The description itself needs sharp and colorful details, so the reader could clearly imagine the scene. 2. The Purposes of Describing Scene a. To identify our surroundings. b. To inform or explain an information about a particular scene to the reader. 3. Usage Five Primary Senses36 a. The Sense of Sight In describing something, the sense of sight seems to have primary over the other senses. Describere, the Latin root for describing, even means to sketch or copy. Just think of the words commonly used to define describing: re-presenting observations, making verbal images or words picture. So, when people describe what they see, they identify the objects in their field of vision. For example: As I sit at my window this summer afternoon, hawks are circling about my clearing; the tan ivy of wild pigeons, flying by twos and threes athwart my view, or perching restless on the white pine boughs behind my house, gives a voice to the air; a fish hawk dimples the glasses surface of the pond and brings up a fish…. (Henry David Thoreau, Walden) b. The Sense of Hearing Detailing sounds sometimes involves applying words that are commonly used to describe one sense to another, such as describing sounds as sharps and soft. For example: This noble fall has far the richest, as well the most powerful, voice of all the falls of the Valley, its stone varying from the sharps hiss and rustle of the wind in the glossy leaves of the live oaks and the soft, sifting, hushing, tone of the pines, to the loudest rush and 36 Rise Axelrod, The ST. Martin’s Guide to Writing, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1985), pp. 373-378. roar of storm winds and thunder among the crags of the summit peaks. (John Muir, The Story Of My Boyhood And Youth) c. The Sense of Taste Other than taste, savor, and flavor, few words name of the gustatory sensation directly. Certain words do distinguish among the four types of taste―sweet (saccharine, sugary, cloying); sour (acidic, tart); bitter (acrid, biting); salty (briny, brackish), while several other words describe specific taste (piquant, spicy, peppery, savory, and toothsome). In addition, the names of object tasted and other details may indicate the intensity and quality of a taste. For example: As I ate the oysters with their strong taste of the sea and their faint metallic taste that the cold wine washed away, leaving only the sea taste and the succulent texture, and as I drank their cold liquid from each shell and washed it down with the crispy taste of the wine, I lost the empty feeling and began to be happy and to make plans. (Ernest Hemmingway: A Moveable Feast) d. The Sense of Smell The English language has a meager stock of words to express the sense of smell. In addition to the word smell, only about ten commonly used nouns describe this sensation: odor, scent vapor, aroma, fragrance, perfume, bouquet, and stench, stink. Although there are other, rarer words like fetor and effluvium. Few verbs describe receiving or sending odors—smell, sniff, waft—but a fair number of detailing adjectives are available: redolent, pungent, aromatic, perfumed, stinking, musty, rancid, putrid, rank, foul, noisome, acrid, sweet, and cloying. For example: The perfume of the flowers rushed into my brain. A lush aroma, thick with sweetness, thick as blood, and spiced with the clear acid of tropical greenery. (Frank Conroy, Stop— time) e. The Sense of Touch Writers describing the sense of touch tend not to name the sensation directly or even to report the act of feeling. Probably this omission occurs because so few nouns and verbs describe tactile sensations besides words like touch, feeling, tickle, itch, and tingle. Nevertheless, a large stock of words describe temperature (hot, warm, mild, tepid, cold, arctic), moisture content (wet, dry, sticky, oily, greasy, moist, parched), texture (gritty, silky, smooth, crinkled, coarse, rough, soft, sharp), and weight (heavy, light, ponderous, buoyant, feathery). For example: The midmorning sun was deceitfully mild and the wind had no weight on my skin. Arkansas summer mornings have a feathering effect on stone reality. (Maya Anggelou, Gather Together in My Name) B. Identification Underline the topic sentence and supporting details! Whenever children came to stay at my grandmother’s house, we were put to sleep in the sewing room, a bleak, shabby, utilitarian rectangle, more office than bedroom, more attic than office, that played to the hierarchy of chambers the role of poor relation. It was a room seldom entered by the other members of the family, seldom swept by the maid, a room without pride; the old sewing machine, some cast-off chairs, a shadeless lamp, rools of wrapping paper, piles of pins, and remants of material united with the iron folding cots put out of our use and the bare floor boards to give an impression of intense and ruthless temporality. Thin, white, spreads, of the kind used in hospitals and charity institution, and naked blinds at the windows reminded us of our orphaned condition and of the ephemeral character of our visit; there was nothing here to encourage us to consider this our home. (Mary McCarthy, Memories of Chatolic Girlhood) C. Production Make a paragraph about describing a scene around your house! a. Etymology - Meaning of the country’s name from. - Explain the country generally. b. History - When did the country find? - Did the country have a battle? - Who are the heroes of the country? - When was the country free from the war? Or did the country have the war? c. Politics/Government - What kind of the governmental system? - How did the country choose the leader? d. Environment 1) Geography - Where is the country located? - Which are bordering countries? - What are the major cities? 2) Climate - How many seasons are there in the country? - Are there any differences of the season among the regions? 3) Biodiversity - What is the symbolic animal of the country? - What is the animal that mostly and rarely lives in the country? e. Economy 1) Trade - What are produced by the country? - What kind of things that the country exports and imports? 2) Infrastructure - What is the dominant transportation in the country? - What is the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure? f. Demography 1) Ethnicity and Immigration - What is the dominant ethnicity in the country? 2) Language - What is the official language of the country? - What other language are used in the country? 3) Education - Describe the educational system of the country. 4) Religion - How many religions are there in the country? - What is the dominant religion in the country? g. Culture 1. Art - What kind of art that most famous in the country? 2. Entertainment - What kind of thing that most influenced from the entertainment side of the country? - What genre music did people like in the country? 3. Sports - What kind of popular sport in the country? - What are the achievements of the sport side? B. Identification Canada Canada is the northern neighbor of the United States of America. The capital of Canada is Ottawa, but the biggest city is Toronto. In Toronto, you can see the CN Tower, which is 553 meters high, the tallest building in Canada. Canada has two national languages, English and French. Every Canadian pupil studies both languages in school. The French- speaking Canadians live mainly in a region called Quebec. The native Canadians are Inuit (once called “Eskimos”). The word Inuit means human beings. The Inuit live in the cold Arctic region in the north. They build their houses from whale bones. The Inuit hunt for whales, seals, and fish. When they go hunting, they build igloos. An igloo is a hand-made shelter made of blocks of hard snow. The most famous tourist attraction is the Niagara Falls. The waterfalls are between the U.S.A and Canada. The Canadian part of the falls is 49 meters high, higher, and more exciting than the American part. Millions of tourists come to see the Niagara Falls every year. Answer the question below! 1. What is the capital city of Canada? 2. Who is the Inuit? And where do they live? 3. What are igloos? 4. What is the biggest city in Canada? 5. What is the most famous tourist attraction in Canada? 6. What are national languages in Canada? 7. What is the main idea in the paragraph above? C. Production Make a paragraph about describing country Philippines! b. Time Line 1. Draw out your personal historical time line. - Divide your life up into ten year increments with a separate page for each decade. - Plot the major events in your life. With your date of birth at the beginning, and the present day at the end, fill in events such as graduations, weddings, birth of children, major moves or relocations, etc. 2. Choose one event that changed the course of your life. - Describe your situation just before the events, the events itself, and the after. - Explain how this event changed the course of history for you. 3. Retell an event where you experienced a natural disaster firsthand, for examples: earthquake, hurricane, tornado, flood, blizzard, avalanche, tidal wave, etc.39 3. Format to Make Describing Situation a. Used to Pattern: used + to + verb (used + infinitive) For examples: - I used to work in the music business. The reality: I do not work in the music business anymore. - Brad used to live in Jakarta. The reality: He does not live there now. - Jack used to smoke, but he quits. The reality: Jack does not have the habit of smoking anymore. From the examples above, used to is often used to talk about past situations and circumstances which have changed. “Jack used to smoke” is a past situation which no longer exists. Used to indicates that a change in a situation, so we do not use used to when we talk about what happened in the past. b. Be used to We use be used to when we want to talk about situations those are familiar and no longer new or difficult. The pattern can be formed as follows: 39 http://www.memoirsbyme.com/ to be + used to + verb-ing OR be used to + something For examples: - I am used to using the subway in Jakarta. At first it was difficult, but I am familiar with the subway now. - Robert is used to living a smoke free life. We can also get used to something, which means it becomes familiar over time. - Joe got used to driving in London pretty quickly. - Anne said that she hopes she can get used to her new boss. Let us look at both sentences below. - I used to drink black coffee. I drank black coffee in the past, but not anymore. - I am used to drinking black coffee. Drinking black coffee is familiar to me now. B. Identification Draw your family tree! ANSWER KEY Draw your family tree! Y O U Mother (Mrs. Anindya) Father (Mr. Hasan) Grand Father (Rudiyan) Grand Mother (Umi Haniya) Grand Father (M. Syahru) Grand Mother (Kartinanti) CHAPTER IV FURTHER DISCUSSION I. GIVING PERSONAL INFORMATION A. Explanation 1. Definition of Giving Personal Information Describing personal information is a detailed description or account of someone's life. It entails more than basic facts (education, work, relationships, and death). It is also portrays a subject's experience of these events. It is presents a subject's life story, highlighting various aspects of his or her life, including intimate details of experience, and may include an analysis of a subject's personality. 2. Purposes of Giving Personal Information a. To create a cross-section of someone’s life and self that will intrigue the reader and make them want to find out more about it. Whether she or he is creating a personal profile in order to look for jobs, profiles for internet dating sites, relationships or as a form of advertisement for your vocation or business. b. To explain and identify an information about yourself. c. To inform people about yourself . d. To respond to inquiries and requests on exhibitions, seminars, certification and registration, or other services. e. To fulfill business contracts (exhibitions, seminars, certification and registration or other services). f. To create statistical data. g. To complete a procedure in your everyday life for example in organization, institution, company, and etc b. Curriculum Vitae CURRICULUM VITAE A. PERSONAL DETAILS Full Name : Noor Fitriana Hastuti Nick Name : Fitri Sex : Female Place, Date Of Birth : Surakarta, August 6, 1990 Nationality : Indonesian Marital Status : Single Religion : Muslim Address : Jl. Gondosuli 12 C, Purwosari, Laweyan, Surakarta 57142 Mobile : 085647559449 E-Mail : fitriana.noor@gmail.com B. EDUCATION BACKGROUND Bakti Kinder Garten No. 2, Surakarta 1994-1996 Mangkuyudan Elementary School No. 2, Surakarta 1996-2002 Junior High School No. 3, Surakarta 2002-2005 Senior High School No. 4, Surakarta 2005-2008 Informatics Engineering At Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 2008 - now C. ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND 2005 – 2006 Staff Of Humas KIR (Karya Ilmiah Remaja SMAN 4 Surakarta) 2008 – 2009 Staff Of Danus Himaster (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika UNS) D. TRAINING/COURSES 2008 Achievement Motivation Training in Sebelas Maret University 2008 IT-Corner Training By Ristek Himaster 2008 National Seminar Wireless Security E. LANGUAGE SKILL Indonesia, English F.COMPUTER SKILL Pascal Programming Microsoft Office Microsoft Visio DSCH2 Java Programming MYSQL c. Account in Social Network B. Identification R. Soekarno (was born in Blitar, East Java, on June, 6 1901 – died in Jakarta, on June 21 1970 in the age 69 years) was Indonesian President first that hold the office of in the period 1945-1966. He played the role important to liberate the Indonesian nation from the Dutch colonization. He was the Kepancasilaan excavator. He was the Proclaimer of Indonesian Independence (was with Mohammad Hatta) that happened on August 17 1945. He published the Letter Of Instruction on March 11 1966 Supersemar that was controversial that, that it seems, including his contents was assigned Lieutenant General Soeharto to pacify and maintain his authority. But this Supersemar was misused by Lieutenant General Soeharto to undermine his authority with the road to accuse him of taking part in masterminding the Movement on September 30. The charges caused People's Consultative Assembly Sementara that his member was replaced with the person who for Soeharto, shifted the presidency to Soeharto. Question: What do you get from the information above? C. Production