Apuntes de WW1 y revolución Rusa en ingles, Apuntes de Historia

¡Descarga Apuntes de WW1 y revolución Rusa en ingles y más Apuntes en PDF de Historia solo en Docsity! Questions Reasons for a war • Colonial conflicts: Disagreements with the partition of Africa in the Berlin Conference (1885) as the German Empire’s power rise. Moreover, in 1905, Germany offered Morocco help to scape from the protectorate France wanted to establish there. In the Algeciras Conference (1906) the Franco- Spanish protectorate was approved. In 1911 Germany supported Morocco in a southern uprising so France ceded Kameron to them. • Rivalry between powers and nationalism: There was created a sense a nationalism in every part of Europe. After the Franco-Prussian war, Germans annexed the French region of Alsace-Lorraine. There was also a rivalry between German and British Empires for trade routes. • The Balkan Wars: The Balkans were controlled by the Ottoman Empire, but Austro-Hungary, Serbia and Russia wanted to control this territory because of the access to the Mediterranean. Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary (1908) resulted in the Balkan Wars (1912-1913). • Military alliances and the arms race: A system of alliances was established in Europe due to the fair between countries and to be prepared in case of necessity of help. Besides this, countries started to spend large amounts of money on manufacturing of weapons just in case they were needed. A murder in Sarajevo On 28 June 1914, Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia (then annexed to Austria- Hungary). His murder was a member of Young Bosnia (a nationalist group) called Gavrilo Princip. This assassination is considered as a botched job because of the several errors of the operation (a failed shot, the charge of way of the royal vehicle…). His wife also died moreover than a bodyguard. Due to this event, Austria-Hungary declared war to Serbia (28 July), which was accused of helping to murder Franz Ferdinand by a secret organisation called The Black Hand. After this, almost every country involved in the Alliance System declared war to each other, unless Italy, which stayed neutral. This was the beginning of the First World War. The armed peace It was a period (1871-1914) between the end of the Franco-Prussian War and the World War 1. During this time, countries did not attack each other (peace) but they invested in arms in order to protect themselves (armed). Triple Alliance Signed in 1882 by Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary so their alliance was constituted. Triple Entente Signed in 1907 by France, Great Britain and Russia so their alliance was constituted. Ultimatum to Serbia An ultimatum is a definitive resolution in which a person or group of people are warned that if they do not do a particular thing, something unpleasant will happen to them. After Franz Ferdinand’s assassination, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum with several hard-execution items (almost full control in Serbia’s trade, for example) whether they didn’t want them to invade the country. Of course, Serbia didn’t accept. The Schlieffen plan This was a German military strategy created by Alfred von Schlieffen to be used in the First World War. It consisted of going across Belgium (which was thought to have a weak army) to attack France in the North as French were prepared to defend themselves at the frontier with Germany. It was thought to be a great plan as Russian army (which would also try to attack them) was known for its slowness. However, it a completely disaster for Germany as it was not as easy as the had thought to pass through Belgium so French army had time to move to the north and as Russian army was much faster than they were meant to. Battles of Marne and Tannenberg By the beginning of 1914, following the Schlieffen plan, the Germans were 40km from Paris (Western Front). Nevertheless, the French and British armies stopped the advance at the Battle of the Marne. On the Eastern Front, Germany beat Russia at the Battle of Tannenberg, but the Russians reached the border of the Austro-Hungarian Empire while it was being defeated by Serbia in the Balkans. Trenches Warfare It’s one of the names awarded to the World War 1 as trenches were built from Switzerland to the North Sea. As even the smallest advances caused authentic massacres, the Central Powers had to find new allies willing to send more soldiers. Some powers as the Ottoman Empire (1914), Italy and Bulgaria (1915) and Romania (1916) entered the war. In 1916, Germans stopped the French at the Battle of Verdun and these last ones, with British help, attacked Germany in the Battle of the Somme. Treaty of Versailles, guilt clause and reparations The Treaty of Versailles was signed the 28 June 1919 by the powers involved in war to end it. This treaty included a guilty clause which ensured Germany to bear all the blame of the war and pay for the reparations needed in every European country. Wilson’s 14 points and League of Nations The 14 points was a series of proposals made on 8 January 1918 by Woodrow Wilson to create new moral military objectives for the Triple Entente to make peace negotiations with the Central Empires. The 14th point was to create a general association of countries to guarantee their politic independence and territorial integrity then called the League of Nations. However, it was a failure as the defeated nations of the war and the USSR were initially excluded and it was not approved in the US.