APUNTES INGLÉS CAMILO JOSE CELA, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

¡Descarga APUNTES INGLÉS CAMILO JOSE CELA y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity! 1 UNIT 3 ENGLISH III GRAMMAR: LINKING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS AND GRAMMAR REVIEW GRADO EN EDUCACIÓN LINKING WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS AND GRAMMAR REVIEW INDEX A)GRAMMAR 1.-LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES 2.-EXPRESSING REASON, TEXT ORGANISERS 2a REASON 2b TEXT ORGANISERS 3.-REVIEW: SO AND SUCH; TOO, VERY, ENOUGH 3a So and such 3b too, very, enough 3c a bit/a little, fairly, quite, rather, very (B) VOCABULARY: A COVER LETTER 1.-THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COVER LETTER 2.-WHAT TO INCLUDE IN YOUR COVER LETTER 4.-CUSTOMIZE YOUR COVER LETTER 3.-WHAT TO LEAVE OFF YOUR COVER LETTER 4.-THREE SAMPLES C)BILIOGRAPHY/WEBGRAPHY 2 A)GRAMMAR 1.-LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES Here is a simple way of linking clauses by expressing contrast: Jack works very hard but he doesn´t have a lot of money. *We can express the same idea using other conjunctions such as: Although Jack works very hard, he doesn´t have much money. Though Jack works very hard, he doesn´t have much money. In spite of/Despite working hard, Jack doesn´t have much money Jack works hard, yet he doesn´t have much money. Jack works hard. Nevertheless, he doesn´t have much money. Jack works hard, however, he doesn´t have much money. On the one hand, Jack works hard; on the other, he doesn´t have much money. Whereas Jack works very hard, he doesn´t have much money. Here it is a summary of the main linking words we can use when making contrasts: linking words followed by example rest of sentence although/ (even) though + clause + comma (Even) though she is successful, she is so modest. in spite of/despite + noun In spite of/Despite her success, she is so modest. in spite of/despite + -ing In spite of/Despite being successful, she is so modest. in spite of/despite + the fact that + clause + comma In spite of/Despite the fact that she is successful, she is so modest. nevertheless/however + clause She is very successful. Nevertheless/However, she is so modest. 5 As well as the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. In addition to the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. Not only were there the obvious dangers, but there was also the weather to be considered. 3.-Giving opinion. Personal opinion can be introduced in writing by: personally…, in my own opinion/view…, undoubtedly. The second course of action is undoubtedly preferable. 4.-Intensifying a point It is more than likely that the plan will fail. A clear result looks more and more uncertain. This point has been made over and over again. 5.-Modifying an opinion or a number It is almost/nearly impossible to believe… There is hardly any doubt… It is largely/mainly a matter of getting down to basics. In many/some ways/respects this is a good idea. There were twenty or so cars stopped at the toll booth. 6.-Making assertions It is simply/just not true that… This is mere play-acting on the part of the minister. This is merely the last in a series of grievous blows… The sheer idiocy of the plan almost beggars belief… The audience was plunged into utter despair… The whole plan utterly wrong… The minister was literally speechless… 7.-Giving examples Examples are introduced by: for example…, for instance…, in the case of… . 6 This is an example of government interference… For example, passengers who have heavy luggage… In the case of Mrs. Golding, there was no such guarantee. Such as is another way of giving examples. It is not used at the beginning of a sentence. The factory produces electrical goods, such as food mixers and other kitchen appliances. 8.-Showing results Some formal ways of showing result are: consequently…, as a result…, accordingly…, thus…, hence…, ….in turn… . The government does not intend to cause any further provocation. As a result/ Accordingly/Thus/Hence, all troops have been withdrawn. The employers have promised to investigate these complaints, and we in turn have agreed to end the strike. 9.-Summing up We can introduce a summing up of our points with: in conclusion…, to sum up…, all in all. All in all, this is a car I would thoroughly recommend. 3.-REVIEW: SO AND SUCH; TOO, VERY, ENOUGH 3a So and such We use so and such to say something is similar to something we have already mentioned. We use these words in the following patterns: form meaning/use example so + adjective very It´s so hot in here –can´t we open a window?. so adj. + (that) of that kind causing… My car is so old (that) I can´t get any spare parts for it. so + adverb to that extent I wish you wouldn´t talk so 7 much. so + adv. + (that) of that kind causing… She drives so fast (that) nobody can keep up with her. so + many/much/little/few emphasises on quantity How did you make so much money?. so + many/much/little/few + noun (phrase) + (that) emphasises on quantity causing… They were so many people waiting in the queue that we went home again. such + noun (phrase) of that kind X We were not prepared for so weather. √ We were not prepared for such weather. She hadn´t expected such a welcome. such + adj. + countable/uncountable nouns very She´s got such lovely hair. We ate such delicious food. such + adj. + plural noun of that kind We´ve never paid such high taxes before. such (a/an) + adj. + noun + (that) of that kind causing … It was such a hot day (that) we took off our T-shirts. 3b too, very, enough Too means `more than is reasonable or bearable´. Very means `a lot´. Compare: I was too tired. (=so I didn´t do any work) I was very tired. (=but I could still do some work) X I was too happy when I received your letter. 10 very + adj./adv. a lot (used for emphasis) I´m very sorry. You did very badly in the test. *Quite is much less strong than very. Compare: She´s very clever. She´s quite clever. *Quite is stronger than a little: She´s a little greedy. She´s quite greedy. *Quite + adjective/adverb can also mean `completely´: No, thanks, I won´t have any more to eat. I´m quite full. (=completely full) Yes, I´m quite certain he is the same man. (=absolutely certain) *We can use rather/a bit/a little before comparative forms: The new house is rather/a bit/a little smaller than the old one. *We use quite as…(as…) or not quite as/so…(as…) to make comparisons: Tea is not quite as enjoyable as coffee. Maria isn´t quite as/so tall. *We use very with adjectives ending in –ful, but not –less. (B) VOCABULARY: A COVER LETTER 1.-THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COVER LETTER There are three general types of cover letters. Choose a type of letter that matches your reason for writing.  The application letter which responds to a known job opening.  The prospecting letter which inquires about possible positions.  The networking letter which requests information and assistance in your job search. When you are applying for a job that has been posted by a company that’s hiring, you will be using the “application letter” style. 11 2.-WHAT TO INCLUDE IN YOUR COVER LETTER A cover letter should complement, not duplicate, your resume. Its purpose is to interpret the data-oriented, factual resume and add a personal touch to your application for employment. Find out more about the differences between a resume and a cover letter to make sure you start writing your cover letter with the correct approach. A cover letter is often your earliest written contact with a potential employer, creating a critical first impression. Something that might seem like a small error, like a typo, can get your application immediately knocked off the list. On the other hand, even if your cover letter is error-free and perfectly written, if it is generic (and makes no reference to the company, or to any specifics in the job description) it is also likely to be rejected by a hiring manager. Effective cover letters explain the reasons for your interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences. Determine relevance by carefully reading the job description, evaluating the skills required and matching them to your own skills. Think of instances where you applied those skills, and how you would be effective in the position available. Review a list of what to include in a cover letter for a job before you get started. 3.-WHAT TO LEAVE OFF YOUR COVER LETTER There are some things that you don’t need to include in the cover letters you write. The letter is about your qualifications for the job, not about you personally. There is no need to share any personal information about yourself or your family in it. If you don’t have all the qualifications the employer is seeking, don’t mention it. Instead, focus on the credentials you have that are a match. Don’t mention salary unless the company asks for your salary requirements. If you have questions about the job, the salary, the schedule, or the benefits, it’s not appropriate to mention them in the letter. One thing that’s very important is to not write too much. Keep your letter focused, concise, and a few paragraphs in length. It’s important to convey just enough information to entice the hiring manager to contact you for an interview. If you write too much, it’s probably not going to be read. 12 4.-CUSTOMIZE YOUR COVER LETTER It is very important that your cover letter be tailored to each position you are applying to. This means more than just changing the name of the company in the body of the letter. Each cover letter you write should be customized to include:  Which job you're applying for (include the job title in your opening paragraph)  How you learned about the job (and a referral if you have one)  Why you are qualified for the job (be specific)  What you have to offer the employer, and why you want to work at this specific company (match your skills to the job description, and read up on the organization’s mission, values and goals to mention in your letter)  Thank you for being considered for the job Here’s more on how to personalize your cover letter. Cover Letter Writing Guidelines Here's an outline of the items that should be included in every cover letter. Before you get started, it can be helpful to review the cover letter samples, just so you have a visual of how everything fits on the page. These cover letter examples, both written and e-mail, are designed for a variety of different types of job applications and employment inquiries. Do be sure to take the time to personalize your letter, so it’s a strong endorsement of your ability to do the job for which you’re applying. Header A cover letter should begin with both your and the employer's contact information (name, address, phone number, email) followed by the date. If this is an email rather than an actual letter, include your contact information at the end of the letter, after your signature. Your contact information should include: First and Last Name Street Address City, State Zip 15 When I saw the job opening, I knew it was the perfect opportunity to offer you both my social media marketing skills and people skills. I’ve included my resume so you can learn more about my educational background and all of my work experience. Thank you for your time and consideration. Please feel free to email me or call my cell phone at 555-555-5555. I hope to hear from you soon. Sincerely, Joseph Q. Applicant INQUIRY LETTER SAMPLE→ Reginald Applicant 123 Main Street, Anytown, CA 12345 · 555-555-5555 · reginald.applicant@gmail.com September 1, 2018 Xavier Lee Hiring Manger ACME Global 123 Business Rd. Huntington, NY 54321 Dear Mr. Lee, Thank you for taking the time to review my resume. I have recently graduated from University College, and I am currently looking for a position in the Huntington area. I am interested in an entry-level role with ACME Global Accounting department, hoping to leverage my knowledge of corporate accounting and GAAP best practices to contribute to your operations. I have heard that ACME Global is a wonderful company to work for, and I hope that I can be considered for the team. If you have questions regarding my credentials and qualifications, please feel free to call or email me at reginald.applicant@gmail.com. 16 Again, thank you for reviewing my resume. I look forward to hearing from you in the near future. Sincerely, Reginald Applicant SAMPLE LETTER OF REFERRAL→ Jane Applicant 123 Main Street Anytown, CA 12345 · 555-555-5555 · jane.applicant@email.com September 1, 2018 Virginia Lee Operations Manager Acme Accounting 123 Business Rd. Business City, NY 54321 Dear Ms. Lee I am writing to you in regard to the position of billing manager that you have posted on your company website. I worked with Sloane Greene in the billing department of XYZ Enterprises for several years before taking a hiatus to raise my children. When I mentioned I was returning to the workforce, she recommended I contact you about this position, as she felt that I would be an excellent fit for your organization. At XYZ, I worked closely with Sloane to convert our billing system to handle the increase in sales volume the company was experiencing. I oversaw the seamless transition when our deliverables doubled in less than six months. I have successfully managed both small and large billing departments, but am most comfortable in an environment like that at your company. I feel that my experience would be an asset to Bright Enterprises, and would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you regarding the open position. Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to hearing from you. Regards, Jane Applicant C)BILIOGRAPHY/WEBGRAPHY 17 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Close, R.A (1998). A Reference Grammar for students of English. Longman Chalker, Sylvia (1989). Current English Grammar. Macmillan Publishers Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (2010). A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press Thomson, A.V. & Martinet, A.V. (2010) Exercises 1 &Exercises 2. Oxford University Press Swan, Michael. (2001). Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press Eastwood, John (2006). Oxford Guide to English Grammar (1999). Oxford University Press Leech, G. & Svartvik, J (1988). A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman Murphy, Raymond (2012). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press Hashemi, Louise & Murphy, Raymond (2012). English Grammar in Use. Supplementary Exercises. Cambridge University Press Hewings, Martin (2012). Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Idioms in Use. Cambridge University Press McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Collocations in Use. Cambridge University Press McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Phrasal Verbs in Use. Cambridge University Press Fernández Carmona, Rodrigo (2007). English Grammar with exercises. Pearson Longman Prodromou, Luke (2001). Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate. Longman Vince, Michael (2004). First Certificate Language Practice. Macmillan Heinemann Vince, Michael (2004). Advanced Language Practice. Macmillan Heinemann McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge University Press Mascull, Bill (2016). Business Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge University Press WEBGRAPHY: www.longman-elt.com www.cambridge.org/betterlearning