Definition of Psychology and dimensions of analysis, Apuntes de Psicología Social

¡Descarga Definition of Psychology and dimensions of analysis y más Apuntes en PDF de Psicología Social solo en Docsity! 1/2/17 1 PART 2: Methodology of psychological research applied to Tourism ASIGNATURA: • Social Psychology of Tourism 2016-2017 Miguel Ángel López Sáez Dpto. Psicología Área: Psicología Social INDEX 1. Some previous questions 2. Definition of Psychology and dimensions of analysis 3. Different theoretical currents in Psychology 4. The psychosocial perspective 5. Psychology in relationship with other areas 1/2/17 2 Is Psychology / Tourism a science? What implications does it have to be or not? What characterizes the scientific method? What is the difference between scientific knowledge and common sense, or intuition? Is objective and neutral knowledge possible? Is the objective of the social sciences - whose object and subject of knowledge are people - to be to explain or understand human behavior? Why is research important? From where is it done and for what? 1. Algunas preguntas previas Ethical Aspects in Psychological- Commercial Research (Code of Ethics) Applications of psychological research to the world of tourism • It is empirical: data must be observable and measurable • It is objective: observable facts must be accepted by different observers (agreement, intersubjectivity). • It is verifiable or replicable: any scientist must be able to repeat the experiment carried out by another experimenter (replicate). • It is not infallible: it is perfecting itself, it is self-corrective. Popper: it is only possible to falsify theories, never to prove them completely. • It is cumulative: it needs the knowledge, theories and previous research. • It's public 2. Scientific method and research The characteristic of science is its method, not its object of study Although it does not guarantee prediction, analysis and understanding of human behavior, it can reduce risk and guide marketing objectives / strategies (and evaluate them) 1/2/17 5 Stages of scientific method-research 1ª AIMS PROBLEM STATEMENT 5th CONCLUSIONS 2nd HYPOTHESIS 3rd DESIGN OF RESEARCH-METHOD 4th COLLECTION AND DATA ANALYSIS 0 PREVIOUS DOCUMENTATION 2. Scientific method and research Parts of the scientific method §Analysis of the situation: Sources of secondary information: internal (organizational documents) or external (previous studies, bibliography, databases, etc.) §Primary sources of information: ad hoc studies: § Approach of the objectives and the problem: usually has an interrogative form and put in relation the variables to study. What is intended and why (justification). Relevant. § A hypothesis is a tentative solution to the problem posed. Its formulation must be assertive, and it is tentative because for it to become valid it must be contrasted empirically. H. general and H. of work. § By variable is a logical set of attributes § Choice of population and study sample 2. Scientific method and research 1/2/17 6 Sources of secondary information OMT, IET, Ministerios, Comunidades Autónomas, etc. Sources of secondary information 1/2/17 7 PATTERNS OF CONDUCT OF THE SPANISH TOURIST (IET, 2010) Familitur - The average stay: 4.7 nights (4.3 nights in domestic tourism and 8.7 abroad). - Total expenditure: € 31,718 million (- 3,2% compared to the previous year). - Average expenditure per person: € 195.5, - Average daily expenses: € 41.6 (both down from 2009). - Main stations: Madrid, Catalonia and Andalusia. - Nº Travel of residents in Spain: 162.2 million trips (5.5% less than 2009). - 91.6% in Spain (- 6.1%) Domestic tourism 8.4% abroad (+ 6.5%) International tourism UNWTO: THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL CRISIS. - Worldwide, 940 million trips were produced (2010) - Revenue: 693 billion euros. - Spain occupies the 4th place in tourist destinations and the 2nd in revenues Sources of secondary information 1/2/17 10 Quantitative Qualitative n Employed for the quantification of behaviors, relationship between variables, etc. nResults-information obtained: numerical data / statistics on representative samples n Techniques of obtaining information: observation, surveys (personal, telephone, postal, internet) using questionnaires, scales of attitudes (Likert, semantic differential) Employed primarily for the study of motivations, why behaviors (but not only) nResults-information obtained: meanings-speeches, smaller samples nTechniques for obtaining information: interviews, discussion groups, projective techniques (free association of words, complete sentences, etc.) According to the type of information to be obtained 3. Research Methods in Psychology Field Strategy Systematic observation of phenomena within the natural context in which they occur. The experimenter manipulates an independent variable in some real social situation in order to test some hypothesis Laboratory Strategy The researcher creates a situation with the exact conditions he wants and in which he controls some variables and manipulates others "Artificial" representation of a real-life situation in a laboratory. According to means 3. Research Methods in Psychology 1/2/17 11 Transversal Longitudinal n In a single moment: sectional or cross. n Eg We would use a cross- sectional design if we applied a survey in a single moment, in several countries simultaneously. nIn two or more times: it analyzes the evolution of the phenomenon of study. n It raises the analysis of the study problem over time, in order to observe its dynamics. nThe collection of information is planned on several dates according to the research objective. EX. We would use a longitudinal design if we applied the same survey on different dates, with a certain periodicity nExample: If we want to inquire about how the economic situation of a country affects the habits of tourist consumption of its inhabitants. According to type of design: time collection information 3. Research Methods in Psychology Descriptive Correlational- comparative Experimental AIM: to observe and describe phenomena, without establishing relations between variables (observation, case study, interviews, etc.) nAIM: to establish degree of common variation between two variables. nQuantitative techniques are used (surveys with questionnaires or scales to large samples). nCharacteristics of the instruments: Reliability-stability- Validity (to what extent it measures what you want to measure). q AIM: to establish cause- effect relationships between variables. q Experimental design: choice of variables -IV that is manipulated and DV in which the effects are measured, control of VV contaminating or intervening. q Control group and experimental group, assignment of subjects to groups. According to data design and processing Interventions 3. Research Methods in Psychology 1/2/17 12 Experimental Method If I change A, Do changes occur in B? Research method in which one or more factors (independent variables) are systematically manipulated to determine whether such variations affect one or more factors (dependent variables) Correlational Method Is A related to B? The scientist measures the changes that occur naturally in the variables of interest to see if the changes in one variable are associated with those of another According to data design and processing 3. Research Methods in Psychology Experimental method: characteristics Independent Variable (Cause) Dependent Variable (Effect) Control of Strange Variables Internal, external and ecological validity Postulation of causal connections 3. Research Methods in Psychology 1/2/17 15 VARIABLES RELATING TO CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVELERS: Age and sex of the informant. Level of studies. Situation in relation to economic activity. Level of training Professional occupation. Country of residence. nationality Variables in research applied to tourism (UNWTO, EIT) 3. Research Methods in Psychology VARIABLES RELATED TO TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS Length of stay. Average stay. Travel destinations. (Target image) Type of destination. The reason of the visit. Reason for day visits. Organization of the trip. Type of accommodation. Conveyance. Activities carried out during the visit. Tourism expenditure. (satisfaction) Variables in research applied to tourism (UNWTO, EIT) 3. Research Methods in Psychology 1/2/17 16 THE REASON OF THE VISIT Leisure, recreation and vacations. Visits to relatives and friends. Business and professional reasons. Voluntary health treatments. Religion and pilgrimages. Other motives. TYPES OF REASONS: Professional and personal reasons. Personal: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 Professionals: 3 REASONS FOR VISITS OF THE DAY On the way to another country. Daily displacements (work / studies). Displacements second residence. Business and professional reasons. Visits to relatives and friends. Health treatments. Religion and pilgrimages. Purchases. Gastronomy. Culture. Sport. Others. Variables in research applied to tourism (UNWTO, EIT) 3. Research Methods in Psychology • PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES. PERSONAL ACTIVITIES. Rest, eat and drink. Shopping and personal services. Assistance to sports shows. Physical exercise and sports practice. Studies and assistance to organized activities. Cultural and recreational activities. Artistic activities, hobbies and play. Visit relatives and friends. Voluntary health treatments. Religious activities. Other, unspecified. CONCEPTUALIZACIONES DEL TURISMO (IET) Variables in research applied to tourism (UNWTO, EIT) 3. Research Methods in Psychology 1/2/17 17 § Interviews. § Search § Observation § Cognitive maps § Behavioral maps § Budget time 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism Techniques for collecting information Interview § It is a research technique that uses a verbal method (face-to- face communication) to collect relevant information about a predetermined goal. Types: Structured Semi-structured Unstructured 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism 1/2/17 20 • List of items generally standardized and systematized. • Limited response alternatives. • Quantification. • Problems: reliability, validity, social desirability, response bias, reactivity. • Useful for post-travel. Questionnaires and scales 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism Cuando acabas de hacer un viaje… Projective techniques: free association, complete sentences, techniques of analogy, etc. Scales of Attitudes: Semantic Differential and Likert 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism 1/2/17 21 Questionnaires Object Leisure Orientation Scale (Burdge, 1961) Attitudes towards leisure Leisure Diagnostic Battery (Witt y Ellis, 1985) Perception freedom, intrinsic motivation, control, competence. Leisure Satisfaction Scale (Ragheb y Beard, 1980) Satisfaction of the need. Leisure Ethic Scale (Randal y Slivken, 1980) Atitudes towards leisure 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism Questionnaires Object Experiencing Sampling Method (ESM) (Csikszentmihalyi y Graef, 1980) Dimensions leisure experience: self-awareness, ability, change, mood, motivation, sense of control, interest and concentration. WAID SCALE(Neulinger, 1977 y 1986) Budget retrospective time, with questionnaire three items: perception freedom, motivation, positive affect activity. 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism 1/2/17 22 § Mide el comportamiento en su escenario. § Parámetros físicos gruesos. § Foco: escenario, individuo, grupo. § Ventaja: realismo (no medida autoinforme). § Inconveniente: entrenamiento observadores. § Tipos: sistemática, participante. Observation 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism Cognitive maps § Perception and storage of information on the spatial design of the environment visited by the tourist. § Study of images about the tourist destination. 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism 1/2/17 25 § Quantitative technique of systematic collection of information on the use of the time by the tourists in a determined period. § It describes the sequence, synchronization and duration of the activities of the tourists in a period of time (satisfaction obtained, etc.) § Used for the study of working / leisure time § Elements: § Time in: days, week, year, during activities. § Open or closed questionnaire on activities carried out (participants, satisfaction, intensity ...) § Recording mode: retrospective diary, fixed daily, simultaneous, random. § Inconvenience: poor reliability. Presupuestos temporales (Budget time) 4.- Psychological research techniques applied to tourism Time budget aplicado a los turistas en Vanuatu (Douglas Pearce,1988, 115) Para mejorar la comprensión del patrón de la demanda y planificar los progresos futuros, estamos interesados en las actividades y los lugares visitados por los turistas en Vanuatu. Podría usted registrar por favor durante los primeros cuatro días de su visita las actividades principales en las que usted ha participado en cada uno de los períodos mostrados e indicar dónde ocurrieron estas actividades. Le puede ser más fácil completarlo al final de cada día. Si usted ha permaneciendo menos de cuatro días, registre por favor las actividades durante ese período. Dé por favor el cuestionario a la recepcionista del hotel cuando usted lo haya terminado. DIA HORARIO LOCALIZACIÓN ACTIVIDAD 1 08-10 H 10-12 H 12-14 H 14-16 H 16-18 H 18-20 H Port Vila Port Vila Pool Snack Bar Pool Hotel Pool Hotel Hotel Compras Visitas Almuerzo Swimming y refreshments Swimming y refreshments Room service 2 08-10 H 10-12 H 12-14 H 14-16 H 16-18 H 18-20 H Hotel Hotel Hotel Hotel Hotel Hotel Golf Golf Lunch y refreshments Paseo Refreshments lobby bar Cena 3 08-10 H 10-12 H 12-14 H 14-16 H 16-18 H 18-20 H Port Vila Port Vila Port Vila Port Vila Hotel Hotel Compras Compras Almuerzo en Beasa Club Almuerzo en Beasa Club Golf Cena 4 08-10 H 10-12 H 12-14 H 14-16 H 16-18 H 18-20 H Hotel Hotel Hotel Hotel Hotel Hotel Paseo Playa Almuerzo Pool Lobby Bar Refreshments Cena 1/2/17 26 5. Publication of investigations 1. Professional demand: technical report (commercial research department or external company) 2. Publication as an article in scientific journals: Title-Summary Introduction: state of the art, review of literature exist on the subject, relevance-justification of the study Objectives-hypothesis Methodology used (subjects-sample, design, instruments) Results Interpretation-conclusions Bibliography Attachments Recommendations (technical report) References Fernández , J.J. & Pastor, Y.(2016). Social Psychology of Tourism. Madrid: Ommpress(pp.18-26). Hewstone, M., et al. (dirs y coords) (1990). Introducción a la psicología social. Una perspectiva europea. Barcelona: Ariel (pp.73-86).