The Founding of English Colonies in America: A Historical Overview - Prof. di Napoli Huehn, Apuntes de Literatura Americana

¡Descarga The Founding of English Colonies in America: A Historical Overview - Prof. di Napoli Huehn y más Apuntes en PDF de Literatura Americana solo en Docsity! EARLY COLONIAL TIMES, KEY TERMS COLUMBUS AND THE ARAWAKS: Spanish name Cristóbal Colón, Italian name Cristoforo Colombo. 1451–1506, Italian navigator and explorer in the service of Spain, who discovered the New World (1492). The Arawaks were a group of Indian tribes in South America that are related by language. The Arawakan languages constitute one of the largest linguistic groups in South America. The name is derived from one of the tribes with which the Europeans met soon after conquest. At that time the Arawaks lived from the Chaco River and the sources of the Xingu River to the islands of the West Indies and from the mouth of the Amazon River to the eastern slopes of the Andes. Toward the end of the 15th century the Carib tribes forced the Arawaks out of the northeastern section of the mainland and from the islands of the Lesser Antilles. The Arawaks on the islands of the Greater Antilles were exterminated by the Spaniards. At the present time they live mainly in western Venezuela, in the eastern regions of Colombia and Peru bordering Brazil, in western Brazil, and along the coast of Guiana. Their population has not been exactly determined. Most Arawaks are settled agriculturalists. In the almost inaccessible forest regions the Arawaks have preserved their clan structure and the religious ideas associated with a belief in spirits. BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS’S HISTORY OF THE INDIES: Bartolomé de Las Casas, the Spanish priest, historian and advocate for Native American rights, was born in Seville. As a young man, he practiced law for a short time, but, like so many other enterprising young men of his day, he went to the New World in search of new opportunities. He served as a soldier and public official at various places in the West Indies and was rewarded for his efforts with an encomienda, a royally-granted landed estate with full authority over the native residents. One of Las Casas' most influential writings was the Brief Report on the Destruction of the Indians (1542). This recapitulation of the conquistadors' excesses was widely distributed, but was criticized then and in later years by those who thought the author had grossly exaggerated. Las Casas’ writing became popular in England and other nations then struggling with Spain for supremacy in the New World. Greedy Englishmen eagerly cited Spanish brutality as an excuse to seek control of their opponent’s holdings. Las Casas’ writings enjoyed renewed popularity during the 19th century when they were cited by nationalists who sought independence from Spain. HERMAN CORTES AND THE AZTECS: Hernán Cortés is one of the most well- known Spanish conquistadors. He is best remembered for conquering the Aztec empire and claiming Mexico for Spain. He also helped colonize Cuba and became a governor of New Spain. FRANCISCO PIZARRO AND THE INCAS: Francisco Pizarro González was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that conquered the Inca Empire. He captured and killed Incan emperor Atahualpa and claimed the lands for Spain. THE ENGLISH SETTLERS OF VIRGINIA AND THE POWHATANS, WALTER RALEIGH, RICHARD GRANVILLE, JOHN SMITH, POCAHONTAS, THE NEW ENGLAND PURITANS: In 1607, members of a joint venture called the Virginia Company founded Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America on the banks of the James River. The Powhatan (also spelled Powatan) are a Native American people in Virginia. It may also refer to the leader of those tribes, commonly referred to as Powtitianna. It is estimated that there were about 14,000–21,000 Powhatan people in eastern Virginia when the English settled Jamestown in 1607. Sir Walter Raleigh was an English explorer, soldier and writer. At age 17, he fought with the French Huguenots and later studied at Oxford. He became a favorite of Queen Elizabeth after serving in her army in Ireland. He was knighted in 1585, and within two years became Captain of the Queen's Guard. Between 1584 and 1589, he helped establish a colony near Roanoke Island (present-day North Carolina), which he named Virginia. Accused of treason by King James I, Sir Walter Raleigh was imprisoned and eventually put to death. Sir Richard Granville (1542 - 1591) was an English sea captain and explorer that is today best remembered for his involvement in colonizing New World and several famous fights against Spanish forces. As a cousin of famous explorers and Privateers Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake, Richard Grenville managed to forge his own fame by taking his stand in the Battle of Flores, where he fought and died against overwhelming odds. To this day, he is immortalized in the poem "The Revenge", written by the Tennyson. John Smith was a British soldier who was a founder of the American colony of Jamestown in the early 1600s. He was born in 1579 or 1580 in Lincolnshire, England, John Smith eventually made his way to America to help govern the British colony of Jamestown. After allegedly being saved from death by Pocahontas, he established trading agreements with native tribes. With his governing tactics called into question, he returned to England in 1609 and became a staunch advocate of colonization via his published works. Pocahontas later known as Rebecca Rolfe, was a Native American who assisted English colonists during their first years in Virginia. Pocahontas was a Powhatan Native American woman, born around 1595, known for her involvement with English colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. In a well-known historical anecdote, she saved the life of Englishman John Smith, by placing her head upon his own at the moment of his execution. Pocahontas later married a colonist, changed her name to Rebecca Rolfe and died while visiting England in 1617. The new England Puritans: The Puritan culture of the New England colonies of the seventeenth century was distinctive in its attitudes to the arts and recreation: Calvinist Theology that believed in a "just, almighty God"[1] and a lifestyle that consisted of pious, consecrated actions. The doctrinal emphasis on work instead of leisure led to the development of a mindset averse to sport and recreation. Despite the prevalence of this world view, the Puritans participated in their own forms of recreational activity, including sport, visual arts, literature, and music. THE PILGRIMS, THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT, WILLIAM BRADFORD,JOHN WINTHROP, ANNE HUTCHINSON, ROGER WILLIAMS, JOHN ELLIOTT, MARY ROWLANDSON, THE PEQUOTS, THE MASSACHUSETTS CHARTER: Pilgrims: Small group of English men and women who sailed across the atlantic Ocean in the year 1620. The group’s members came to be called the pilgrims because they went to America to find religious freedom. exchange for the employer paying for their passage to America. The employer provided subsistence for his indentured servants, but no wages; he could restrict some of their activities such as marriage, could sell or transfer their contract to another employer, and could seek legal sanctions, such as prison, if they ran away. At the end of the agreed time period, the servant would become free to go his own way or demand wages for his work. In some cases, the newly freed person also received an item of value such as a small parcel of land or a new suit of clothes. KING PHILIP’S WAR, 1675-1678: King Philip's War, sometimes called the First Indian War, Metacom's War, Metacomet's War, or Metacom's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–78. The war is named for the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, who had adopted the English name "King Philip" in honor of the previously-friendly relations between his father and the original Mayflower Pilgrims.The war continued in the most northern reaches of New England until the signing of the Treaty of Casco Bay in April 1678. BACON’S REBELLION IN 1676: Bacon's Rebellion was an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. The colony's dismissive policy as it related to the political challenges of its western frontier, along with other challenges including leaving Bacon out of his inner circle, refusing to allow Bacon to be a part of his fur trade with the Native Americans, and Doeg tribe Indian attacks, helped to motivate a popular uprising against Berkeley, who had failed to address the demands of the colonists regarding their safety. JOHN LOCKE, CAROLINA, AND THE TWO TREATIES OF GOVERNMENT: John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17th century. He is often regarded as the founder of a school of thought known as British Empiricism, and he made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational theory. In his most important work, the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Locke set out to offer an analysis of the human mind and its acquisition of knowledge. He offered an empiricist theory according to which we acquire ideas through our experience of the world. The mind is then able to examine, compare, and combine these ideas in numerous different ways. Carolina The two treaties of government (or Two Treatises of Government: In the Former, The False Principles, and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and His Followers, Are Detected and Overthrown. The Latter Is an Essay Concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government) is a work of political philosophy published anonymously in 1689 by John Locke. The First Termites attacks patriarchalism in the form of sentence-by- sentence refutation of Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, while the Second Treatise outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory. JACOB LEISLER AND THE FARMER’S REVOLT OF 1689: Jacob Leisler was a German merchant and militia soldier employed by the Dutch West India Company when he came to New York (then New Amsterdam) in 1660. His rebellion and subsequent seizure of New York’s government (1689-1691) is well known; what is less well known is why he did what he did. The standard explanations have focused on his inability to break into the higher echelons of New York’s political world. Some have also focused on his supposed bitter disposition toward the Dutch merchants who were becoming anglicized. Each of these points has validity, but none adequately explores a central motivating factor behind Leisler’s actions: religion. The farmer’s revolt of 1689: The 1689 Boston revolt was a popular uprising on April 18, 1689, against the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, the governor of the Dominion of New England. A well-organized "mob" of provincial militia and citizens formed in the town of Boston—the capital of the dominion—and arrested dominion officials. Members of the Church of England, believed by Puritans to sympathize with the administration of the dominion, were also taken into custody by the rebels. Neither faction sustained casualties during the revolt. Leaders of the former Massachusetts Bay Colony then reclaimed control of the government. In other colonies, members of governments displaced by the dominion were returned to power. QUEEN ANNE’S WAR, 1702-1713: Queen Anne’s War, (1702–13), second in a series of wars fought between Great Britain and France in North America for control of the continent. It was contemporaneous with the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe. British military aid to the colonists was devoted mainly to defense of the area around Charleston, S.C., and the exposed New York–New England frontier with Canada. English settlements were subject to brutal raids by French forces and their Indian allies. After the British capture of the key French fortress of Port Royal in 1710, French-ruled Acadia became the British province of Nova Scotia. In addition, under the terms of the Treaties of Utrecht (1713), Britain acquired Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay region from France. NEW YORK SLAVE REVOLT OF 1712: The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City, in the British Province of New York, of 23 enslaved Africans who killed nine whites and injured another six. More than three times that number of blacks, 70, were arrested and jailed. Of these, 27 were put on trial, and 21 convicted and executed. KING GEORGE’S WAR, 1744-1748: The King George's War (1744 - 1748) is the name given to the third of the series of conflicts in the French and Indian Wars. The War was named after King George III who was the English monarch at the time of the conflict that was between the French and the British who were aided by their respective Indian allies. King George's War was the North American extension of the War of the Austrian Succession in Europe. King George's War involved disputes over the boundaries of Nova Scotia and the borders of northern New England and control of the Ohio Valley. THE SEVEN YEARS WAR, 1754-1763: The Seven Years' War was a world war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.