WRT EXAM 2024-2025 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS, Exams of Nursing

Download WRT EXAM 2024-2025 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 | P a g e WRT EXAM 2024-2025 WITH ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED DETAILED ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED A+|BRAND NEW!! |GUARANTEED PASS |LATEST UPDATE If a structure cannot be warmed to a temperature where LGRs would be effective, the most efficient type of dehumidification to use would be: Refrigerant or Desiccant Desiccant Air filtration devices (AFDs) are needed in water restoration work whenever high level of ____________ are being added to the air. particulates Cupping will generally be the first indication of abnormal moisture levels in hardwood flooring as the ______ and sides of the board absorb moisture. bottom Cupping in hardwood is not _________ damage, and should be dried in most cases. permanent 2 | P a g e _______ represents the "was-wood" material with the least engineering, and thus the most natural fiber bonding. It is _________ to swelling and delamination due to its wood veneer assemblies which are glued under extreme pressure. Plywood & resistant Wet particle board would normally be _______ and replaced removed Plastic Laminate Flooring is made of MDF and has a resin saturated appearance layer. Normally _______ in water restoration due to its construction and installation components. removed Remove the vinyl (flooring) and discard it if the ____________ is saturated and/or damaged; vinyl is a vapor barrier and the time required to dry underlayment will be dramatically reduced if the vinyl is removed. underlayment Partial floating of carpet can be a way to achieve drying of all surfaces simultaneously and allows ____ dry air to have more contact with wet flooring. warm During the drying process, all of the gypsum's original strength is restored. In fact, the dried gypsum will normally be slightly ________ that before wetting. stronger In structures where the surface of the wall is covered with a non-_________ surface as a vapor barrier, it may be necessary to removed base molding, drill holes and introduce air movement. permeable Airflow in the wall cavity increases the rate of ___________ and allows the wall to dry from both inside and out. evaporation When ceilings are affected, drying procedures are similar to wall drying. If the ceiling is sagging or otherwise damaged, wet drywall is drained, _______, and _________. removed & discarded Specific types of secondary damages associated with contents are typically: 1. Staining 2. Swelling 3. Color transfer 4. Delamination of surface/finished material 5 | P a g e The ultimate goal is to find the "edge" of water migration, which moves in a three-dimensional path throughout the structure. This is accomplished across carpeted surfaces using a ________ ______, and across most hard surfaces using a ___-________ (non-penetrating) moisture meter. moisture sensor & non-invasive Water from a clean source with no substantial risk of causing sickness of discomfort is said to be ________ _ water. Category 1 Water that has a significant degree of chemical, biological, and/or physical contamination and a potential to cause sickness or discomfort is ________ _. Category 2 Cleaning procedures must be employed before the drying of a Category 2 water loss can continue. At a minimum, affected ______ ________ (or pad) must be removed and disposed of, and carpet must be throughly cleaned using hot water extraction method. carpet underlay When water intrusion results from a grossly unsanitary source or carries __________ (disease causing) agents, it is said to be Category 3. pathogenic Workers and occupant ______ and safety are the first priority on every sewage loss. Areas affected by Category 3 water intrusion are marked and posted as potentially hazardous. health Various cleaning and decontamination procedures must be used on Category 3 water losses, including the removal of all ______ ______ materials affected by the water intrusion. highly porous When resistance is encountered and performing proper services in a Category 3 water loss becomes a challenge, restorers ____ ____ immediately to prevent liability and address the conflict. stop work Third party experts are commonly referred to as Indoor Environmental Professionals, or ____. IEPs Losses where regulated or hazardous materials have contaminated the structure do not change the _______ of water. category Pre-existing conditions should be identified, documented, and communicated to all __________ __________ parties during the initial inspection. 6 | P a g e materially interested When carpet delamination (the loss of integrity in the adhesives used to laminate the _______ and _________ backings) has occurred, further damage is very likely. For this reason, when extensive carpet delamintation is discovered, technicians must call it to the attention of all materially interested parties, document the condition and suggest ___________. primary, secondary, & replacement There are a number of causes for carpet delamination -- many of them related to ________ restoration activities. improper Typical causes of carpet delamination are: 1. Folding or stretching carpet when wet 2. Overly aggressive extraction 3. Improperly specified carpet underlay 4. Improper installation 5. Improper removal from tack strip 6. Improper floating of carpet 7. Excessive wear 8. Pet damage Many building materials will absorb excess water vapor and suffer damage, especially when air is allowed to remain above __% relative humidity. 60 Hygroscopic materials gain and lose moisture continually in an effort to ________ with the water content in the surrounding air mass. The more hygroscopic the material, the faster it will collect water vapor, and the easier it will suffer _________ damage. equalize & secondary When water intrusion results in water running through wall cavities, inspection access holes are used to ensure that blow-in insulation has not compacted and lost its _-_____. R-Value The most effective way to speed the drying process is to remove as much of the water in a liquid state as possible during the ___________ phase (for example, multiple extractions). Poor extraction will significantly slow the drying process. extraction Abide by local ____ and regulations when disposing extracted water. Waste water is best disposed of into a sanitary sewer. laws 7 | P a g e The primary goal of the initial extraction of the affected area is to contain further _________ of the water within the structure. migration Whenever carpet must be disengaged from the tackless strip, a ____ ______ and carpet awl must be used. knee kicker The majority of cushion has a skin or mesh on the top side. The purpose of this skin is to ease ______ __________ during installation; it is not a vapor barrier. carpet stretching If the carpet is to be re-installed, technicians should avoid cutting carpet seams unless it is absolutely _________. necessary Every cubic foot of standing water present in a structure contains _.__ gallons (28.3 liters), and each gallon (3.8 liters) of water weighs 8.34 pounds (3.8 kg). 7.48 There are 3 levels of biocidal activity, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): 1. Sanitizer (reduces pathogens to a safe level) 2. Disinfectant (destroys microorganisms, but not spores) 3. Sterilizer (destroys microorganisms, including their spores) Whenever a chemical antimicrobial or biocide is used, restorers must follow the label __________ explicitly. directions Most antimicrobials require that the area of application be vacated by _________ and pets during application and for a period fo time after application. occupants Establishing a ___ ________ is the best way to set restorative drying goals. A dry standard is established by obtaining a moisture reading using an __________ material. dry standard & unaffected The numerical value form a moisture meter can be documented and used to monitor progress. for this reason, the amount of moisture absorbed by semi-porous structural materials is measured most accurately with a moisture _____, not a moisture sensor. meter 10 | P a g e If surfaces are ______ that the dew point of the surrounding air, water will condense on those surfaces and possibly cause secondary damage. If surfaces are ______ that the dew point of the surrounding air, evaporation can occur. cooler & warmer _____ ________ is the force exerted by a gas (vapor molecules) on the surrounding environment. Vapor pressure Vapor pressure, dew point, and humidity ration (GPP) are ________ _______ to each other. When one increases, the other two ________. When one decreases, the other two ________. directly related, increase, & decrease Water vapor pressure is the force that drives higher concentrations of humidity from one space to another in an attempt to seek ___________ with lower concentrations of water vapor. equilibrium The ability for water vapor to diffuse through a solid material is expressed as the materials _________. permeance 3 drying systems: 1. Open- intentionally using outdoor air 2. Closed- using mechanical dehumidification only 3. Combination- using outdoor air combined with mechanical dehumidification If open drying is determined appropriate, the following options are available to the restorer: 1. Using ventilation 2. Opening windows 3. Install fans to create pressure differentials and air exchanges ___________ drying systems merge the benefits of both open and closed drying: the use of available, dry air from outside and the control offered by a closed system and mechanical dehumidification. Combination Elevating the temperature of a material will increase the _____ ________ associated with the moisture in the material. vapor pressure If the surface temperature of the material is higher than the ___ point temperature of the surrounding air, evaporation may occur. dew Which of these surface temperature would have the fastest rate of evaporation? 11 | P a g e A. 10 degrees below dew point B. 20 degrees above dew point C. 30 degrees above dew point C. 30 degrees above dew point (the higher the better) Class 1 water intrusions involve the _____ amount of water absorption, with less than _% of the area surfaces being wet porous materials. least & 5 Class 2 water intrusions involve a ___________ amount of water absorption, with more that _% but less than __% of area surfaces being wet porous materials. significant, 5, & 40 Class 3 water intrusions involve the ________ amount of water absorption, with more than __% of area surfaces being wet porous materials. greatest & 40 Wet materials present in a Class 4 water intrusion require a ______ time to dry. Water has saturated deeply into the materials and is held or trapped as bound water. Low evaporation materials have ___________ absorption water. longer &significant Restorers must maintain their safety certified equipment properly. This includes replacing _____ that are damaged, replacing damaged inlet and outlet _______, and checking for _______ electrical plugs. cords, screens, & damaged Install _ air mover for each ________ area before you calculate additional air movers for the square feet of surfaces and for room offsets. 1 & affected Dehumidification reduces the ________ content of the air. moisture A balanced drying system is achieved when the rate of dehumidification is greater than or equal to the rate of ___________. evaporation If the rate of evaporation is allowed to exceed the rate of dehumidification, _________ ______ can occur. secondary damage 12 | P a g e Refrigerant dehumidifiers remove water form the air through the process of ____________. Because of this fact, they are more efficient in higher humidity conditions. Refrigerant dehumidifiers work best between __ degrees and __ degrees. condensation, 70, & 90 Conventional refrigerant dehumidifiers under normal temperatures are effective in reducing high humidity to a normal level - approximately 40% RH, or about __ GPP. 55 LGRs produce lower _____ _________ than conventional refrigerants and continue to remove significant water vapor down to __ GPP. vapor pressure & 34 Because desiccant dehumidifiers do not use condensation to remove water, they are not limited by low dew point temperatures; therefore, they produce the lowest _____ ________ of any dehumidifier. vapor pressure If a structure had affected air at 85 degrees at 65% RH, the most efficient type of dehumidifier to use would be a : Refrigerant or Desiccant Refrigerant If a structure had affected air at 75 degrees at 25% RH, the most efficient type of dehumidifier to use would be a : Refrigerant or Desiccant Desiccant 1 cubic foot of water contains ______ gallons 7.48 one gallon of water weighs _______ pounds 8.34 The most critical course of action in restorative drying is to _____ ______ Respond Quickly All restorers should follow the standard of care for the water restoration profession developed by the restoration industry entitled the IICRC ________ S500 15 | P a g e Typical causes of carpet delamination are: 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ 1. Folding or Stretching when wet 2. Overly aggressive extraction 3. Improper removal of tack strip 4.Improper floating of carpet Hygroscopic materials gain and lose moisture continually in an effort to ________ with the water content in the surrounding air mass. The more hygroscopic the material, the faster it will collect water vapor, and the easier it will suffer ________ damage Equalize Secondary Cleaning procedures must be employed before the drying of a category 2 water loss can continue. At a minimum, affected ________ must be removed and disposed of, and carpet must be thoroughly cleaned using a hot water extraction method underlay Various cleaning and decontamination procedures must be used on category 3 water losses, including the removal of all ________ ________ materials affected by the water intrusion highly porous many building materials will absorb excess water vapor and suffer damage, especially when air is allowed to remain above ________% relative humidity 60% Abide by local ________ and regulations when disposing extracted water. Waste water is best disposed of into a sanitary sewer laws The primary goal of the initial extraction of the affected ares is to contain further ________ of the water within the structure migration whenever carpet must be disengaged from the tackless strip, a ________ ________ and carpet awl must be used knee kicker the majority of cushion has a skin or mesh on the top side. the purpose of this skin is to ease ________ during installation; it is not a vapor barrier 16 | P a g e Stretching if the carpet is to be re-installed, technicians should avoid cutting carpet seams unless it is absolutely ________ necessary How many gallons of water are present in the basement that measures 13' X 20' where water is standing at a depth of 4' 5"? 8,596.016 Gallons 13*20= 260 5/12= .42 4.42*260= 1,149.2 1,149.2*7.48= 8,596.016 The most effective way to speed the drying process is to remove as much of the water in a liquid state as possible during the ________ phase. Poor extraction will significantly slow the drying process Extraction Every ________ ________ of standing water contains 7.48 gallons, and weighs ________ pounds Cubic foot 8.34 There are three levels of biocidal activity, according to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) List from weakest to strongest 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ Sanitizer Disinfectant Sterilizer Whenever a chemical antimicrobial or biocide is used, restorers must follow the label ________ explicitly directions Most antimicrobials require that the area of application be vacated by ________ and pets during application and for a period of time after application Occupants Establishing a ________ ________ is the best way to set restorative drying goals. A dry standard is established by obtaining a moisture reading using an ________ material 17 | P a g e Dry standard unaffected The numerical value from a moisture meter can be documented and used to monitor progress. For this reason, the amount of moisture absorbed by semi-porous structural materials is measured most accurately with a moisture ________ meter (invasive) When water intrusion results in water running through wall cavities, inspection access holes are used to ensure that blown-in insulation has not compacted and lost its ________ R-value Because of their non-invasive nature and quick surveying capabilities, non-invasive meters are the most effective tools for locating abnormal moisture behind and beneath finishing materials such as ________ ________ and resilient ________ floor coverings ceramic tiles vinyl To evaluate the progress of structural drying projects, restorers should measure: 1. moisture in ________ being dried (moisture content readings) 2. ________ being used to dry affected materials (psychrometric readings) 3. ________ and ________ produced by mechanical systems (dehus) Materials Air Temperature and Humidity A thermo-hygrometer is used to monitor any air that can influence the ________ and/or ________ within a restorative drying environment Temperature Humidity After physically removing excess water, the time required to dry wet materials is influenced most by the ________ Rate of Evaporation As the water is rapidly evaporated, the water vapor is removed by ________ or ________ Dehumidification or Ventilation ________ occurs when liquid changes to a vapor. Occurs as energy is increased Evaporation As moisture evaporates from a wet material, the surface of the material becomes ________ because energy is released from the material 20 | P a g e Open drying system Drying system that uses mechanical dehumidification only is called ________ Closed drying system Drying system that uses some outdoor air combined with mechanical dehumidification is called ________ Combination drying system If combination drying is determined appropriate, the following options (while keeping building security in mind) are available to the restorer 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 1. Using ventilation fans in structure 2. Using air movers to create pressure differentials and air exchange 3. Opening windows Elevating the temperature of the material is higher than the ________ temperature of the surrounding air, evaporation may occur Dew point A surface temperature of 30*F above dew point would have the fastest rate of ________ Evaporation Directly related to GPP and dew point, ________ is pressure of the water vapor on surrounding surfaces and objects, and is measured in inches of mercury. Vapor Pressure Movement of water vapor through a material is called ________ Vapor diffusion A measure of the ability for vapor to travel through a material is called ________ Permeance ________ is the difference in GPP of the air entering and air leaving a dehumidifier - an indicator of dehumidifier performance Grain Depression ________ is a chemical which reduces the amount of microorganisms on a surface, but does not eliminate all microbial life Sanitizer ________ is a chemical which kills all forms of microbial life, but not the microbial spores. 21 | P a g e Disinfectant ________ is a chemical which kills all forms of microbial life, including their spores Sterilizer The percent of moisture in wood when compared to an oven-dried sample is referred to as the ________ Moisture content ________ is the Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers, Publishes test results for water removal of dehumidifiers at conditions of 80*F/60%RH over 24 hours AHAM Cubic feet of water x 7.48 = gallons Gallons of Water equation A x V x 24 / 1000 x $/kWh = $/day Electrical cost formula Amps x Volts x 3.4 = BTU/hr (heat energy) BTUs of heat from equipment Grain dep. x CFM / 71 = pints/day Performance in Pints/day Cubic ft x ACH / 60 = CFM Air Filtration Device Calculation One pound of air is approximately ________ cubic feet in size 14 ________ grains are in 1 pound 7000 One ton of air conditioning is approximately ________ BTUs 12000 All structure items should be dried to within ________ points of EMC 4% ________ MC and higher supports mold growth on the surface of wood 16% 22 | P a g e 20% MC supports ________ rot in wood Dry 30% MC is wood fiber saturation point and supports ________ rot Wet Never use more than ________% of the available power on a circuit 80% HEPA filters ________% of all particles down to 0.3 microns 99.97% 55 GPP is the lower limit for performance from ________ dehumidifiers Conventional 34 GPP is the lower limit for performance from ________ dehumidifiers LGR ACM means ________ Asbestos containing material EMC means ________ equilibrium moisture content MDF means ________ Medium density fiberboard AFD means ________ Air filtration device CFM means ________ cubic feet per minute ACH means ________ Air changes per hour AEH means ________ Air exchanges per hour Materials with a permeance ratings of less than ________ are referred to as vapor retarding materials (sometimes referred to as vapor barriers) 1.0 25 | P a g e If a structure had affected air at 85* F at 65% RH, the most efficient type of dehumidifier to use would be a ________ refrigerant If a structure had affected air at 75* F at 25% RH, the most efficient type of dehumidifier to use would be a ________ Desiccant If a structure cannot be warmed to a temperature where LGRs would be effective, the most efficient type of dehumidifier to use would be a ________ Desiccant When using conventional refrigerant dehumidifiers in a "Class 2" water loss containing 15,000 cubic ft., the initial AHAM-rated capacity required is ________ 375 AHAM pint required initially When using conventional refrigerant dehumidifiers that remove 125 pints at AHAM test conditions, the number installed initially on a Class 1 water loss with 25,000 cubic ft. is ________ ________ 250 AHAM pints initially = 2 conventional refrigerant dehumidifiers When using desiccant dehumidification in a Class 4 water loss in a 2,000 square ft. structure with a 9- foot ceiling height, the initial CFM required is ________ 900 CFM required initially ________ represents the "was-wood" material with the least engineering, and thus the most natural fiber bonding. Plywood Plywood is ________ to swelling and delamination due to its wood veneer assemblies which are glued under extreme pressure Resistant Wet particle board would normally be ________ and ________ Removed and replaced Plastic Laminate Flooring is made up of ________ and has a resin saturated appearance layer MDF Remove the vinyl (flooring) and discard it if the ________ is saturated and/or damaged; vinyl is a vapor barrier and time required to dry underlayment will be dramatically reduced if the vinyl is removed Underlayment 26 | P a g e Partial floating of carpet can be a way to achieve drying of all surfaces simultaneously and allows ________ dry air to have more contact with wet flooring Warm During the drying process, all of the gypsum's original strength is restored. In fact, the dried gypsum will normally be slightly ________ than before wetting Stronger In structures where the surface of the wall is covered with a non-________ surface it may be necessary to remove base molding drill holes and introduce air movement Permeable Airflow in the wall cavity increases the rate of ________ and allows the wall to dry from both inside and out Evaporation When ceilings are affected, drying procedures are very similar to wall drying. if the ceiling is sagging or otherwise damaged, wet drywall is drained, ________ and ________ Remove and discard Specific types of secondary damage associated with contents are typically: 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________/________ Swelling Staining Color transfer delamination of surface/ finish material Cupping will generally be the first indication of abnormal moisture levels in hardwood flooring as the ________ and sides or the board absorb moisture Bottom Cupping in hardwood is not ________ damage, and should be dried in most cases Permanent Restorers will know the drying job is dry and done when moisture meters verify that the structure has reached the ________ ________ Drying goals RMC is ________ ________ ________ ________ Record of Moisture Content 27 | P a g e ________ ________ is a diagram or sketch indicating the boundaries and moisture levels of the affected area Moisture Map RDC is ________ ________ ________ ________, or Daily Humidity Record Record of Drying Conditions Hardwood and sub-surfaces are within ________-________ percentage points of normal Equilibrium Moisture Content (Dry Standard) 2%-4% After wood flooring has been dried to acceptable moisture content, appropriate ________ Acclimation The best way to prevent odors are retard microbial growth in a wet structure is to ensure that all materials are dried ________ and ________ Thoroughly and rapidly As mold grows, it can produce a toxic chemical substance. All mold related toxins are referred to as ________ mycotoxins When the presence of mold is suspected, it is important to communicate with all parties and use appropriate ________ measures Protective As with any contaminant, mold should be ________ or contained before any air movers are placed in the structure Removed Blowing air can spread mold spores from previous areas to the ________ rooms Unaffected Dry rot can occur when wood is visibly dry yet wetter than ________% moisture content 20% Velocity of air blown by air movers is measured in _________ FPM - Feet per minute The most critical course of action in restorative drying is to respond quickly Respiratory protection regulations state that the employer must provide 30 | P a g e 60% relative humidity Cupping in hardwood is not permanent damage, and should be dried in most cases. To help protect technicians from the many hazards associated with contaminated water losses, restorers need to have ready access to several items. These items protect for all potential exposures to the body As a minimum medical requirements, technicians performing water damage restoration services need medical consultation with their primary healthcare physician for appropriate immunizations The contract clearly states the agreement between the building owner and the restoration contractor. The form specifies who is responsible for payment and the terms of payment and should be signed before work begins After safety concerns have been addressed and the initial water source has been stopped, the restorer must complete an evaluation of the water's migration through the structure. During this process, the restore inspects all potentially affected areas The ultimate goal is to find the "edge"of water migration, which moves in a three dimensional path throughout the structure. This is accomplished across carpeted surfaces using a moisture sensor The ultimate goal is to find the "edge"of water migration, which moves in a three dimensional path throughout the structure. This is accomplished across most hard surfaces using a Non-invasive (non-penetrating) moisture meter. Areas affected by category 3 water intrusion are marked and posted as potentially hazardous. Worker and occupant health and safety are the first priority on every sewage loss When resistance is encountered and performing proper services in a category 3 water loss becomes a challenge, restorers stop work immediately and prevent liability When carpet delamination (the loss of integrity in the adhesives used to laminate the primary and secondary backing has occurred further damage is very likely. 31 | P a g e When carpet delamination has occurred further damage is very likely. For this reason, when extensive carpet delamination is discovered, technicians must call it to the attention of all materially interested parties, document the condition and suggest replacement of carpet Typical causes of carpet delamination are Folding or stretching of carpet when wet, overly aggressive extraction, improperly specified carpet underlay, improper installation, improper removal from tack strip, improper floating of carpet, excessive wear, Pet damage. Hygroscopic materials gain and lose moisture continually in an effort to equalize with the water content in the surrounding air mass When water intrusion results in water running through wall cavities, inspection access holes are used to ensure that blown-in insulation has not compacted and lost its R-value The more hygroscopic the material, the faster it will collect water vapor, and the easier it will suffer secondary damage Cleaning procedures must be employed before the drawing of a category 2 water loss can continue. At a minimum, affected carpet underlay or pad must be removed and disposed of, and carpet must be thoroughly cleaned using a hot water extraction method. The most effective way to speed the drying process is to remove as much of the water in a liquid state as possible during the extraction face. Poor extraction will significantly slow the drying process There are three levels of biocidal activity, according to the Environmental Protection Agency EPA Sanitizer, disinfectant, sterilizer Sanitizer Lowest level of biocidal activity. I cleaning treatment designed to reduce the number of pathogenic microorganisms to a safe level Disinfectant A product designed to destroy or inactivate microorganisms but not necessarily their spores Sterilizer A product designed to destroy or eliminate all forms of microorganisms. Fungi , bacteria, viruses. Whenever a chemical antimicrobial or biocide is used, restores must follow the label 32 | P a g e directions explicitly Most antimicrobials require that the area of application be vacated by occupants and pets during application and for a period of time after application The numerical value from a moisture meter can be documented and used to monitor progress The amount of moisture absorbed by semi-porous structural materials is measured most accurately with a moisture meter, Not a moisture sensor Because of the noninvasive nature and quick surveying capabilities, non-invasive meters are the most effective tools for locating abnormal moisture behind and beneath finishing materials such as ceramic tile and vinyl floor coverings After physically removing excess water, the time required to dry wet materials is influenced most by the rate of evaporation As the water is rapidly evaporated, the water vapor is removed by dehumidification or ventilation evaporation Occurs when a liquid changes to a vapor. Occurs as energy is increased. That's voiced your evaporates from a wet material, the surface of the material becomes cooler because energy is released from the material Condensation Occurs when vapor changes to a liquid. Occurs as energy is removed Sublimation Occurs when a solid changes to a vapor (without going through a liquid phase). Freeze drying (sublimation) is typically used with valuable saturated books and documents. Books and documents saturated with clean water may be restored if Frozen or dried as quickly as possible Evaporation Will increase when Wet materials made warm, drier air is used, air it's more rapidly across a wet surface Relative humidity 35 | P a g e Airflow in the wall cavity increases the rate of Evaporation and allows the wall to dry from both inside and out Remove the vinyl flooring and discard it if Underlayment is saturated and or damaged, vinyl is a vapor barrier and time required to dry underlayment will be dramatically reduced if the vinyl is removed Partial floating of carpet can be a way to achieve drying of all surfaces simultaneously keeps ambient or warm dry air in contact with wet flooring Class 1 water intrusions Involve only a part of an area, or involve a larger area that has only been lightly affected Class 2 water intrusions Involves damage to significant areas of carpet and cushion includes wet carpet, cushion and water wicking up gypsum wallboard Class 3 water intrusions Involve entire areas of carpet and underlay that are wet, together with wet walls, structure and insulation (moisture wicking up or water coming down from above) Class 4 water intrusions Result in a specialty drying situation.water has saturated deeply into the materials and is held as bound water.commonly includes hardwood, plaster, brick, deeply saturated concrete, deeply saturated ground soil and stone Restorers must maintain their safety certified equipment properly. This includes replacing Cords that are damaged and replacing damaged inlet and outlet screens Dehumidification Reduces the moisture content of the air A balanced drying system is achieved when the rate of dehumidification is greater than or equal to the rate of Evaporation Refrigerant dehumidifiers remove water from the air through the process of Condensation Refrigerant dehumidifiers Are more efficient in higher humidity conditions. They work best between 70° and 90°F Air filtration devices AFDs 36 | P a g e Are needed in water restoration work whenever high levels of particulates are being added to the air LGRs Will continue to remove significant water vapor down to 34 GPP never less than 34 GPP. desiccant Conventional refrigerant dehumidifiers Under normal temperatures are effective in reducing high humidity to a normal level/approximately 40% RH, or about 55 GPP Because desiccant dehumidifier's do not use condensation to remove water, they are not limited by dew point temperatures, therefore they produce the lowest Vapor pressure of any dehumidifier If a structured cannot be warmed to a temperature were LGRs would be effective the most efficient type of dehumidifier to use would be Desiccant To determine how many dehumidifiers to place The term of the cubic feet affected or volume of air to be dehumidified by multiplying the areas length x width x height. Then look at chart for class #. Then look how many pints the ? Tells u that dehu gets out divide it by that. Dehumidifiers (AHAM)association of home appliance manufacturers ratings are measured in Pints of water remove that 80°F, 60% Rh for 24 hours Once it has been determined that the floor can be salvaged by in-place drying , the first step is to determine A dry goal for the hardwood and subfloor The best way to prevent odors and retard microbial growth in a wet structure is to ensure that all materials are dried Thoroughly and rapidly As mold grows, it can produce a toxic chemical substance. All mold related toxins are referred to as Microtoxyns When the presence of mold is suspected, it is important to communicate with all parties and use Appropriate protective measures As with any contaminants, mold should be removed or contained before any air movers are placed in the structure, blowing air can spread mold spores And contaminate with the entire area Dry rot (wood rot) 37 | P a g e Can occur when wood is visibly dry yet wetter than 20% moisture content Determine how wet items are Monitor daily in most circumstances, use the same meters in the same locations each day, determine if wet items are drying, determine if affected items are dry Cupping Will generally be the first indication of abnormal moisture levels in hardwood flooring as the bottom and sides of the board absorbs moisture Cupping in hardwood It's not permanent damage, and should be dried in most cases Restorers must use a third-party (IEP) in situations that involves severe public health issues High risk occupants living or working in the structure, microbial contamination that can affect worker or occupant health Moisture levels of ______% will support destructive wood (rot) decaying fungi to grow on wood surfaces. 20% relative humidity Is the ratio of the moisture suspended in air expressed as a percentage of total moisture holding capaciry of that air at a given temperature. ACM Asbestos Containing Material Daily Humidity Record Occurring at least every 12-24 hours the recording the relative humidity and temperature to determine Grains Per Pound (GPP). Areas not directly wet will experience humidity elevation. Therefore... Technicians must isolate affected areas from non affected areas to gain best control of humidity. Vapor Pressure will always ...seek a level of equilibrium within a confined space. How many grains are in a pound of air? 7000 Humidity ratio/specific humidity The amount of water in the air (by weight) contained in the parcel of air. 40 | P a g e Having the most efficient drying is the ultimate goal, as technicians incorporate the relationship of temperature, humidity, and air flow. Dehumidification The reduction of water vapor in the air. According to American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) the most acceptable indoor humidity range for health and comfort is... ...between 30%-50% humidity. Refrigerant Dehumidifiers are most efficient... ...in the 70-90 degree temperature range. The most efficient dehumidifier to use with warm conditions, high humidity, and porous materials is the refrigerant. Refrigerant dehumidifiers are not suited for... ...professional drying as they are unable to operate efficiently at 70 degrees and below. CFM cubic feet per minute AHAM Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers What does AHAM do? Rates dehumidifier capacity by measuring water removal expressed in pints at 80degrees F and at a Relative Humidity of 60% per 24 hours. Conventional Dehumidifier A term given to a dehumidifier that do not have the ability to continue to remove water from the air as the air becomes drier. Conventional/LGR Dehumidifiers operate and revive water via... CONDENSATION as the warm air is drawn across cold coils and condenses. When deploying the IICRC formula it often... ...surprises many technicians how many conversational units are actually required for the initial start up drying process. Most are realizing that they are falling far short by guessing or hoping the have adequate start-up dehumidification. What is the benefit of a Low Grain Refrigerant (LGR)? 41 | P a g e A low grain refrigerant dehumidifier continues to remove significant water vapor below that of a conventional. Technicians must lower RH below... 70% within the first 24 hours. The potential for damage to hygroscopic materials is greatest when... ...relative humidity is above 70%