WRITING POSITION PAPER, Study notes of Biology

Download WRITING POSITION PAPER and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 2, Republic of the Philippines S)EPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DepE D K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum Technology and Livelihood Education Learnings Module CAREGIVING EXPLORATORY COURSE Grades 7 and Grade 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page What Is This Module About ? oie cscs eens eens iecsee nesses ieansneeteanseeenaneeaes 2 How Do You Use This Module oo... eee ee ner ieneseeseessenesneeteaesneeneaneeeenaneeee 3 LESSON 1 — Use and Maintenance of Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia... ...4 LESSON 2 — Perform Calculations 2..0...00..000.ccccccccccccecc ce tes tees eet ieteteeeeeseteerineseneesneesnse 33 LESSON 3 — Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures ............0..00.0..... 60 LESSON 4 — Maintain Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernallia........00..000.000:0cce 83 Amswert Keys o..cccccccccccc cece sett ceeee et nesnes tei tinttesisisinsierieasentiniernssnsetisasentinaeresenserenntente 99 Acknowledgment ....ccccccccecseccecseessersessssseesseeseessesseesueesessseesetseeesessaesutessssessuetesssesssetsneeseaseesneee 107 CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 1 Use Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson, you are expected to do the following: LO 1. Identify caregiving tools, equipment, and paraphernalia applicable to specific job LO 2. Use caregiving tools,equipment and paraphernalia properly LO 3. perform preventive maintenance. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 4 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Tools and equipment are cleaned immediately after use in line with farm procedures. Routine check-up and maintenance are performed. Tools and equipment are stored in designated areas in line with farm procedures. . . . e Farm tools and equipment are regularly sharpened and oiled from time to time. Definition of Terms Bulb — a rubber which is squeezed to inflate the cuff Carafe — a glass pot with a pouring spout Caregiver — a worker who is qualified to provide personal care independently or with minimal supervision, to children, elderly or people with special needs (disabilities) Chestpiece — also called the head, contains the diaphragm or bell that vibrates with sound Child — an individual with age ranging from 0-13 years old Countertop — a flat surface on top of a cabinet or display case as in a kitchen Cuff — a fabric that is wrapped around a patient's arm Ear Tubes — attach the earpieces to the main body of the stethoscope Earpieces — part of the stethoscope which are placed into the ears and transmit sounds directly into them Elderly — an individual with age ranging from sixty (60) years old and above Emulsify — the process of combining two liquids that do not normally mix easily Infant — an individual with age ranging from 0- 12 months (1 yr. old) Lever — a projecting handle used to adjust or operate a function People with special needs (Disabilities) — person incapable of performing specific tasks either physically, mentally, and/or behaviorally. Rectum -— the end part of the large intestine Reservoir — a receptacle for storing fluid Suction - a force that causes a fluid or solid to be drawn into an interior space or to stick on to a surface because of the difference between the external and internal pressures. Toddlers — individuals with age ranging from 1-3 years old Tubing — also called acoustic tubes which connect two ear tubes to the chestpiece (diaphragm or bell) Valve — allows air in to inflate the cuff when the bulb is squeezed, then can be unscrewed to release the air and remove the cuff. Vessel — is a hollow container used to hold liquid Whip — is the process of striking something with continual, repetitive strokes SS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 5 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Identify caregiving tools, equipment and paraphernalia applicable to the specific job PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 1. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are identified according to their types, functions and classifications. 2. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are determined based on the specified task. XX & Materials e LCD projector or OHP ¢ Computer desktop or laptop e Pictures of tools, equipment, and paraphernalia TS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 6 Chopping Board A chopping board is a flat, wooden, or plastic board where meats or vegetables can be cut. Electric Knife An electric knife is a kitchen device which is used for slicing food. It requires less physical effort than an ordinary knife and makes neater slices. Electric Can Opener An electric can opener is a very useful device which is used to open canned goods with ease and accuracy. Food Processor A food processor is a multi-tasking tool which is used to slice, dice, or whip food ingredients. Food Tongs A food tongs is an instrument with two hinged or sprung arms for grasping and holding. Ladle A ladle is a long-handled spoon with a deep bowl at the end for serving food specially broth or soup. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education Microwave Oven A microwave oven is an oven that uses microwave to cook or heat food. Stove A stove is an appliance in which electricity/gas is utilized to supply heat to be used for cooking or reheating. Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia for Cleaning, Washing, and Ironing Bottle Sterilizer A bottle sterilizer is an apparatus which is used in destructing microorganisms in containers like feeding bottle through boiling. Broom A broom is a tool which is used for sweeping dirt. It consists of twigs and bristles bound together and attached to a handle. Clothes Hanger A hanger resembles the shape of a person's shoulders and is used to hang garments on. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 10 Dishwasher A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning dishes, eating utensils and pots. Dryer A dryer is a machine or apparatus that removes moisture through ventilation or heat. Dustpan A dustpan is a handled pan or scoop into which dust is swept. Duster A duster is a cloth or brush which is used in removing dirt and dust. Flat Iron A clothes iron is an electric appliance which is used along with an ironing board, to iron or press clothing, fabric or draperies. Ironing Board An ironing board is a long, narrow padded board, often with collapsible supporting legs, used as a working surface for ironing. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 11 How Much Have You Learned? | Self-Check 1.1 Directions: Search for the ten (10) different caregiving equipment, tools or paraphernalia found in this puzzle. Encircle the word/words vertically, horizontally, backward, upward or downward. >|O/QsOfa|aje|}<\<|S/Z\aJa}acje|O}m}O/Z|_—|}Z]O}ac|— O}4]o] a} a]x|ec|x¢] 3] 3|S|o]eo}><| ec fu} >| }O|ma]>-|r}Zz]5|5 <|M/e]</M</S |u| S|L}T|D/5)/S|x<|G]a|N|S|o|><|wlalolac|> wi} S/o |5)]o [or jE J) S)O]Z| | S/O|S/O]>|Tla|wi.|O|xr a/zjo}z|zZ|o}_|Z/o}a|Ol]a|—|s|x|>|H] ofc] |H}O}o] eo} Oja]—|H}m]—|D|a]u fa} ]OlZ}>|r/Z/3|3]—|— Ju fa} |>}- O}>|D|L]>|L}|>jal>|a|sa|3 a] O|7]DJO/2Z]|>|AjOja}w|>/oO HO|>|w}o]6}z|>]ac}O|a4|rlo}x|zl>|>/eo}H|x<]z] Jal}e fu O|S|H |e] E | c|T]o]w)—|<|O]><|s]O]H|>)> cc |] en] |oc |r Z|O]B|S]a|N||+|B/D|]wfZ}xelu fu fea] e] Z| r}oc || > H<t/¢/O}¢|5]a]w|O}>|r]a]/a|a|+H-]o|z|<|S\o|=|zr\w|S\o wo |S|S)<\2Z/< Jor} JH|O}m|>|wilwlO;SIN|Olu|<|S/aq|o}> HOjZ}w)—|Djoafa|Djecja}O}|<|s/Q|TLO|O}w jw jw |Z )a}n #|—|ca}-}|>-}O|O]D}w || JO} O]<|E|N|ecju|>)5}O}uja | o|3|>|w}Z/5/O|>|>|o|—|D]_JOla jo}alx<|s/z]H}O}4]>|z w|Oo}a}xr]ec|_|_|H|<|O|wJo}e|efZ])x}oc||3| rt] ao] H+ ]> </Z|x<|Z|>]w|D]x<|a}E-|Olec|-}>|D|O]Ofa ju|_—|s|<|S/Z/0 Ooo foc }aa}E|T|S|O]a|]n]n]n/alwjolaclHE|N|>|x]|<| JO Ofec |u| >|O]w}Z|3]_]O]a.|C/S|uw)ac]x|ja|_lec|-jaja}w | —|w|So}>|<}a]z|z)\r|z|T\T}5|<|4}2Zz|S]4|cc|-|}>|o]S|o X|G|G]|E|S]>]ea]o|o|L]oc}o]S)wjace|r|>|—|<|ojoju|o|r 3/O] | sf |LJO}ZJO/O|O}w Ts] | Jay jecjac joc |oc|E | >|D £|G|_|nalo|S|>]_|—|u|>]S|o]a]nja}lw|wjo|r|a\x|H]> al+|>|<}a|—|G]o]D]—Jalac|_|x<|Ofa.|alec}H|Ola. |<} a]]uu OlH|C]clal<|G}G|_|S/a}>|D|_|O]o)zZ|n/z/S]ac|w] S/n Identify the tool, equipment, or paraphernalia used in the given specific Directions: tasks. For sorting clean clothes 1. For sweeping dirt on the floor 2. For measuring blood pressure 3. For removing dirt from the surface of a television For scooping dust on the floor 4, 5. CAREGIVING 14 K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education Ill. Directions: Group the following tools, equipment, and paraphernalia according to their classifications. Write each word in the appropriate box. Dryer Electric knife Iron Sphygmomanometer Food Processor Ladle lroning board Stethoscope Thermometer Used for meal preparation | Used for cleaning, laundry, | Used for taking vital signs and ironing | Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? ae, How Do You Apply What You Have Learned? | [ Show that you learned something by doing this activity | Activity sheet 1.1 Directions: Compile pictures of the different caregiving equipment, tools, and paraphernalia. Make a handbook that will be useful for a future caregiver like you. Provide a summary which presents the equipment, tools, and paraphernalia according to its classification, use and function. A sample guide is provided for you. Name Classification Use Function Equipment, tools and Sample picture of paraphernalia for Used for cleaning Removes dust duster cleaning, washing, laundry and ironing Submitted by: Submitted to: Name of Student TLE Teacher Date: CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 15 < How Do You Extend Your Learning? Assignment Sheet 1.1 Directions: Make a list of the different tools, equipment and paraphernalia that may be found in your home. Identify the function of each and determine whether or not this can be used in a health care environment. Tools, equipment, and paraphernalia Functions Can these be used ina health care environment? CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 16 4. The kind of temperature when the thermometer is placed under the armpit. aoop oral temperature rectal temperature axillary temperature none of the above 5. These should be checked before ironing as some fabrics need special care instructions. aoop labels of the garments to be ironed pleats and pockets of skirts collars and sleeves of shirts pants’ waistbands [==] @ What Do You Need To Know? Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1. Information Sheet 2.1 Operating Caregiving Equipment, Tools and Paraphernalia Now that you have successfully identified the different equipment, tools, and paraphernalia used in providing health care, it is a must that you master the proper utilization of each. As an efficient and dependable caregiver, you must learn the procedures in operating them, since you will be expected to use them in your particular job. Common Equipment in Meal Preparation = os Blender 1. Choose a flat, dry surface on which to operate your blender. 2. Make sure that all the parts are placed in their appropriate places before operating. 3. Put the pitcher onto the base and plug the blender. 4. Place the ingredients in the pitcher and put the lid on firmly. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 19 5. Start operating by choosing the setting appropriate for the task you are going to do. 6. You may add food or ingredients through the secondary lid while the blender is running. 7. Clean the blender after use. Coffee Maker Electric Can Opener Plug the electric can opener into an outlet. Lift up the lever that raises the cutting wheel into the air. Place the lip of the can under the wheel. Put the lever down and press hard enough so that the wheel gets into the can. Turn on the opener while holding the bottom of the can and it will automatically turn as the wheel slices through the can. Remove the can from the opener when it reaches the end and you feel a slight drop of the can. The lid will remain attached to the magnet on the opener and the can is ready to dump. Unplug the opener from the outlet. processed. Food Processor Spar Gear nian Gear etae 1. Fillthe carafe with water according to the number of cups of coffee you need to make. 2. Pour the water from the carafe into the reservoir of the coffee maker, and place the carafe back into position. 3. Place a coffee filter into the filter basket. The amount of coffee you'll need to add depends on how strong or weak your clients like it. Then, add the coffee into the filter using a spoon. 4. Turn on the coffee maker and wait for your coffee to brew. Operating Lever = Sth ton Magnet Cite feed Gear | — ster Gear 1. Remove the food processor from its box container. 2. Place it on a stable, flat surface. 3. Plug it on the electrical outlet safely. 4. Remove the cover and put the food ingredients to be CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 20 5. Put back the cover and turn on the processor to start with the procedure. 6. As soon as you have reached the desired size or texture for your food ingredients, remove the cover and pour the ingredients into your bowl or plate. 7. Unplug the food processor and clean it based on the manufacturer's instructions. Microwave Oven Microwave oven is a very useful tool specially during mealtime, but you should exercise special care when using it to cook or reheat food to ensure that it is prepared safely. Microwave Oven Cooking e Position evenly the food items in a covered dish. You may add some liquid if necessary. Cover the dish with a lid or plastic wrap, but make sure not to cover it completely to let steam come out. The moist heat that is created will help destroy harmful bacteria and ensure uniform cooking. e It is better to cook large cuts of meat on medium power for longer periods than on high power. This way, heat reaches the center without overcooking outer areas. e Mix or rotate food midway through the microwaving time. This is important so as to eliminate cold spots where harmful bacteria can survive, and for more even cooking. e¢ When partially cooking food in the microwave oven to finish cooking on the grill or in a conventional oven, it is important to transfer the microwaved food to the other heat source immediately. Never partially cook food and store it for later use. e Use a food thermometer or the oven's temperature probe to verify the food has reached a safe minimum internal temperature. Cooking times may vary because ovens vary in power and efficiency. Always allow standing time, which completes the cooking, before checking the internal temperature with a food thermometer. Microwave Defrosting e Remove food from the package before defrosting. Do not use foam trays and plastic wraps because they are not heat stable at high temperatures. Melting or warping may cause harmful chemicals to migrate into food. e Immediately after defrosting meat and poultry in microwave oven, they should be cooked since some areas of the frozen food may begin to cook during the defrosting time. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 21 Thermometer Body temperature is a measurement of the amount of heat in the body. The balance between heat produced and heat lost is the body temperature. The normal adult body temperature is 37 degrees Celsius. There is a normal range in which a person's body temperature may vary and still be considered normal. Take a look at these normal ranges of body temperature: Oral : 36.4 to 37.2 degrees Celsius Rectal : 37 to 37.8 degrees Celsius Axillary : 35.9 to 36.7 degrees Celsius The following are the different types of thermometers: Clinical thermometer may be inserted either into the rectum through the anus (rectal temperature), into the mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual) or armpit (axillary temperature). It is made of glass with a narrowing above the bulb so that the mercury column stays in position even when the instrument is removed. The use of this type is now being eradicated as the mercury content is dangerous to people. Digital thermometer may be inserted into the mouth ky under the tongue, under the armpit or into the anus. This thermometer displays the reading in the LCD. This type of thermometer does not use mercury which is hazardous to humans. That is why more and more people are using it now. Also, using this is simple, quick and effective. Ear digital thermometer measures the heat coming from the eardrum. This release of heat is converted into a temperature and displayed on an LCD. It is very easy to use this. You just have to place the tip in the ear of a person, press the button and in a few seconds, the measurement is seen on the LCD. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 24 Infrared_thermometer_with laser_pointer measures i temperature using thermal radiation emitted by the body. It is also called laser thermometer if a laser is utilized to » aid in aiming the thermometer. Others call it non-contact thermometer because of its ability to measure temperature from a distance. It provides temperature reading without physically touching the object. All you have to do is aim at the object (as in the forehead), pull the trigger and immediately, you can see the temperature reading on the LCD. Using a Digital Thermometer (rectum through the anus 1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer out of its holder. 2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse it in cool water. 3. Puta probe cover over the pointed end of the thermometer. If your thermometer did not come with a probe cover then you can use it without one. 4. Lubricate the end of the probe with a small amount of lubricating jelly. 5. Place your child (taking the temperature through the rectum is usually done on children) on his stomach across a firm surface or your lap before taking his temperature. 6. Gently slide the probe of the thermometer into the rectum about a half inch. Stop inserting the thermometer if it becomes difficult to insert. Never force the thermometer into the rectum. 7. Continue to hold the thermometer the entire time you are taking the temperature. Always stay with your client while taking the temperature. 8. Keep the thermometer in place until it beeps then remove the thermometer 9. Read the numbers on the LCD. These numbers are your client's temperature. 11. If you used a probe cover, remove it and throw it away. 12. Wash the probe of the thermometer with soap, water and rubbing alcohol when you are done. Put the thermometer's tip cover. Place the thermometer in its holder/container. 13. Record the reading 14. Wash your hands. Using a Digital Thermometer (mouth) 1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer from its holder. 2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse it in cool water. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 25 3. Inform the client that you are going to take his temperature orally. 4. Ask the client to wet his/her lips and pick up his tongue. 5. Place the thermometer under the client's tongue on one side of his/her mouth. Ask him/her to close his/her lips. (You may have to hold the thermometer specially if your client is sick and weak enough to even hold the thermometer with his/her lips.) 6. Leave the thermometer in place until the thermometer signals it is finished. When it beeps, it signifies that it can be removed. 7. Remove the thermometer carefully and read the temperature on the digital display. Clean the tip of the thermometer with a cotton ball soaked in alcohol. Put the thermometer’s tip cover. Place the thermometer in its container. 8. Record the reading and wash your hands. Using a Digital Thermometer (armpit) 1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer from its holder. 2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse it in cool water. 3. Inform the client that you are going to take his temperature under the armpit. 4. Place the thermometer under the client's armpit. (You may have to hold the thermometer specially if your client is very sick and weak that he/she cannot even hold the thermometer with his/her armpit.) 5. Leave the thermometer in place until the thermometer signals it is finished. When the thermometer beeps, it means that it can be removed. 6. Remove the thermometer carefully and read the temperature on the digital display. Clean the tip of the thermometer with a cotton ball soaked in alcohol. Put the thermometer’s tip cover. Place the thermometer in its container. 7. Record the reading and wash your hands. BP Apparatus Another important measurement that you should learn to take is the blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels. The heart contracts as it pumps the blood into the arteries. When the heart is contracting, the pressure is highest. This pressure is what we know as the systolic pressure. Now, as the heart relaxes between each contraction, the pressure decreases. When the heart is at its most relaxed state, the pressure is lowest. And we call this diastolic pressure. The following steps will help you measure blood pressure accurately. TS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 26 eo. How Do You Apply What You Have Learned? | Show that you learned something by doing this activity | Activity Sheet 2.1 Directions: Watch the following videos by following the links provided. Work with a partner and answer the questions that follow. Video No. 1 1. What is the video all about? 2. What are the three most important steps you have seen in the video? Explain your answer. 3. Do you think the caregiver handled her client well? Why do you think so? Can you cite situations that would prove that the caregiver handled her client well? Video No. 2 What is the video all about? 2. What are the three most important steps you have seen in the video? Explain your answer. 3. What are the advantages of using the equipment shown in the video? Cite three (3) advantages. http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=S648xZDK7b0&feature=fvsr http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=HHosKND-kZk&feature=fvsr Activity Sheet 2.2 Directions: You will be provided with five (5) equipment, tools or paraphernalia. Prepare them for use by identifying and demonstrating the function of each. You must get 100% accuracy. Students with the score of 9 and below are required to perform again the activity. Complete the table below in a separate sheet of paper. Equipment, ; Functionality Task to be tool or Q wulpment, tool Remarks undertaken | paraphernali | CAU!Pment, tool | Evinctional | Defective a to beused | 0" paraphernalia * Prepare e For mixing, puree or apple and ¢ Blender emulsifying . smoothie food and other substances ¢ Sterilize ¢ For destroying feeding ¢ Sterilizer microorganism . bottles s in containers CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 29 ¢ Iron shirt ¢ Iron and * For pressin and pants of ironing clothes 9 . the client board ¢ Take . ¢ Thermom |e For measuring temperature eter temperature ° treading * Opena . canned good ° peerric For opening a . for the client opener canned good <p How Well Did You Perform? Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake! 9 SCORING ACCURACY (100%) CRITERIA Identified and demonstrated the function of 5 equipment, tools, or 10 paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 4 equipment, tools, or 9 paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 3 equipment, tools, or 7 paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 2 equipment, tools, or 5 paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 1 equipment, tools, or 3 paraphernalia Failed to identify and demonstrate the function of any of the given 1 equipment, tools, or paraphernalia STUDENT'S ACCURACY (100%) SCORE Identified and demonstrated the function of 5 equipment, tools, or paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 4 equipment, tools, or paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 3 equipment, tools, or paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 2 equipment, tools, or paraphernalia Identified and demonstrated the function of 1 equipment, tools, or paraphernalia Failed to identify and demonstrate the function of any of the given equipment, tools, or paraphernalia CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 30 TT af Se : Congratulations! You did a great job! i CO | Rest and relax a while then move on to the next lesson. Good luck! REFERENCES LOo1 Elana D. Zucker. The Caregivers Resourcebook 6" Edition Pearson Education South Asia PTE. LTD. 2009. National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc. Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10" Edition National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc. Online Resources: http:/Avww.ehow.com/how_ 7719401 clean-air-pot.html http:/Avww.aptkitchen.com/kitchen-accessories-articles/electric-knife-cleaning.php http://home.howstuffworks.com/how-to-repair-small-appliances6.htm http://nowtoeasy.blogspot.com/2010/01/clean-your-microwave-oven-with-vinegar.html http://navyadministration.tpub.com/14163/css/14163_78.htm http:/Avww.goodhousekeeping.com/home/heloise/heloise-spring-cleaning-dishwasher- grime http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/ht/ironcleaning.htm http://blog.lydiasuniforms.com/blog/uniforms-and-scrubs-qanda/caring-for-your- stethoscope http:/;www.geratherm.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/user-manual-Geratherm- clinic.pdf http:/Avww. healthaidindia.com/digital-thermometers/maintenance-of-digital- thermometers.html http:/;www.dableducational.org/pdfs/spring07/Chapter4_Measurement_of blood pressur e Part2.pdf http:/Avww.sooperarticles.com/health-fitness-articles/medical-equipment-articles/medical- instruments-maintenance-how-clean-sphygmomanometer-269087.html http:/;www.adctoday.com/images/PDF/IB/93-7001 -00.pdf http:/Avww.thefreedictionary.com CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 31 Definition of Terms Dosage — the measured quantity of a medicine Equation — a statement of equivalence in mathematical expressions Equivalent - the same in number, value or meaning Intravenous Injection — a means of administering medicine or feeding a patient through injection Substernal — situated below or behind the sternum or breastbone Vial — a small, closable vessel for fluids Suppository — small piece medicine designed to melt within a body opening other than the mouth, especially the rectum or vagina. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 34 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Perform simple calculations PERFORMANCE STANDARDS ¢ Computations involving ratios, fractions, proportions and conversions are performed. ¢ Oral drug dosages are computed. e Rectal dosages are determined. e Pediatric dosages are calculated. &. Materials Ne ¢ LCD projector or OHP ¢ Computer desktop or laptop ¢ Suppository e Vial ¢ Syringe ¢ Sample drug labels e Measuring cup for syrups ¢ Dropper ¢ Hollow-handle spoon CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 35 Ca What Do You Already Know? Pretest LO 1 Directions: True or False. Write an O if the statement is true, or write an X if the statement is false. 1. Oral drugs can be in tablet, capsule, or suppository form. 2. Reading carefully the drug labels is very important in administering medicines to the patients. 3. Medicines of the same brand name and generic name always has the same dosage strength. 4. The unknown value in calculation is usually represented by a "?". 5. The adult's average Body Surface Area (BSA) is 1.73 m?. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer by encircling the letter of your choice. 1. A patient who weighs 65 kg is scheduled to receive 75 mg / kg of her medicine. How much mg should the patient receive? a. 487.5 mg b. 4875 mg c. 86.67 mg d. 75mg Determine the weight of your patient in kilograms who weighs125 Ibs. a. 65.8kg b. 68.5 kg c. 58.6 kg d. 56.8 kg How many milligrams of a medicine are in 3 tablets if 2 contain 10mg? a. 5Smg b. 10 mg c. 15mg d. 20mg Each nurse station at the hospital requires 8 nurses every shift schedule. If there are 3 shifts in one day, how many nurses are required to be at the hospital each shift if it has a total of 48 nurse stations? a. 1,152 nurses b. 248 nurses c. 1,248 nurses d. 384 nurses CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 36 Using fractions in proportions A proportion that can be expressed using ratios can also be expressed using fractions. Let's refer to the examples given before. 1 pad has 20 tablets which means that 2 pads have 40 tablets. Using fractions, we can write the proportion as: lpad 2 pads 20 tablets 40 tablets Or i_2 20° 40° Enjoy using fractions in proportions There are 5 nurses for every 35 patients which equals to 10 nurses for 70 patients. We can express this in fraction as: Snurses 10 nurses 35 patients 70 patients Or 5 _ 10 35° 70 Math Tip: We use colon for ratios while we use forward slash or horizontal bar for fractions. Double colon (::) used for ratios also means equal (=) used for fractions. WHATIS AN “X”? Finding the value of X is very important in dosage calculations. X is the unknown amount or quantity we are going to compute so we can identify what is being asked for in an equation. Steps in Solving the Value of X Using Ratios in Proportion 1. Prepare the equation. 2. Start with the solution by doing a multiplication. Note: The product of the means is equivalent to the product of the extremes. Means are the middle quantities while the extremes are the external quantities 3. Solve for the value of X. 4. Double check your work by completing the equation. Example 1: How many nurses will take charge of 15 patients if 6 nurses handle 30 patients? Step 1. Prepare the equation. X : 15 patients :: 6 nurses : 30 patients CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 39 Step 2. Start with the solution by doing a multiplication. Multiply the means (middle) using the left side and multiply the extremes (external items) using the right side. Put an equal sign between both sides. 15 patients x 6 nurses = X x 30 patients Step 3: Solve for the value of X. In the given problem, the value of X refers to 15 patients x 6 nurses = X x 30 patients 90 = 30 X 90 /30=xX or X= 3 nurses Therefore, 3 nurses will take charge of 15 patients while 6 nurses handle 30 patients. Step 4: Double check your work by completing the equation. 3 nurses : 15 patients :: 6 nurses : 30 patients Example 2: Find the value of X using the equation given below: 2500 mg : 10 tablets :: X: 3 tablets To compute, 10 tablets x X = 2500 mg x 3 tablets 10 X= 7500 mg X= 7500/10 X= 750 mg Check and complete the equation 2500 mg : 10 tablets :: 750 mg : 3 tablets Steps in Solving the Value of X Using Fractions in Proportion 1. Prepare the equation. 2. Start with the solution by doing cross multiplication. 3. Solve for the value of X. 4. Double check your work by completing the equation. Example 1: How many nurses will take charge of 15 patients if 6 nurses handle 30 patients? Step 1. Prepare the equation. x ___ 6 nurses 15 patients 30 patients CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 40 Step 2. Start with the solution by doing a cross multiplication. x ___Snurses 15 patients 30 patients 15 patients x 6 nurses = X x 30 patients Step 3: Solve for the value of X. In the given problem, the value of X refers to 15 patients x 6 nurses = X x 30 patients 90 = 30 X 90 /30=xX or X= 3 nurses Therefore, 3 nurses will take charge of 15 patients while 6 nurses handle 30 patients. Step 4: Double check your work by completing the equation. Snurses GG murses 15 patients 30 patients Example 2: Find the value of X using the equation given below: 2500 mg x 10 tablets 3 tablets To compute, cross multiply first. 10 tablets x X = 2500 mg x 3 tablets 10 X= 7500 mg X= 7500/10 X= 750 mg Check and complete the equation 2500 mg 750 10 tablets 3 tablets CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education METRIC CONVERSIONS There are instances when we need to convert a unit of measurement to another when calculating for drug dosages. The metric system of measurements is based on a number of basic measures or units. Take a quick look at the table below. QUANTITY UNIT SYMBOL length metre m mass gram g volume litre l time second s Large and small amounts of these units often have a prefix. Also, some common units of measurement are prefix symbol multiplication factor. MULTIPLICATION PREFIX SYMBOL FACTOR mega m 1,000,000 kilo k 1,000 hector h 100 deka da 10 unit g,m, |, ors 1 deci A centi c 0.01 milli m 0.001 micro mcg ory 0.000001 For conversion of one metric unit to another will require us to move the decimal place to the left or to the right. To know how many decimal places to move, follow these steps: 1. Write the metric scale. 2. Find out what the two units in the problem are. 3. Count the number of units from the given one to the desired one. Convert .1 decigrams to micrograms Example 1. The decimal place is moved 3 places to the right using mg -- kg -- hg-- dag-- g-- dg-- cg-- mg-- mcg CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education Therefore, 0.1 dg = 1000 mg Example 2. Convert 250 millilitres to litres The decimal place is moved 3 places to the left ml -- kl -- hl-- dal-- I-- dl-- cl-- ml-- mel Therefore, 250 ml = 0.250! dy IN A NUTSHELL... Still a lot of health professionals are having difficulty with drug calculations. Is it because they don't like Math? Before administration, some drugs require some sort of calculation and some of which requires simple to complex conversion. Don't make life complicated. Look for the best alternative measurement system which could make all the difference and make things easy for you. CALCULATING ORAL DRUG DOSAGES A Glance at Oral Drugs These substances which are administered orally can be in the form of tablet, capsule, or liquid. Oral drugs are mostly available in a limited number of strengths or concentrations. It is, therefore, very important that you have the skill to calculate prescribed dosages for different drug forms. Interpreting Oral Drug Labels For you to administer an oral drug safely, you must make sure that it is the correct drug with the right dosage. Therefore, it is very vital that you would be able to read and interpret oral drug labels. 1. Identify the Drug Name Know the difference between the brand name and generic name. Verify the generic name first. If the drug has two names, the generic name usually appears in lowercase print and sometimes in parentheses. The generic names are the active ingredients in the medicine. Whether the brand name of generic name is used, be very careful when reading the label to avoid errors. Important: Pay attention to the active, or generic name, since too much of an active ingredient can be harmful if you take more than one product with the same active ingredient without knowing it. 2. See the Dosage Strength CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 45 After identifying the drug name, look for the dose strength on the label. Important: Pay close attention to the labels of two same drugs which may look exactly alike aside from that of the dose strength. One of them might indicate 125mg and the other one is 250mg. Be keen in checking the dose strength because it forms part of the dosage calculation. 3. Check the Expiration Date You also have to check the expiry date. It is a vital information which is sometimes overlooked. For best shelf life, store all medications in a cool, dry place. Calculating Drug Dosages Most of the time, you will use ratios in proportion to compute for drug dosages. At this point in time, you should already be familiar in dealing with the equation using ratios in proportions. Rules in Calculating Drug Dosages Remember the rules to accurately calculate drug dosages and eliminate errors as well. 1. Use the correct units of measure to avoid errors in calculating doses. 2. Be careful in placing decimal and zero. 3. Double-check strange answers. Steps in Calculating Drug Dosages Using Ratios in Proportion 1. Prepare the equation by using ratios in proportion. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 46 Let us compute... 125 mg x X ( # of suppository needed ) = 1 suppository x 250 mg 125 mg (X) = 1x 250 mg 125 mg ( X) = 250 mg X = 250 mg / 125 mg X = 2 suppositories To sum it up, we will have to give 2 suppositories to the patient since 2 suppositories equal 250 mg. Example 2: A doctor asked the nurse to give the patient 20 mg of suppository. The suppositories on the shelf show 10 mg each. How many pieces of suppository should you give to the patient? This is how to solve it using ratios in proportion method. Let our equation be read as: 1 suppository : 10 mg :: X ( # of suppository needed ) : 20 mg Let us compute for X which is the number of suppository needed 10 mg x X = 1 suppository x 20 mg 10 mg (X)=1x20mg X= 20mg/ 10mg X = 2 suppositories Since the patient needs 20 mg of suppository, we will give him / her 2 suppositories with 10 mg each. To check, 2 suppositories multiplied to 10 mg will give us 20 mg of suppository. Gain A NUTSHELL... Make sure to read or interpret the labels carefully. The two types of rectal drugs are enema and suppository. Suppository is the most commonly used rectal drug. Using ratios in proportion method is the best way to calculate the dosage for rectal drugs. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 49 A GLANCE AT CALCULATING PEDIATRIC DOSAGES FOR ORAL DRUGS In calculating drug dosages for pediatric patients, we have to bear in mind that children are completely different from adults. An inaccurate dosage is more likely to harm a child than that of an adult. Administering Pediatric Oral Drugs Infants and young children who can hardly take tablets or capsules are given oral drugs in the form of liquid. In some cases wherein liquid medicines are not available, you may crush a tablet and mix it with a little amount of liquid. If the medication is mixed in a large amount of liquid (full bottle), the child will not get the entire dose if he is unable to finish the liquid. Important: Do not mix crushed tablet with breast milk and infant formula because it may lead to feeding refusal in the future. Devices Used in Giving Out Pediatric Oral Drugs © cup - can be used by bigger children ¢ dropper - usually used for infants ¢ syringe - usually used for infants ¢ hollow-handle spoon - usually used for toddlers Safety Key Points in Giving Medications to Children ¢ Check the child's mouth to ensure that he has swallowed the oral drugs. ¢ Carefully mix oral drugs that come in suspension form. Tips in Calculating Safe Pediatric Drug Dosages e Use a calculator in solving equations. ¢ Ask advice from a formulary or consult a drug handbook to verify a drug dose. If still in doubt, call a pharmacist. ¢ Keep a record of your patient's weight in kilograms so you do not have to estimate it or weigh him all the time. Methods Used in Calculating Pediatric Doses 1. Body Surface Area (BSA) Method - also called the dosage-per-kilogram-of-body-weight method; considered to be the most accurate and safest method in calculating pediatric doses 2. Clark's Rule - uses child's weight to calculate approximate dosage 3. Young's Rule - normally used for children who are two years of age or more 4. Fried's Rule - normally used for children who are two years of age or less CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 50 Body Surface Area (BSA) Method We will have to use the nomogram to determine a child's BSA then setup an equation using the formula. For children of normal height and weight a . Height (cm)](in) 90 80 70 60 50 40 $ 2 vy 3 a e 2 3 s oe a =» = = Dist, f oS 336 5 = o 90 to—F = 92 2 2 st r S 7+ a 6—{— 20 5 c 4——15 sf | 10 2 Nomogram for other children sik. Welght oF) o4 03 02 (yh 9) 180 80 160 70 141 138 60 120 110 50 100 90 40 80 70 30 60 25 50 45 20 40 35 15 30 25 10 20 90 18 8.0 a8 7.0 a 60 12 -E-5.0 10 9 4 3 0 7—E-30 8 25 5 20 4 1s 3 1.0 Here is the formula: Average adult dose ( child's BSA in m? = average adult BSA) = Child's dose in mg Note: Average adult BSA = 1.73 m2 CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 51 How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 1.1 A |. Directions: Match the items in Column A with their descriptions in Column B. Write the letter of your choice in the space provided for each item. Column A 1. dosage calculations 2. ratio 3. rectal drugs 4. Body Surface Area (BSA) Method 5. proportion 6. nomogram 7. fraction 8. xin an equation 9. colon ____ 10. slash j. Column B medication prepared for insertion into the rectum a part of a whole . comparison of two numbers . used in writing fractions an equation stating that two ratios or two fractions are equal . missing or unknown value . the middle numbers in two ratios . dosage-per-kilogram-of-body weight used to determine a child's BSA used in writing ratios k. conversion of the formulation, ingredients and components of drugs Il. Directions: Convert the following as stated. Write your answer on the space provided for each item. 1.15ml=___tsps. 2. 5kgs=__ibs. 3. 36°C =_ °F 4. 25ft= in 5. 60cc=__—Sss ml CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 54 Ill. Directions: Write an O, if the statement is true and an X, if the statement is false. 1. Oral drugs can be in tablet, capsule, or liquid form. 2. Reading carefully the drug labels is useless in administering medicines to the patients. 3. Medicines of the same brand name and generic name do not necessarily have the same dosage strength. 4. The unknown value in calculation is usually represented bya" __". 5. The adult's average Body Surface Area (BSA) is 1.68 m?. 6. An inaccurate dosage can more likely harm an adult than a child. 7. Body Surface Area (BSA) Method is considered to be the most accurate and safest method in calculating pedriatic dosages. 8. A suppository is the most common form of rectal drugs. 9. Administering the drugs rectally is also best for patients who are unable to take drugs orally. 10. Generic name in a drug label is usually written in uppercase and in parentheses. Self-Check 1.1 B |. Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. Gwyneth weighs 15 kg and scheduled to receive .5 ml/kg of her medicine. How much ml should the patient receive? a. 7.5ml b. 75 ml c. 86.67 ml d. 7ml 2. Determine the weight of your patient in kilograms who weighs105 Ibs. a. 47.2kg b. 47.7kg c. 42.7 kg d. 42.2kg 3. How many milligrams of a medicine are in 5 capsules if 3 contain 15 mg? a. 10mg b. 15mg c. 20mg d. 25mg 4. 3,600 ml/ day is equal to a. 2.5 ml/min b. 2.2 ml/min CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 55 c. 2.0 ml/min d. 1.7 ml/min 5. Marion was ordered by the doctor to take 500 mg of a paracetamol every 6 hours. Each paracetamol contains 250 mg. How many paracetamol will be taken in a day? a. 8pcs b. 6 pcs c. 4pcs d. 2pcs Il. Directions: List down what is/are being asked in each item. Enumeration: 1-4. Enumerate the four methods in calculating drug dosages for pediatric patients. 5-6. Give the 2 types of rectal drugs. 7-10 What devices can be used in administering oral drugs to children? | Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? 4A gx.) How Do You Apply What You Have Leamed? | Show that you learned something by doing this activity | ACTIVITY 1.1 Directions: Work with your group mates and come up with a good script covering the topics in ratios, proportions, fractions, conversions and dosage calculations. Submit a hardcopy of your script to your teacher, and present your role play to the class making sure that your computations are 100% accurate. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 56 Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the following: LO 1. Identify hazards and risks LO 2. Evaluate and control hazards and risks CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 59 Definition of Terms Assess — to determine the value or extent of something Contaminate — to make unclean through contact Crucial — significant to the solution of a problem Discard — to put away or throw away Double-bagged-— a technique of putting contaminated items/things in a plastic bag and then placing the closed bag into another plastic bag Fuse — a device used for protecting an electric circuit Potential — capable of growth, development and coming into being Respirator — an instrument that supplies oxygen for breathing CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 60 LEARNING OUTCOME 1 Identify Hazards and Risks PERFORMANCE STANDARDS e¢ Workplace hazards and risks are identified. ¢ Hazards, risks and their corresponding indicators are identified in the workplace. e Effects of hazards are determined. Materials LCD projector or OHP Computer desktop or laptop DVD player Video clips SS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 61 Biological hazards come from working with animals, people or infectious materials. This is, therefore, one of the most common hazards that a caregiver faces. If one is working in a day care, hospital, hotel laundry, nursing home, laboratories, he/she may be exposed to biological hazards. Examples of physical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to: blood or other body fluids fungi bacteria and viruses contaminated wastes Some of the Effects of Biological Hazards ¢ infections skin irritations allergy Tuberculosis AIDS Ergonomic hazards occur when a caregiver's nature of work, body position and working conditions put pressure on his/her body. It is difficult to spot this type of hazard, because caregivers do not immediately notice the effect to their bodies. At first, sore muscles may be experienced. But long term exposure to this type of hazard can cause musculoskeletal problems. Examples of ergonomic hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to: performing tasks that require lifting heavy loads too much bending and reaching standing for long periods of time holding body parts for long period of time awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive * repeating the same movements over and over Some of the Effects of Ergonomic Hazards ¢ pain in the shoulders back injury too much impact on wrist and hands numbness in some parts of the body muscle cramps Chemical hazards are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). There may be chemicals which are safe, but some caregivers who are sensitive to solutions may cause skin irritation, illness or breathing problems. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 64 Examples of chemical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to: e liquids like cleaning products ¢ disinfecting solutions Effects of Chemical Hazards ¢ Lung diseases Difficulty in breathing ¢ Allergy Psychological Hazards take place when a caregiver's work environment becomes stressful or demanding. Examples of psychological hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to: “Burn out”, fatigue and on call duty Unreasonable expectations from patients or clients Verbal abuse form dissatisfied clients Unreasonable expectations from supervisors and management. Some of the Effects of Psychological Hazards e Depression Anxiety Loss of confidence Loss of concentration at work Deterioration of performance at work Recognizing Hazards and Risks in the Workplace Hazards and risks vary from one workplace to another. Even in day care or nursing homes where work routines may be the same, hazards will differ depending on the type of building the establishment is situated, and the attitudes of caregivers, clients, or employers. The good news is hazards and risks can be prevented! However, before thinking about what control measures are needed, first a caregiver has to know whether there are health and safety problems in his/her workplace. So, how can someone identify the hazards in the workplace? The following are some ways for a caregiver to determine health and safety problems: 1. A caregiver should observe the workplace. 2. A caregiver may examine complaints from his/her co-workers. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 65 3. A caregiver should check accident records. 4. Acaregiver should examine chart on results of inspections done by the employers or private organizations. 5. A caregiver may use checklists and inspect the workplace. 6. A caregiver may study reports or any other vital information about the nursing home. dy IN A NUTSHELL... Nursing home and day care institution services are of great value to everyone. As such, owners of these establishments are highly reliant on their staff, particularly the caregivers, for the delivery of safe, efficient and responsive service. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the management to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. Every caregiver, on the other hand, should also take part in determining the hazards and risks in the workplace in the attainment of a conducive organizational climate within the nursing home or day care he/she is working for. \ How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 1.1 A Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect. 1. Occupational hazards and risks can be prevented. 2. Hazard is the possibility that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards and the indication of how serious the harm can be. 3. Performing repeated movements in the workplace are an example of biological hazard. 4. Occupational health and safety is the promotion of health and safety of every working man. 5. Every caregiver should take part in determining the hazards and risks in the workplace. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 66 LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Evaluate and control hazards and risks PERFORMANCE STANDARDS . OHS procedures for controlling hazards and risk are strictly followed. . Procedures in dealing with workplace accidents, fire and emergencies are followed in accordance with the organization's OHS policies. . Personal protective equipment (PPE) is correctly used in accordance with organization's OHS procedures and practices. Procedures in providing appropriate assistance in the event of workplace emergencies are identified in line with the established organizational protocol Procedures in providing appropriate assistance in the event of workplace emeraencies are identified in line with the established oraganizational protocol. Materials LCD projector or OHP Computer desktop or laptop DVD player PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) - Surgical apron - Surgical gown - Medical mask - Gloves e Paper towel SS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 69 Ca What Do You Already Know? Let us determine how much you already know about evaluating and controlling hazards and risks. Take this test. Pretest LO 2 |. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect. Human wastes should be discarded in the street. Every time a risk assessment is done, details should be recorded. Engineering control is the best control measure for hazards and risks. kon > Appliances may be turned on at the same time to save time and effort on the part of the caregiver. 5. Awet mask is not considered contaminated. Il. Directions: Match the picture in Column A with that of the description in Column B. Write the letter of your choice in the space provided in each item. Column A Column B 7 wy > = S A. It protects a caregiver's clothing from contamination. — 4p 2 B. Itis used to protect the hands from contamination. 3 (——l, ) C. This may be used when gown is not available. 4 * . D. It is used to avoid droplets of saliva from reaching other rf { people. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 70 SSI @ What Do You Need To Know? Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1. Information Sheet 2.1 EVALUATING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS AND RISKS Once you recognize a hazard in the workplace, then you can proceed with risk assessment, that is focusing on the risks that really matter in the workplace. Evaluating hazards and risks is the process of determining the level of risk created by the hazard and the likelihood of injury or illness occurring. Most of the time, simple measures can be done, with no trouble, to control risks. An example of this is making sure that cabinet drawers are kept closed so that people do not trip. Needless to say, the concern for control increases as the recognized level of risk increases. A person identifying the risk of harm or injury from a hazard in a nursing home or day care should consider these questions: ¢ how likely it is that a hazard will cause harm; ¢ how serious that harm is likely to be; ¢ how often (and how many) workers are exposed. It is a must that you have a record of every risk assessment done. If a certain accident or damage happens again, it might be that you will trace back the original records to check if the assessment overlooked a potential hazard. Assessing or evaluating the hazards and risks is crucial in making a decision on the mode of control to be used. CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS It is possible that workplace hazards can be controlled by a variety of methods. Of course, the very reason why hazards should be controlled is to prevent workers from being exposed to occupational hazards. Hazard control comes in different processes. But one method may be more effective than the others. When we speak of controlling hazards and risks, it means settling on the measure that will solve the trouble most successfully. There are five major categories of control measures: elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment. 1. Eliminating a hazard means removing it completely. 2. Substitution is replacing or substituting a hazardous agent or work process with a less dangerous one. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 71 You might want to sing “happy birthday” twice slowly to make sure you attained the minimum number of seconds in washing your hands. 4. Clean your nails by rubbing the soap later through them. If your nails are long (it is advisable that health care workers do not grow their nails long), use a soft stick or the nails of the other hand to remove the dirt under them. 5. Rinse your hands thoroughly under running water. Remember to rinse from above the wrist down to the fingers. 6. Use a paper towel to dry hands and discard immediately. 7. Use anew paper towel to close faucet being careful not to contaminate your hands. This paper towel should be discarded right away. Put a Stop to Ergonomic Hazard Efficient control measures are now being utilized by employers to avoid ergonomic hazards among health care workers. Manual handling of patients, for example, has become less stressful due to some paraphernalia being used that facilitate the task. Adjustable height work stations, improved tool design, and adjusted work pace are now part of a worker's life. Unfortunately, ergonomic hazard effects continue to happen. Why? At times, the workers themselves invite these hazards due to the wrong way they do their tasks. Conscious or not, they have to examine their work routine and consider these simple rules: Avoid twisting the body. Bend knees ff it is needed. Avoid too much stretching when reaching for something. Use a ladder when reaching for hard-to-reach materials or objects. Ask for help from someone if the task cannot be done by one person. Gain A NUTSHELL... CAREGIVERS’ ACCOUNTABILITY A caregiver has to have a sense of duty for her own health and safety at work. He/She has the responsibility, therefore, to follow safety instructions in the workplace. In addition, he/she has to use tools, equipment and paraphernalia with care. When hazards or injuries happen, the caregiver must report the same to the person in charge or directly to the immediate supervisor. Although a health worker's concer primarily focuses on his/her safety, he/she has to take all reasonable care not to put other people at risk. After all, a caregiver gives care not only to the client but also to co-workers, supervisors, and the people within the working environment. TS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 74 How Much Have You Learned? Self-Check 2.1 |. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect. Twisting the body when doing a task is important to avoid ergonomic hazard. 2. Proper hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of illness to other people. A wet gown is considered contaminated. The best method of control measure is through substitution. Providing improved tools and equipment to workers to prevent hazard is an example of engineering control. aR Il. Directions: Give an example for each type of control measure. Elimination Substitution Engineering control Administrative control EPP arwonNpr | Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score? Show that you learned something by doing this activity ] Activity sheet 2.1 Directions: Do this interactive online activity by following the link provided to you. How Do You Apply What You Have Learned? | http://www. safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/EducationAndTraining/ActivitiesAndTests/Virtu alKitchen/vkitchenframe.htm Part of a caregiver's work is to prepare meal for a client. Therefore, moving around in the kitchen becomes a common experience. This activity will test how well you have learned from this module. You will enter the world of the kitchen and examine the environment for possible hazards. You will then be given a situation which you need to think about. Choices will be given and you must choose the best possible control measure. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 75 Activity sheet 2.2 Directions: Work with a partner and read the situation given. Then, answer the questions that follow: Case Study: On December 20, 2011, Velanie Lopez was working in the kitchen to prepare an apple- watermelon smoothie for her client. Paper towels or floor mops were not in sight. When she left the kitchen, another caregiver named Rafael went inside to prepare a meal. The next day, Velanie found out that Rafael was brought to a hospital. Situation: The blender which Velanie used on December 20 was found in the kitchen still plugged in the outlet. There was a spill on the floor which seems to be a fruit shake. The Accident: After Rafael finished his client's meal, he hurriedly went out of the kitchen moving his way through the floor where the spill was situated. He badly fell on the floor and heavily bumped his head to it. Questions 1. What do you think were the reasons which caused this accident to happen? 2. How could this misfortune have been prevented? 3. Who is to blame in this scenario, Velanie or Rafael? Defend your answer. Activity sheet 2.3 Directions: You are to be evaluated on a skill particularly in hand hygiene. You will demonstrate the proper way of hand washing. Remember to follow the steps correctl You will be rated according to the following criteria. ACCURACY (100%) SCORING CRITERIA Demonstrated all the steps correctly 10 Failed to perform 4 steps, but demonstrated the rest correctly Failed to perform 3 steps, but demonstrated the rest correctly Failed to perform 2 steps, but demonstrated the rest correctly Failed to perform 1 step, but demonstrated the rest correctly s)ala|N}o Failed to perform any of the steps in hand washing correctly CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 76 http://unionsafe.labor.net.au/hazards/10717236108849.html http://unionsafe.labor.net.au/hazards/107 1722993761 8.html http://unionsafe.labor.net.au/hazards/104787141324939.html http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=UWSPIHGiuFs&feature=related http://www. youtube.com/watch ?v=nvidyOyv--0 http://www.safework.sa.gov.au/show_page.jsp?id=6421 http://www. safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/EducationAndTraining/ActivitiesAndT ests/Hunt TheHazards/hunt.htm http://www. safework.sa.gov.au/contentPages/EducationAndTraining/ActivitiesAndTests/Virtu alKitchen/vkitchenframe.htm http://nj.gov/health/peosh/ergonomics.shtml http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=tOR3DtD- U3MC&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=PPE+for+caregivers&source=bl&o0ts=7c- pJdjrpl&sig=fKfRIHDH2z0VoXyz60Z3YrKsZ11l&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GjFOT8PgDamwiQeX1_B1& redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/sick/hand_washing.html http://nj.gov/health/peosh/ergonomics.shtml http://www.thefreedictionary.com/double-bag http://www. thefreedictionary.com CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 79 Maintain Tools, Equipment and Paraphernalia Sphygmomanometer Aneroid ge Release Valve 1.44 Bulb Tubing Aneroid Gauge LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of this Lesson you are expected to: LO 1. Perform aftercare activities for tools, equipment, and paraphernalia TS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 80 Definition of Terms Abrasive — harsh or hurtful in nature Bulb — a rubber which is squeezed to inflate the cuff Countertop — a flat surface on top of a cabinet or display case as in a kitchen Cuff — a fabric that is wrapped around a patient's arm Descale — to remove hard deposits in water Dispenser — something that gives out Ear Tubes — attach the earpieces to the main body of the stethoscope Earpieces — placed into the ears and transmit sounds directly into them Funnel — a tube or pipe used for pouring liquid or powder into an opening Plate — the metal part of an iron which touches the clothes for pressing Reservoir — a receptacle for storing a fluid Submerge — to place under water Tubing — also called acoustic tubes, connect ear tubes to the chestpiece (diaphragm or bell) Valve — allows air in to inflate the cuff when the bulb is squeezed, then can be unscrewed to release the air and remove the cuff. White vinegar — a type of vinegar which is more commonly used to clean and disinfect, rather than for food CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 81 SS @ What Do You Need To Know? Information Sheet 1.1 CARING FOR TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND PARAPHERNALIA In dealing with tools, equipment, and paraphernalia, attention to details is the best means to prevent future problems from happening. It is a must, therefore, that tools, equipment and paraphernalia are properly cleaned and stored after usage. In addition, a maintenance schedule should be in place to make sure that they will operate efficiently. As a future caregiver, it will be to your advantage if you check them daily to help avoid jams, leakages, or breakdowns. It is, of course, necessary that you follow the usage and maintenance instructions from the manufacturer. It would be wise also to keep the same for future reference. Now, it is time for you to get going and walk your way through the following steps that you must carry out to ensure that your tools, equipment and paraphernalia will work properly, Cleaning an Airpot 1. In cleaning any electrical device, it is basic to always turn it off and unplug. If you don't have an electric airpot with a power button, continue with the rest of the process. 2. Take the container to a sink and open the lid. If there SPOUT is any remaining liquid inside, pour out and set aside the pot to let it cool. 3. Rinse the inner lining with hot water. Clean the inside with a sponge-head bottle cleaner to remove any LID loose deposits and then rinse again. pispelicen 4. Put hot water and two to three drops of mild dish detergent to the dispenser. Wait for about 8-10 minutes and then clean the inside with a sponge-head cleaner. Wash the dispenser with water making sure to remove all detergent residues. 5. Put hot water and 2 tbsp.of vinegar inside the airpot to descale at least once a month. Let the solution stay in the airpot for 1 hour. If mineral deposits are seen, descaling may be done right away. 6. You may now close the lid and dispense some of the solution out of the spout to clean it also. This will clear any buildup in it. Open the lid. Clean the interior again with a sponge-head cleaner. Pour the water out and wash the interior again with water. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 2 7. Put clean hot water into the airpot, close the lid and dispense the water out the spout. This will rinse the spout of the traces of vinegar. Open the lid and pour out remaining 9. water. You now have to wipe the lid and exterior of the dispenser with a slightly damp, lint-free cloth and then wipe it dry with a cloth. If you notice stains in the exterior, add one or two drops of mild detergent to the cloth and wipe the exterior. Rinse with another cloth and then wipe dry. Itis important that you wipe the countertop where the airpot is placed. Cleaning a blender 10. It is important that you wipe the countertop where the blender is placed. Clean the funnel and blender lid with liquid soap and water. Rinse well with water and use a clean towel to dry them. Put about % hot water into the blender jar and squirt a small amount of dish soap about % teaspoon. You might want to add a tablespoon of baking soda to the water also to remove odor and stains. This will also aid in loosening tough food particles. Turn on the blender and let it run at high speed for about 20 seconds. Doing this works well to get the blender clean. If there are really sticky and dried messes in your blender, repeat the second and third steps a few times until the mess is dissolved. - Funnel - Lid - Body or jar |. Gasketand coupling mbly 6. Main body or base You need to rinse well the jar with hot water and towel dry carefully, or you may turn it upside down on a clean, dry towel or dish strainer to air dry. If your blade assembly is removable, remove it and rinse it with hot water. Wipe it dry with a clean towel. Make sure that it is completely dry. Of course, you have to be very careful when doing this so that you will not cut yourself while drying the blades. Remove the dirt of a steel base blender with glass cleaner or a mixture of half vinegar and half water placed in a spray bottle. All you have to do is spray it on and wipe with a soft cloth. If your blender base is plastic, you can use a damp soapy rag, or an all-purpose kitchen spray cleaner, or a mixture of baking soda and water. Itis acceptable to use a damp rag to wipe the electric cord also. But you have to be sure to unplug the base first. In addition, be sure not to get the electric plug wet. 11. Protect the blender with a fabric cover. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education Cleaning a coffee maker 1. Oar on ON Make a mixture of one part white vinegar and two parts water. The amount of mixture depends on the size of the coffee pot. Put the mixture into the reservoir of coffee maker. Turn on the coffee maker and let the vinegar-water mixture cycle through. This time, turn off the coffee maker and let the pot cool for 15 to 20 minutes. Pour the solution into the sink and rinse the pot. Perform two cycles with the coffee maker with cold water. Doing this will wash away the vinegar-water solution out of the coffee maker. Itis important that you wipe the countertop where the coffee maker is placed. Protect the coffee maker with a fabric cover. Cleaning and storing an electric knife 1. 2. Turn off and unplug the electric knife. Detach the cord from the knife. If the cord is not detachable, you have to be more careful so that the cord does not get wet. Wash the blade with water and detergent Rinse the blade well and wipe with a clean cloth. Then, wipe the exterior with a damp cloth followed by a dry one. Place the knife inside its box and store in a kitchen cabinet. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 4. Replace the ironing board's cover by stretching it evenly on top of the ironing board and making sure it doesn't form any wrinkles that could leave marks on clothes. Be sure the surface of the ironing board is completely dry before reattaching the pad and cover. 5. Fold down the ironing board and store in a place where it will be safe from bumping and falling. Cleaning and caring for a washing machine 1. Wipe the top, front and sides of the washing machine with spray cleaner and paper towels. 2. Wipe the underside of the lid with spray cleaner and a couple of paper towels. 3. It is time to clean the basin or the container of the washer. Fill it with hot water, 2 cups of lemon or lime juice (for rust problems) or 2 cups of vinegar for odor problems. If both problems are present, you have to run a cycle of each. 4. For the second time, fill the washer with hot water on the largest load setting. Put 2 cups of bleach to the water to help in removing stains. Run a wash and rinse cycle. 5. Fill the washer with plain water and run one more cycle to rinse away any residue. 6. Clean the bleach dispenser by soaking it in a bucket of warm water. When the buildup has loosened, remove the dispenser from the pad and place on a paper towel. Wipe away any remaining dirt with the use of spray cleaner and paper towels. Dry the dispenser and return to the original place in the machine. 7. Clean the outside of the hoses with a cloth and spray cleaner. 8. When the washer has completely dried, place its lid back. Mop the floor specially the portion where the washer stands. © Wise Tips! © You may use a vacuum with hose attachment to clean under the washer. Dusts tend to accumulate in this place. Be extra careful when doing this taking into account the cords and electrical outlet areas. Cleaning and storing a sterilizer 1. Remove the racks of the sterilizer. Wipe the interior with a clean, damp sponge. 2. Put 1 cup of white vinegar into the sterilizer. 3. Turn on the sterilizer and allow it to run through its cycle. When the cycle is done, unplug the sterilizer and allow it to cool down, then pour any remaining liquid down the sink. 4. Wash the interior well with cool water and use a clean sponge to remove any build-up that came loose as a result of the cleaning process. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 7 5. Plug again the sterilizer and add the regular amount of water you use for normal sterilization. Run a cycle with just this water. This will remove the remaining traces of vinegar from the unit. 6. Unplug the sterilizer, let it cool down and then pour any remaining liquid down the sink. Rinse the sterilizer one last time with cool water and a sponge. Put back the racks inside the sterilizer. 7. When the sterilizer has cooled down completely, place it in a kitchen cabinet. Cleaning and storing a sphygmomanometer 1. You may clean the aneroid gauge, valve, and inflation bulb by wiping with slightly dampened cloth or Cuff. alcohol pad. NS T 2. Integrated One-Piece Cuff: You may Felease Valve yong Bulb safely clean the cuffs with a damp Sphygmomanometer Aneroid 4 cloth (70% alcohol or 0.5% bleach — ‘Tubing ; y solution may be used) or washed in \ 4 - warm water (140°F / 60°C maximum) with mild detergent. \ yr \ « s ~ ~*~ LZ Aneroid Gauge Before laundering the cuff: — = 1. Take off the inflation bulb and valve from the cuff. 2. Make sure to close off the end of the tubing with tube plug accessory . 3. Also, close off the cuff port with cuff port. Laundering the cuff. 1. When using a washing machine, use gentle cycle, warm water, and mild detergent. 2. Completely air dry the cuff and reassemble the components. 3. Keep the unit in its protective case after cleaning/using. Cleaning and storing a stethoscope 1. If you need to disinfect your stethoscope, you may wipe it with a 70% isopropyl alcohol solution. 2. Wipe down stethoscope starting at the earpieces (which helps prevent the spread of ear infections if you are not the only person using it), continuing down the tubing, and ending around the bell and diaphragm. Take the diaphragm apart to remove dust, lint, or debris and clean it well before reassembling it. 3. Store the unit in its protective case after using. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 8 | © Wise Tips! © Do not immerse the stethoscope in water or in any liquid. Also, to maintain the good condition of your stethoscope, do not subject it to any sterilization process. Cleaning and storing a thermometer 1. Clean the tip of the thermometer by using isopropyl alcohol and water. 2. Wipe away any lubricant from the digital thermometer with a tissue or a paper towel. 3. Store the unit in some protective case when you don't use it. dy IN A NUTSHELL... Cleaning, caring for, and storing tools, equipment, and paraphernalia are tasks that all caregivers shall undertake. It is not easy to do these, but with concern for the people and environment where one works for, doing them seem to be motivating. As a future caregiver, you should be aware that this job entails dependability on your part. It is your duty to ensure that all tools, equipment, and paraphernalia are cleaned and stored properly. In addition, it is your task to observe a maintenance schedule for these. This involves doing the preservation yourself by using the equipment as it should be. Of course, part of this important job is to call and arrange for a repair service not only when needed, but when the timetable is set. Maintaining tools, equipment, and paraphernalia becomes worthy of note because of the satisfaction a caregiver feels when he/she realizes the valuable benefits of the responsibility. CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 9 Activity Sheet 1.3 Directions: Take your own pictures showing the different processes in cleaning, caring for, and storing caregiving tools, equipment, and paraphernalia. Then, make a portfolio out of these picture compilations coupled with notations explaining each picture taken. Choose only three (3) tools, equipment, or paraphernalia available in your house. 4 How Well Did You Perform? Find out by accomplishing the Scoring Rubric honestly and sincerely. Remember it is your learning at stake! ACCURACY (100%) SCORING CRITERIA Demonstrated the proper way of cleaning, caring for and storing of 5 tools, equipment and paraphernalia Demonstrated the proper way of cleaning, caring for and storing of 4 tools, equipment and paraphernalia Demonstrated the proper way of cleaning, caring for and storing of 3 tools, equipment and paraphernalia Demonstrated the proper way of cleaning, caring for and storing of 2 tools, equipment and paraphernalia Demonstrated the proper way of cleaning, caring for and storing of 1 tools, equipment and paraphernalia Failed to demonstrate the proper way of cleaning, caring for and storing of any tool, equipment and paraphernalia wy ey Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest “= | and relax a while then move on to the next ‘ lesson. Good luck! TS CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 12 REFERENCES Elana D. Zucker. The Caregiver’s Resourcebook 6" Edition Pearson Education South Asia PTE. LTD. 2009. National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc. Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10" Edition National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc. Mildred O. Hogstel and Linda Cox Curry Practical Guide to Health Assessment Through the Life Span 3° Edition F. A. Davs Company 2001 Assessment Technologies Institute Fundamentals of Nursing Practice 2004 Nursing Procedures Incredibly Easy 2002 Springhourse Corporation Online Resources: http:/www.ehow.com/how_7719401_clean-air-pot.html http://www.aptkitchen.com/kitchen-accessories-articles/electric-knife-cleaning.php http://home.howstuffworks.com/how-to-repair-small-appliances6.htm http://howtoeasy.blogspot.com/201 0/01 /clean-your-microwave-oven-with-vinegar.html http://navyadministration.tpub.com/14163/css/14163_78.htm http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/heloise/heloise-spring-cleaning-dishwasher-grime http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/ht/ironcleaning.htm http://blog.lydiasuniforms.com/blog/uniforms-and-scrubs-qanda/caring-for-your-stethoscope http://www.geratherm.com/wp-content/uploads/201 1/03/user-manual-Geratherm-clinic.pdf http://www. healthaidindia.com/digital-thermometers/maintenance-of-digital- thermometers.html http://www.dableducational.org/pdfs/spring07/Chapter4_Measurement_of_blood_pressure_P. art2.pdf http://www.sooperarticles.com/health-fitness-articles/medical-equipment-articles/medical- instruments-maintenance-how-clean-sphygmomanometer-269087.html http://www.adctoday.com/images/PDF/IB/93-7001 -00.pdf http:/www.ehow.com/how_2063587_use-washing-machine.html www.google.com http://www.ehow.com/how_8162704_use-clothes-iron.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer http://www.digitalthermometers.net/digitalthermometers.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer http:/www.google.com/imgres ?q=airpot+dispenser&um=1 &hl=en&tbm=isch&tbnid=eMMySm WHWFV2WM:&imgrefurl=http//www.ebay.com/itm/3L-Electric-Airpot-Dispenser-Hot-Water- Dispensing-Pot-Stainless-Steel- /190574711684&docid=nKgED4fbi0yVMM&imgurl=http://img.gmcmarket.com/customer/Twin horse/5.jpg&w=450&h=662&ei=CzpQT SbvFuKTiQey1 P33Cw&zoom=1 &biw=1241 &bih=567 http://www. howtocleanawashingmachine.org/ http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-reviews/research-institute/how-to-clean-a- washing-machine http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-white-vinegar.htm http://www. howtocleanstuff.net/how-to-clean-a-washing-machine/ http://www.puzzlefast.com/ http://thinks.com/daily-crossword/how-to-play.htm http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=dflDnG3pqQs http://www. youtube.com/watch?v=9sHujPOgVYE&feature=related CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 13 ANSWER KEYS Lesson 1 — USE TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND PARAPHERNALIA WHAT DO YOU ALREADY KNOW? LO1 Pretest 1.1 Test | akwons omo>r 1. Dishwasher 2. lron 3. Microwave oven 4. Blender 5. Hanger Lo2 Pretest 2.1 CAREGIVING K to 12 - Technology and Livelihood Education 14