Business Vocabulary, Apuntes de Economía gerencial

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Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 asset n [C] something belonging to an individual or business that has value or the power to earn money: The company has recently sold some of its assets to an Australian investor [activo] Collocations tangible assets, intangible assets, fixed assets, liquid assets company n [C] a legally registered business [sociedad] There are many different types of companies: holding company (holds the share capital of one or more other companies) [sociedad de cartera] joint stock company (registered company or limited company) [sociedad por acciones] public limited or listed company (company whose shares are traded on the stock exchange) [sociedad anónima o cotizada en bolsa] subsidiary (company owned by a parent company) [subsidiaria] Synonyms corporation n [C] AmE [corporación] concern n [C] [empresa] business n [C] [negocio] competition n [U] rivalry between businesses that are operating in the same market: The competition is getting tougher every year [competencia] – compete v [I] [competir] – competitor n [C] [competidor/a] – competitive adj [competitivo/a] – competitiveness n [U] [competitividad] Collocations competitive advantage entrepreneur n [C] someone who starts a company, arranges business deals and takes risks: Entrepreneurs have always played a key role in the economy [empresario/a] – entrepreneurial adj [empresarial] – entrepreneurship n [U] [iniciativa empresarial] freelance n [C] someone who works for different companies and is not employed by one [autónomo/a] Freelancers usually receive fixed payments and not a salary: We’re going to use a freelance designer for the company website – freelancer n [C] [autónomo/a] – freelance adj [autónomo/a] hierarchy n [C] system of authority within an organisation: Many Swedish firms have very flat hierarchies [jerarquía] – hierarchical adj [jerárquico/a] Collocations flat hierarchy, steep hierarchy, traditional hierarchy merger n [C] the creation of a new company by joining two separate companies: The merger will have to be approved by the authorities [fusion] – merge v [I,T] [fusionar] share n [C] a unit of the capital of a company Shares in listed companies can be bought and sold on the stock market: Investors are having to pay a higher price for the company’s shares [acción] – shareholder n [accionista] [C] stockholder n [C] US [accionista] – shareholding n [C] [tenencia de acciones] Synonym stock n [C] AmE[ valores] Collocations share capital, share certificate, share dealing, share issue, share price trade union n [C] an organisation that exists to protect the rights of employees in a company: The trade union is in pay negotiations with the employer [sindicato] Synonym labor union n [C] AmE [sindicato de trabajadores] Unit 1 Companies Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 appraise v (T) to assess the value of something Staff are regularly appraised to see if they have met the objectives that they are given: The department manager will appraise each employee individually [evaluar] – appraisal n [C] [evaluación] – appraisee n [C] [evaluado/a] – appraisor n [C] [evaluador/a] Collocations annual appraisal, performance appraisal authority 1 n [U] the power to impose decisions: The managers in our company have a great deal of authority [autoridad] – authorise v (T) [autorizar] – authorisation n [U] [autorización] – authoritative adj [autoritario/a] – authoritarian adj [autoritario/a] Collocations lines of authority 2 n [C] a public institution which is in charge of enforcing regulations or administering a government service: The public health authority. autonomy n [U] the freedom to make your own decisions without having to request authorisation: I’ve always believed that it’s best to give staff as much autonomy as possible [autonomía] – autonomous adj [autónomo/a] coach 1 n [C] person who is responsible for training a team or an individual: He’s a very successful football coach [preparador/a] 2 v [T] to train people to help them to acquire particular skills: I’m responsible for coaching two new people in the department [formar] delegate v [T] to give responsibility to someone at a lower level in the hierarchy to enable them to take decisions: Managers need to delegate more routine tasks to junior members of staff [delegar] – delegation n [U] [delegación] motivate v [T] make someone willing to work harder: He’s very good at motivating his sales team [motivar] – motivation n [U] [motivación] – motivational adj [motivante] – motivated adj [motivado/a Synonym encourage v [T] [animar] Collocations highly-motivated, motivational skills, motivation techniques objective n [C] a goal that has been fixed for people to achieve: I have a meeting with my line manager to fix my objectives every six months [objetivo] Synonyms goal n [C] [meta] aim n [C] [propósito] target n [C] [fin] Collocations set / fix / establish / achieve / meet objectives staff 1 n [plural] the employees of an organisation: The new manager will be joining the staff in November [plantilla] 2 v [I] to provide workers for an organisation: Each of our centres is staffed by expert personnel [proveer de personal] Synonyms personnel n [U] [personal] employees n [C] [empleados] workers n [C] [trabajadores] Collocations staff morale, staff turnover subordinate n [C] a person who works under a more senior member of staff: I have six subordinates that report to me [subordinado/a] – subordinate v [T] [subordinar] supervise v [T] to control the work of other people in order to make sure that it is properly done: We need to supervise the trainees very closely [supervisar] – supervision n [U] [supervision] – supervisory adj [de supervision] Synonym manage v [T] [gestionar] task n [C] a piece of work that has to be done Tasks are generally assigned to employees at the start of the week [tarea] Synonym duty n [C] [deber] Collocations assign / delegate a task, task-based, task-driven, task force Unit 2 Leadership Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 consortium n [C] an association between two or more companies to work together on a specific project (usually a major construction or engineering project): SK Gas has formed a consortium with automakers to produce gas-powered vehicles [consorcio] cost 1 n [C] the price paid for something: The total cost for the new equipment will be $50,000 [precio] 2 the money that is required to produce or sell something: It looks like production and labour costs will be higher than we expected [coste] – cost v [I] [costar] Synonym overheads n [C] [gastos generales] Collocations fixed costs, variable costs, cost-cutting, cost control, cost-effective, occur a cost development 1 n [C] the growth and expansion of a business, industry or economy: The OECD provides advice and assistance on all aspects of development [desarrollo] 2 research to produce new, improved products: Our company is actively pursuing the development of new biotechnology solutions [desarrollo] 3 a change or alteration: Another recent development has been the arrival of Asian companies on the market [desarrollo] – developer n [C] [desarrollador] – developing adj [en desarrollo] Collocations research and development (R&D), developing countries loan n [C] money lent to an individual or organisation: The World Bank has agreed to a five-year loan of $125m [préstamo] – loan v [T] [prestar] Collocations apply for a loan, bank loan, interest on a loan, take out a loan negotiation n [C] the process of negotiating a business deal: The success of the negotiations will depend on the financial terms of the deal [negociación] – negotiate v [I,T] [negociar] – negotiator n [C] [negociador] Synonyms talks n [plural] [negociaciones] Collocations negotiate an agreement / a deal, negotiation skills prosperity n [U] a state of being rich, having economic success: The nation’s future prosperity will depend on developing a highly-skilled workforce [prosperidad] – prosper v [I] [prosperar] – prosperous adj [próspero/a] reserve 1 n [C] the amount of something kept for future use: Shell has revised its estimate of available oil reserves [reserve] 2 an amount of money set aside from profits: Ten per cent of earnings have been transferred to reserves [reserve] – reserve v [T] [reservar] Synonym resources n [U] [recursos] Collocations hold in reserve, use up reserves revenue n [C] money received especially from selling goods and services: Revenues have increased by six per cent to £183m [renta] wealth n [U] the amount of money or possessions owned by an individual, organisation or country: Accumulating wealth is the key to financial independence [riqueza] – wealthy adj [rico/a] Collocations acquire / accumulate wealth Unit 5 Development Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 barrier to entry n [C] any factor which prevents new competition from entering a market: A strong brand can become a barrier to entry in some markets, while a simple product cannot [barrera de acceso] benefit n [C] an advantage or an improvement: One benefit of the new design is that it can be installed easily [beneficio] – benefit [+ from] v [beneficiarse de] – beneficial adj [beneficioso/a] brand n [C] the identity of a product or service: Eastman Kodak is a premier brand in traditional and digital imaging [marca] – brand v [T] [poner una marca] Collocations brand image, brand leader, brand loyalty, brand manager, brand management, brand name, brand-stretching, cross-branding, own brand, premium brand consumer n [C] a person who buys products and/or services: Nokia is committed to providing consumers with the information they need [consumidor/a] – consume v [T] [consumir] – consumption n [U] [consumo] Collocations consumer goods, consumer research, consumer survey logo n [C] a sign or symbol used as a trademark to represent a company or a brand: The Nike ‘swoosh’ is an instantly recognisable logo [logotipo] marketing mix n [U] the four different components of marketing: [mezcla de marketing] 1 place n [C] the distribution and delivery of goods to market [colocación] 2 price n [C] the amount of money for which something can be sold [precio] – price v [T] [poner un precio] Collocations cost price, cut price, fixed price, list price, retail price , purchase price, recommended price, wholesale price, price-list, price-tag, price war 3 product n [C] normally a manufactured item but also refers to everything that surrounds the product: the brand, the packaging, the product’s features and performance characteristics [producto] 4 promotion n [C] activities that help sell a product [promoción] premium n [C] a price that is higher than the standard price, usually due to higher quality: Organically grown foods are sold at a premium [prima] Collocations premium rate promotion n [C] a method of communicating and publicising a product: America Online plans to launch a promotion on Thursday that will let its members download full-feature films [promoción] – promote v [T] – [promocionar] promotional adj [en promoción] Collocations seasonal promotion, promotional campaign, promotional price point of sale abbreviation POS n [C] the place where a consumer can buy a product or service: New electronic systems can approve credit for customers at the point of sale [punto de venta (PdV)] Unit 6 Marketing Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 back office n [C] the departments of a financial company where routine admistrative tasks are done without direct contact with customers: Efficient management of the back office can reduce costs [servicio de gestión] business process n [C] any activity that is essential for a firm to conduct its business: Organisations that have complete control over their business processes are the most productive [proceso comercial] Collocations business process re-engineering database n [C] an organised set of information stored in a computer: We’re currently updating all our customer files in the database [base de datos] downsize v [I] to reduce the number of employees in an organisation: European companies are continuing to downsize their manufacturing operations [reducir la plantilla] – downsize v [T] [reducir la plantilla] Synonyms lay off v [T] [despedir] knowledge work n [U] work that involves developing or using knowledge: The profitability of most business today depends more on knowledge work than on manual work [trabajo del conocimiento] – knowledge worker n [C] [trabajador/a del conocimiento] offshoring n [U] transferring work to an outside supplier based in another country: Offshoring is only suitable for tasks that have been clearly defined and can be managed at a distance [deslocalización] – offshore adj [deslocalizado/a] – offshore n [U] [deslocalizado/a] Synonyms outsource v [T] [externalizar] outsource v [T] transferring work to an outside supplier: We are planning to outsource all of our IT operations to an Indian supplier [externalizar] – outsourcing n [U] [externalización] Synonyms subcontract v [T] [subcontratar] overhead n [C] a cost that does not vary with output (e.g rent, salaries): The pressure on corporate mangement to reduce overheads is increasing [gasto general] Synonyms fixed cost n [C] [coste fijo] pilot project n [C] a trial project to test performance: The pilot project will start operating in June [proyecto preliminary] productivity n [U] The relationship between the output of goods and the resources needed to produce them: Productivity has continued to grow strongly [productividad] saving n [C] money and materials saved by economical working: New construction techniques resulted in a saving of 25 per cent of operation and maintenance costs [ahorro] – savings [plural] [ahorros] Synonym economy n [U] [economía] Collocations cost saving, make savings service provider n [C] a company that provides services for users especially in computer networks: There are several issues to consider when selecting a service provider [proveedor/a de servicios] shortage n [C] a lack or scarcity of something: Silicon Valley is facing a shortage of skilled programmers [deficit] Unit 7 Outsourcing Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 copycat n [C] the term for someone who copies the work of another person: The Australian government has announced that it is cracking down on copycats [falsificador/a] copyright n [U] the legal right that belongs to the person who has created a new artistic work or piece of software: All of the graphics and editorial content on this site are protected under US copyright [derechos de autor] currency n [C] the type of money that is used by a particular country or trading bloc: The euro is the currency of most member states of the European Union [divisa] Synonyms money n [U] [moneda] Collocations foreign currency, hard currency, currency dealer, currency exchange rate, currency trading defraud v [T] to cheat another person by taking something that they own: He admitted defrauding his employer of more than £2m [defrauder] enforce v [T| to make people obey a law or rule: Enforcing a patent can be a long and expensive process – enforcement n [U] [hacer cumplir] – enforceable adj [ejecutable] fake n [C] a copy or imitation of a genuine article: Experts have identified the components as fakes [falsificación] – fake v [T] [falsificar] Synonyms copy v [C] [copier] – copy n [C] [copia] file-swapping n [U] exchanging files between computers on a network: Record companies tried to close down the illegal file-swapping website [intercambio de archivos] infringement n [U] a breach of the law or of another person’s rights: The company is being sued over infringements of copyright technology [infracción] intellectual property n [U] something that a person or business has invented and which is protected by patent: All international businesses are having to spend more on protecting their intellectual property [propiedad intellectual] patent n [C] a special right given to the inventor of a machine or process: Some governments do not recognise patents on software [patente] – patent v [T] [patentar] – patented adj [patentado/a] Synonyms copyright n [C,U] [derechos de autor] Collocations patent pending, patent office piracy n [U] infringement of copyrights: The association has launched a campaign to fight software piracy [piratería] profitability n [U] the ability of a business to earn profits: Increased labour costs have reduced our profitability [rentabilidad] – profit n [C] [beneficio] – profit v [I] [beneficiarse] – profitable adj [rentable] trademark n [C] a special, registered picture or symbol that is associated with a particular brand or product: Our trademark is now well-known in most countries in the region [nombre commercial] Unit 10 Counterfeiting Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 bid n [C] an offer to buy something at a stated price: All bids must be submitted in writing puja – bid v [I,T] [pujar] – bidder n [C] [postor/a] – bidding n [U] [puja] Synonyms offer n [C] [oferta] Collocations make/accept/reject a bid, takeover bid business to business abbreviation B2B adj refers to any business or correspondence between two companies: The B2B sector will be the biggest growth area in internet traffic [negocio a negocio (B2B)] dealer n [C] a person who specialises in trading a particular type of goods: The company only uses authorised dealers who are fully trained [comerciante] – deal n [C] [transacción] – deal v [I,T] [comerciar] Collocations foreign exchange dealer, broker-dealer, dealership, make/reach/conclude a deal, raw deal demand n [C,U] the quantity required to supply orders: Total petroleum demand has increased by one per cent [demanda] Collocations supply and demand e-business n [U] business to business relationships conducted using internet technology: IBM is one of the leading suppliers of e-business solutions [negocio electrónico] e-commerce n [U] selling activities that are conducted using internet technology: Some consumers still lack confidence in e-commerce [comercio electrónico] glitch n [C] a minor fault with a computer program or machine: A glitch in the computer system has led to the cancellation of several flights [fallo] Synonyms malfunction n [C] [mal funcionamiento] bug n [C] [error] gross v [T] to calculate revenue before tax and other charges have been deducted: The film grossed $8.5m in the first two weeks [ganar en bruto] – gross adj [en bruto] Collocations gross profit, gross margins, gross national product, gross domestic product (GDP) inventory n [C] a list of the stocks held by a business: New software has made it possible to control inventory more accurately [inventario] Synonyms stock n [C] [existencias] market research n [U] the work of finding out what kind of goods consumers want: Conducting online surveys is a new and promising approach to market research [investigación de Mercado] mass market n [U] the market for standardised consumer products: Licensing is one way for small businesses to enter the mass market [mercado general] – mass-market adj [de mercado general] merchandising n [U] toys, clothes and other products based on a popular film, TV show, etc and sold to make additional profits: Star Wars merchandising made far more profit than the films [merchandising] price setting n [U] fixing the prices at which goods and services will be sold: In price setting, you try to estimate how much customers will be prepared to pay for an item [fijación de precios] real estate n [U] property in the form of land or houses: Investing in real estate is not as risk free as some people think [bienes inmuebles] Synonyms property n [U] [propiedad inmobiliaria] BrE realty n [U] AmE [bienes raíces] Collocations estate agent BrE tender n [C] a written offer by a supplier to provide goods or services at a certain price: Your tender has been accepted at the agreed price [licitación] – tender v [I,T] [presentar una oferta de licitación] Unit 11 Markets Downloaded from www.intelligent-business.org © Pearson Education 2005 aid n [U] assistance given to a country or organisation in difficulty: The World Bank is repeating its call for rich countries to increase the amount of aid given to the poorest nations [ayuda] – aid v [T] [ayudar] boycott n [C] a protest where people refuse to buy or use a product or service: The consumer group is calling for the boycott of all tobacco products [boicot] – boycott v [T] [boicotear] charity n [C] a non profit-making organisation that collects goods and money in order to provide assistance: The charity managed to raise £3m for homeless people in the UK [asociación benéfica] debt relief n [U] the cancellation or reduction of a debt: The government is firmly committed to a programme of debt relief [alivio de la deuda] demonstration n [C] a march to publicly protest about something: The demonstration will take place at G7 summit on 10 June [manifestación] fair trade n [U] a movement which promotes fairer trading conditions for developing countries: Fair trade gives consumers an opportunity to help change the world [comercio justo] grant n [C] a sum of money given to a person or organisation to help them to pay for something: The Central Development Fund has awarded a grant of $7.5m [beca] – grant v [T] [becar] income n [C,U] money received by a person, family or organisation: In some parts of the country incomes have fallen by as much as 25 per cent [ingresos] Synonyms revenue n [C] [renta] Collocations income tax, gross income, net income litigation n [U] legal action against an individual or organisation: Litigation has increased significantly over the years [litigio] – litigate v [U] [litigar] – litigator n [C] [litigante] lobby v [T] to try to persuade a government or organisation to change a policy or situation: Big companies are lobbying the president to open up marine reserves for oil drilling [presionar] – lobby n [U] [grupo de presión] lobbyist n [U] [representante de un grupo de presión] petition n [C] a document signed by many people asking someone in authority to change something: So far, five thousand people have signed the petition [petición] – petition [+ against/for] v [I,T] [presentar una petición en contra de/en favor de] pressure group n [C] a group that tries to influence the opinions of other people: The pressure group is cordinating the protests [grupo de presión] protectionism n [U] protecting a country’s trade by taxing foreign goods: Protectionism usually increases the prices of basic goods to the consumer [proteccionismo] quota n [C] an official limit on the amount of something: Quotas have been imposed on 25 categories of imported clothing [cupo] subsidy n [C] money given by a government to certain producers to help them to produce without losing money: World Bank economists are urging rich countries to cut subsidies to certain industries [subvención] – subsidise v [T] [subvencionar] taxpayer n [C] any person or organisation that is liable to pay tax: Taxpayers will pay more to subsidise the development of alternative energy sources [contribuyente] Unit 12 Lobbies