English Grammar Lesson: Subject-Verb-Complement Structure and Tenses, Summaries of English

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Writing Lesson 1: Cấu trúc một câu trong tiếng Anh Subject - verb - complement(object) - modifier direct indirect Subject Verb Complement Modifier I got an 8.5 in the ielts test last year We love going to the beach John talks very fast I have a passion for music I am passionate about painting Sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ He speaks English very well My students speak English very well A new plan was introduced An increase in the number of such individuals is definitely positive The translation of these texts was sometimes lost or bewildering at best The human race is destroying the Earth My friend and I are going to travel to Singapore this summer I or her friend is going to buy some milk (or phải chia theo danh từ đứng đằng sau) Neither I nor my friends know about this problem Listening to english songs is a good way to learn English What she says doesn't matter Các trường hợp dùng "the" the noun+ noun the human race, the Earth, the Sun: những thứ chỉ có một dùng để refer đến danh từ đã nhắc đến trước Cách dùng a number, the number A number of students are suffering from stress and fatigue (A number: một nhóm, đi sau là danh từ đếm được số nhiều) As hand-held devices become almost universal in our society, the number of accidents related to their use is increasing accordingly, in addition to various social dangers (the number: chỉ con số) Cách chia thì cho chủ ngữ giả Another solution may be to use tax incentives to allow more home working, so that there is less need to commute from the suburbs to the inner city for work (there phải chia theo danh từ đằng sau là need) Past Progressive (thì quá khứ tiếp diễn): Một sự việc đang xảy ra tại 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ I was watching TV at seven o'clock last night I was studying English when she called me I was studying English while my wife was cooking ( 2 sự việc xảy ra đồng thời) Past Perfect (thì quá khứ hoàn thành): nhấn mạnh sự việc xảy ra trước trong quá khứ Linda came when her boyfriend had left the room = Linda came after her boyfriend had left the room = Before Linda came, her boyfriend had left the room Future tenses (các thì tương lai) Simple Future (thì tương lai đơn) Đưa ra đề nghị một cách lịch sự Shall I get you a cup of water? Dùng để mời người khác một cách lịch sự Shall we go now Dùng để mặc cả khi mua bán Shall we say: $10? Phỏng đoán hoặc đưa ra quyết định tại thời điểm nói I'll tell her that Near future (tương lai gần) We are going to find out what happened to him soon We are going to take the Ielts test next year Future perfect (thì tương lai hoàn thành): nói về sự việc trong tương lai mà đến thời điểm xảy ra, sự việc đó phải diễn ra You will have learned the most important things in English by the time you finish this book Động từ khuyết thiếu present tense past tense will would can could may might shall should must must Should 1, Để diễn đạt một lời khuyên, sự gợi ý, sự bắt buộc (nhưng không mang tính bắt buộc you should go she should see a doctor 2, Diễn đạt người nói mong muốn điều gì sẽ xảy ra (expect) It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow) My check should arrive next week (I expect it to arrive next week) So sánh ngang bằng S + V + as + (adj/adv) + as + (noun/pronoun) My job is as interesting as yours (is) Jessie sings as well as his father (does) You are as lucky as we (are) Nếu là câu phủ định, as thứ nhất có thể thay bằng so He is not as tall as his father = He is not so tall as his father Peter is as tall as I (am) Đúng Incorrect: the duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher Correct: the duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher those of = the duties of Câu bị động (passive voice) Hiện tại thường hoặc quá khứ thường am is are + (verb in past participle) was were Active: hurricanes destroy a great deal of property each year Passive: A great deal of property is destroyed by hurricanes each year Hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn Am is are + being + verb in past participle was were Active: the committee is considering several new proposals Passive: several new proposals are being considered by the committee Hiện taị hoàn thành hoặc quá khứ hoàn thành has have + been + verb in past participle had Active: The company has ordered some new equipment Passive: some new equipment has been ordered by the company *Note: Trong nhiều tình huống passive voice được coi là dài dòng. Khi viết luận, giám khảo luôn đề cao active voice vì người ta luôn muốn biết ai đó làm gì Câu bị động hữu ích khi: + Không biết ai đó làm gì + Trong tình huống muốn nói giảm nói tránh, không muốn nhắc đích danh ai đó làm gì Trợ động từ modal + be + verb in past participle Active: the manager should sign these contracts today Passive: these contracts should be signed by the manager today Chú ý: Nếu là người hoặc vật trực tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng by Nếu là vật gián tiếp gây ra hành động thì dùng with the bird was shot with the gun the bird was shot by the hunter Trong một số trường hợp to be/to get + p2 hoàn toàn không mang nghĩa bị động nên hiểu theo nghĩa tính từ: Chỉ trạng thái, tình huống mà chủ ngữ đang gặp phải Could you please check my mailbox while i am gone He got lost in the maze of the town yesterdat Chỉ việc chủ ngữ tự làm lấy The little boy gets dressed very quickly Could i give you a hand with these tires No thanks, i will be done when i finish tightening these bolts Đảo ngữ thường gặp Hardly Freshwater boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea level Freshwater bói at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees Celsius Freshwater and salt water do not boil and do not freeze at the same temperatures Compound sentences Câu ghép là câu có 2 mệnh đề độc lập hoặc nhiều hơn được nối với nhau bởi FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) hoặc từ nối (in addition, therefore...) hoặc dấu chấm phẩy 1, Dùng Fanboys Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater, so food cooks faster in salt water 2, Dùng chấm phẩy và trạng từ để nối Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; therefore food cooks faster in salt water Salt water boils at a higher temperature than freshwater; food cooks faster in salt water To add a reason: thêm 1 lí do For: However, punishment should never be violent in anyway, for it teaches the child that the answer to a problem is to beat someone. Too add a similar, equal idea: thêm thông tin tương tự And: As a result of the confusion, they will fail to learn either languague thoroughly, and they may be disadvantaged throughout their lives To add a negative equal idea nor: Fat people clearly should not eat too much, nor should they eat too little Note: nor có nghĩa and not. Dùng để nối 2 mệnh đề độc lập phủ định và câu sau nor thường đảo trợ động từ lên To add an opposite ideal: so sánh ngược lại but: Climate change represents a major threat to life on Earth, but some people argue that we need to accept it rather than try to stop it To add an alternative possibility: thêm lựa chọn hoặc khả năng or: however, people should limit the amount of animal fat in their diets, or they risk getting heart diseases To add an unexpected or surprising continuation: thêm yếu tố bất ngờ yet: I recognise that violent or dangerous people need to be imprisioned, yet I believe this applies to a small minority of instances To add an expected result: thêm kết quả so: one might argue that women tend to be more caring than men, so "caring professions" such as nursing or teaching or social work suit them more.