Dimensions of Steel, Apuntes de Hidráulica

¡Descarga Dimensions of Steel y más Apuntes en PDF de Hidráulica solo en Docsity! 488 A P P E N D I X A PROPERTIES OF WATER TABLE A.1 SI units [101 kPa (abs)] Temperature ( C) Specific Weight G (kN/m3) Density R (kg/m3) Dynamic Viscosity H (Pa~s) Kinematic Viscosity N (m2/s) 0 9.81 1000 1.75 * 10-3 1.75 * 10-6 5 9.81 1000 1.52 * 10-3 1.52 * 10-6 10 9.81 1000 1.30 * 10-3 1.30 * 10-6 15 9.81 1000 1.15 * 10-3 1.15 * 10-6 20 9.79 998 1.02 * 10-3 1.02 * 10-6 25 9.78 997 8.91 * 10-4 8.94 * 10-7 30 9.77 996 8.00 * 10-4 8.03 * 10-7 35 9.75 994 7.18 * 10-4 7.22 * 10-7 40 9.73 992 6.51 * 10-4 6.56 * 10-7 45 9.71 990 5.94 * 10-4 6.00 * 10-7 50 9.69 988 5.41 * 10-4 5.48 * 10-7 55 9.67 986 4.98 * 10-4 5.05 * 10-7 60 9.65 984 4.60 * 10-4 4.67 * 10-7 65 9.62 981 4.31 * 10-4 4.39 * 10-7 70 9.59 978 4.02 * 10-4 4.11 * 10-7 75 9.56 975 3.73 * 10-4 3.83 * 10-7 80 9.53 971 3.50 * 10-4 3.60 * 10-7 85 9.50 968 3.30 * 10-4 3.41 * 10-7 90 9.47 965 3.11 * 10-4 3.22 * 10-7 95 9.44 962 2.92 * 10-4 3.04 * 10-7 100 9.40 958 2.82 * 10-4 2.94 * 10-7 APPENDIX A Properties of Water 489 TABLE A.2 U.S. Customary System units (14.7 psia) Temperature ( F) Specific Weight G (lb/ft3) Density R (slugs/ft3) Dynamic Viscosity H (lb@s/ft2) Kinematic Viscosity N (ft2/s) 32 62.4 1.94 3.66 * 10-5 1.89 * 10-5 40 62.4 1.94 3.23 * 10-5 1.67 * 10-5 50 62.4 1.94 2.72 * 10-5 1.40 * 10-5 60 62.4 1.94 2.35 * 10-5 1.21 * 10-5 70 62.3 1.94 2.04 * 10-5 1.05 * 10-5 80 62.2 1.93 1.77 * 10-5 9.15 * 10-6 90 62.1 1.93 1.60 * 10-5 8.29 * 10-6 100 62.0 1.93 1.42 * 10-5 7.37 * 10-6 110 61.9 1.92 1.26 * 10-5 6.55 * 10-6 120 61.7 1.92 1.14 * 10-5 5.94 * 10-6 130 61.5 1.91 1.05 * 10-5 5.49 * 10-6 140 61.4 1.91 9.60 * 10-6 5.03 * 10-6 150 61.2 1.90 8.90 * 10-6 4.68 * 10-6 160 61.0 1.90 8.30 * 10-6 4.38 * 10-6 170 60.8 1.89 7.70 * 10-6 4.07 * 10-6 180 60.6 1.88 7.23 * 10-6 3.84 * 10-6 190 60.4 1.88 6.80 * 10-6 3.62 * 10-6 200 60.1 1.87 6.25 * 10-6 3.35 * 10-6 212 59.8 1.86 5.89 * 10-6 3.17 * 10-6 492 A P P E N D I X C TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM LUBRICATING OILS Kinematic Viscosity N Specific Gravity At 40 C (104 F) At 100 C (212F) Viscosity Index Type (m 2 /s) (ft 2 /s) (m 2 /s) (ft 2 /s) Automotive hydraulic systems 0.887 3.99 * 10-5 4.30 * 10-4 7.29 * 10-6 7.85 * 10-5 149 Engine oils at 100C Viscosity grade 20 0.880 5.6 * 10-6 6.03 * 10-5 Viscosity grade 40 0.882 12.5 * 10-6 1.35 * 10-4 Viscosity grade 60 0.883 21.9 * 10-6 2.36 * 10-4 Gear lubricants Viscosity grade 80 0.890 7.0 * 10-6 7.53 * 10-5 Viscosity grade 140 0.892 24.0 * 10-6 2.58 * 10 −4 Machine tool hydraulic systems Light 0.887 3.20 * 10-5 3.44 * 10-4 4.79 * 10-6 5.16 * 10-5 46 Medium 0.895 6.70 * 10-5 7.21 * 10-4 7.29 * 10-6 7.85 * 10-5 53 Heavy 0.901 1.96 * 10-4 2.11 * 10-3 1.40 * 10-5 1.51 * 10-4 53 Low temperature 0.844 1.40 * 10-5 1.51 * 10-4 5.20 * 10-6 5.60 * 10-5 374 Machine tool lubricating oils Light 0.881 2.20 * 10-5 2.37 * 10-4 3.90 * 10-6 4.20 * 10-5 40 Medium 0.915 6.60 * 10-5 7.10 * 10-4 7.00 * 10-6 7.53 * 10-5 41 Heavy 0.890 2.00 * 10-4 2.15 * 10-3 1.55 * 10-5 1.67 * 10-4 73 Note: Approximate values for use only in problem solving in this book . 493 A P P E N D I X D VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE 494 APPENDIX D Variation of Viscosity with Temperature −10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Temperature T (ºC) D yn am ic v is co si ty η ( Ν . s/ m 2 o r Pa . s) 10 8 6 4 2 1.0 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 8 6 4 2 8 6 1 x 10−5 1 x 10−4 x 10−5 1 x 10−3 x 10− 4 1 x 10−2 x 10− 3 1 x 10−1 x 10− 2 x 10−1 SAE 30 Fuel oil sp. gr. 0.97 Glycerin Fuel oil sp. gr. 0.94 SAE 10 Crude oil sp. gr. 0.86 Crude oil sp. gr. 0.93 Brine (20% NaCl Kerosene Ethyl alcohol Mercury Carbon tetrachloride Benzene Gasoline sp. gr. 0.68 Water Air Oxygen Carbon dioxide Methane (natural gas) AmmoniaHydrogen FIGURE D.1 Dynamic viscosity versus temperature—SI units. APPENDIX E Properties of Air 497 TABLE E.2 Properties of air versus temperature in U.S. Customary System units at standard atmospheric pressure Temperature T ( F) Density R (slugs/ft3) Specific Weight G (lb/ft3) Dynamic Viscosity H (lb@s/ft2) Kinematic Viscosity N (ft2/s) -40 2.94 * 10-3 0.0946 3.15 * 10-7 1.07 * 10-4 -20 2.80 * 10-3 0.0903 3.27 * 10-7 1.17 * 10-4 0 2.68 * 10-3 0.0864 3.41 * 10-7 1.27 * 10-4 20 2.57 * 10-3 0.0828 3.52 * 10-7 1.37 * 10-4 40 2.47 * 10-3 0.0795 3.64 * 10-7 1.47 * 10-4 60 2.37 * 10-3 0.0764 3.74 * 10-7 1.58 * 10-4 80 2.28 * 10-3 0.0736 3.85 * 10-7 1.69 * 10-4 100 2.20 * 10-3 0.0709 3.97 * 10-7 1.80 * 10-4 120 2.13 * 10-3 0.0685 4.06 * 10-7 1.91 * 10-4 140 2.06 * 10-3 0.0662 4.16 * 10-7 2.02 * 10-4 160 1.99 * 10-3 0.0641 4.27 * 10-7 2.15 * 10-4 180 1.93 * 10-3 0.0621 4.38 * 10-7 2.27 * 10-4 200 1.87 * 10-3 0.0602 4.48 * 10-7 2.40 * 10-4 220 1.81 * 10-3 0.0584 4.58 * 10-7 2.52 * 10-4 240 1.76 * 10-3 0.0567 4.68 * 10-7 2.66 * 10-4 Note: Properties of air for standard conditions at sea level, converted from SI, are as follows: Temperature 59 F Pressure 14.696 psi Density 2.37  103 Specific weight .0764 lb/ft3 Dynamic viscosity 3.736  107 lb-s/ft2 Kinematic viscosity 1.57  104 ft2/s 498 APPENDIX E Properties of Air TABLE E.3 Properties of air at various altitudes SI Units U.S. Customary System Units Altitude (m) Temperature T ( C) Pressure P (kPa) Density R (kg/m3) Altitude (ft) Temperature T ( F) Pressure P (psi) Density R (slugs/ft3) 0 15.00 101.3 1.225 0 59.00 14.696 2.38 * 10-3 200 13.70 98.9 1.202 500 57.22 14.433 2.34 * 10-3 400 12.40 96.6 1.179 1000 55.43 14.173 2.25 * 10-3 600 11.10 94.3 1.156 5000 41.17 12.227 2.05 * 10-3 800 9.80 92.1 1.134 10000 23.34 10.106 1.76 * 10-3 1000 8.50 89.9 1.112 15000 5.51 8.293 1.50 * 10-3 2000 2.00 79.5 1.007 20000 -12.62 6.753 1.27 * 10-3 3000 -4.49 70.1 0.9093 30000 -47.99 4.365 8.89 * 10-4 4000 -10.98 61.7 0.8194 40000 -69.70 2.720 5.85 * 10-4 5000 -17.47 54.0 0.7364 50000 -69.70 1.683 3.62 * 10-4 10000 -49.90 26.5 0.4135 60000 -69.70 1.040 2.24 * 10-4 15000 -56.50 12.11 0.1948 70000 -67.30 0.644 1.38 * 10-4 20000 -56.50 5.53 0.0889 80000 -61.81 0.400 8.45 * 10-5 25000 -51.60 2.55 0.0401 90000 -56.32 0.251 5.22 * 10-5 30000 -46.64 1.20 0.0184 100000 -50.84 0.158 3.25 * 10-5 Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere , 1976 , NOAA-S/T76-1562. Washington, DC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. APPENDIX E Properties of Air 499 000 −80 2 0 0 3 10 20 30 40 Altitude (ft x 1000) Altitude (m x 1000) 50 60 70 80 90 100 Pr es su re ( ps ia ) T em pe ra tu re ( ºF ) Pr es su re ( kP a ab so lu te ) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 −60 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 5 15 T em pe ra tu re ( ºC ) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 −60 −40 −20 0 20 40 60 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Temperature Pressure 0 20 10 0 0 300 1000 2000 3000 4000 Altitude (ft) Altitude (m) (a) Higher altitudes (b) Lower altitudes 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 Pr es su re ( ps ia ) T em pe ra tu re ( ºF ) Pr es su re ( kP a ab so lu te ) 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 T em pe ra tu re ( ºC ) 11 12 13 14 15 30 40 50 60 70 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 Temperature Pressure FIGURE E.1 Properties of the standard atmosphere versus altitude. 502 APPENDIX G Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic Tubing A P P E N D I X G DIMENSIONS OF STEEL, COPPER, AND PLASTIC TUBING TABLE G.1 Dimensions of Steel Tubing—Inch-based sizes Outside Diameter Wall Thickness Inside Diameter Flow Area (in) (mm) (in) (mm) (in) (ft) (mm) (ft2) (m2) 1/8 3.18 0.032 0.813 0.061 0.00508 1.549 2.029 * 10-5 1.885 * 10-6 0.035 0.889 0.055 0.00458 1.397 1.650 * 10-5 1.533 * 10-6 3/16 4.76 0.032 0.813 0.124 0.01029 3.137 8.319 * 10-5 7.728 * 10-6 0.035 0.889 0.117 0.00979 2.985 7.530 * 10-5 6.996 * 10-6 ¼ 6.35 0.035 0.889 0.180 0.01500 4.572 1.767 * 10-4 1.642 * 10-5 0.049 1.24 0.152 0.01267 3.861 1.260 * 10-4 1.171 * 10-5 5/16 7.94 0.035 0.889 0.243 0.02021 6.160 3.207 * 10-4 2.980 * 10-5 0.049 1.24 0.215 0.01788 5.448 2.509 * 10-4 2.331 * 10-5 3/8 9.53 0.035 0.889 0.305 0.02542 7.747 5.074 * 10-4 4.714 * 10-5 0.049 1.24 0.277 0.02308 7.036 4.185 * 10-4 3.888 * 10-5 ½ 12.70 0.049 1.24 0.402 0.03350 10.21 8.814 * 10-4 8.189 * 10-5 0.065 1.65 0.370 0.03083 9.40 7.467 * 10-4 6.937 * 10-5 5/8 15.88 0.049 1.24 0.527 0.04392 13.39 1.515 * 10-3 1.407 * 10-4 0.065 1.65 0.495 0.04125 12.57 1.336 * 10-3 1.242 * 10-4 ¾ 19.05 0.049 1.24 0.652 0.05433 16.56 2.319 * 10-3 2.154 * 10-4 0.065 1.65 0.620 0.05167 15.75 2.097 * 10-3 1.948 * 10-4 7/8 22.23 0.049 1.24 0.777 0.06475 19.74 3.293 * 10-3 3.059 * 10-4 0.065 1.65 0.745 0.06208 18.92 3.027 * 10-3 2.812 * 10-4 1 25.40 0.065 1.65 0.870 0.07250 22.10 4.128 * 10-3 3.835 * 10-4 0.083 2.11 0.834 0.06950 21.18 3.794 * 10-3 3.524 * 10-4 1 ¼ 31.75 0.065 1.65 1.120 0.09333 28.45 6.842 * 10-3 6.356 * 10-4 0.083 2.11 1.084 0.09033 27.53 6.409 * 10-3 5.954 * 10-4 1½ 38.10 0.065 1.65 1.370 0.1142 34.80 1.024 * 10-2 9.510 * 10-4 0.083 2.11 1.334 0.1112 33.88 9.706 * 10-3 9.017 * 10-4 1¾ 44.45 0.065 1.65 1.620 0.1350 41.15 1.431 * 10-2 1.330 * 10-3 0.083 2.11 1.584 0.1320 40.23 1.368 * 10-2 1.271 * 10-3 2 50.80 0.065 1.65 1.870 0.1558 47.50 1.907 * 10-2 1.772 * 10-3 0.083 2.11 1.834 0.1528 46.58 1.835 * 10-2 1.704 * 10-3 502 APPENDIX G Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic Tubing 503 TABLE G.2 Dimensions of Steel and Copper Hydraulic Tubing— Metric-based sizes SI Units Hydraulic Tubing: Steel and copper—selected sizes Outside diameter OD (mm) Wall thickness t (mm) Inside diameter ID (mm) Flow area A (m 2 ) 6 0.8 4.4 1.521  105 6 1.0 4.0 1.257  105 8 1.0 6.0 2.827  105 8 1.2 5.6 2.463  105 15 1.2 12.6 1.247  104 15 1.5 12.0 1.131  104 20 1.2 17.6 2.433  104 20 1.5 17.0 2.270  104 25 1.5 22.0 3.801  104 25 2.0 21.0 3.464  104 32 1.5 29.0 6.605  104 32 2.0 28.0 6.158  104 40 1.5 37.0 1.075  103 40 2.0 36.0 1.018  103 50 1.5 47.0 1.735  103 50 2.0 46.0 1.662  103 60 2.0 56.0 2.463  103 60 2.8 54.4 2.324  103 80 2.8 74.4 4.347  103 100 3.5 93.0 6.793  103 120 3.5 113.0 1.003  102 140 5.0 130.0 1.327  102 160 5.5 149.0 1.744  102 180 6.0 168.0 2.217  102 200 7.0 186.0 2.717  102 220 8.0 204.0 3.269  102 240 9.0 222.0 3.871  102 260 10.0 240.0 4.524  102 Source: Parker Steel Company—Metric Sized Metals, Toledo, Ohio Note: Numerous other sizes and wall thicknesses available 504 APPENDIX G Dimensions of Steel, Copper, and Plastic Tubing TABLE G.3 Dimensions of PVC Plastic Pressure Pipe— Metric-based sizes SI Units PVC Plastic Pressure Pipe—selected sizes Outside diameter OD (mm) Wall thickness t (mm) Inside diameter ID (mm) Flow area A (m 2 ) Pressure rating p (bar) 16 1.5 13.0 1.327  104 16 20 1.5 17.0 2.270  104 16 25 1.9 21.2 3.530  104 16 32 2.4 27.2 5.811  104 16 40 3.0 34.0 9.079  104 16 50 2.4 45.2 1.605  103 10 50 3.7 42.6 1.425  103 16 63 3.0 57.0 2.552  103 10 63 4.7 53.6 2.256  103 16 75 3.6 67.8 3.610  103 10 75 5.6 63.8 3.197  103 16 90 2.8 84.4 5.595  103 6 90 4.3 81.4 5.204  103 10 90 6.7 76.6 4.608  103 16 125 3.1 118.8 1.108  102 6 125 4.8 115.4 1.046  102 10 125 7.4 110.2 9.538  103 16 160 4.0 152.0 1.815  102 6 160 6.2 147.6 1.711  102 10 160 9.5 141.0 1.561  102 16 200 4.9 190.2 2.841  102 6 200 7.7 184.6 2.676  102 10 200 11.9 176.2 2.438  102 16 250 6.2 237.6 4.434  102 6 250 9.6 230.8 4.184  102 10 250 14.8 220.4 3.815  102 16 400 9.8 380.4 1.137  101 6 500 12.3 475.4 1.775  101 6 Source: epco-plastics.com/pdfs/pvc Notes: 1. Numerous other sizes and wall thicknesses available 2. Pressure equivalents: • 6 bar = 600 kPa = 87 psi • 10 bar = 1000 kPa = 145 psi • 16 bar = 1600 kPa = 232 psi 507 A P P E N D I X J AREAS OF CIRCLES TABLE J.1 U.S. Customary System units Diameter Area (in) (ft) (in 2 ) (ft 2 ) 0.25 0.0208 0.0491 3.409 * 10-4 0.50 0.0417 0.1963 1.364 * 10-3 0.75 0.0625 0.4418 3.068 * 10-3 1.00 0.0833 0.7854 5.454 * 10-3 1.25 0.1042 1.227 8.522 * 10-3 1.50 0.1250 1.767 1.227 * 10-2 1.75 0.1458 2.405 1.670 * 10-2 2.00 0.1667 3.142 2.182 * 10-2 2.50 0.2083 4.909 3.409 * 10-2 3.00 0.2500 7.069 4.909 * 10-2 3.50 0.2917 9.621 6.681 * 10-2 4.00 0.3333 12.57 8.727 * 10-2 4.50 0.3750 15.90 0.1104 5.00 0.4167 19.63 0.1364 6.00 0.5000 28.27 0.1963 7.00 0.5833 38.48 0.2673 8.00 0.6667 50.27 0.3491 9.00 0.7500 63.62 0.4418 10.00 0.8333 78.54 0.5454 12.00 1.00 113.1 0.7854 18.00 1.50 254.5 1.767 24.00 2.00 452.4 3.142 508 APPENDIX J Areas of Circles TABLE J.2 SI units Diameter Area (mm) (m) (mm 2 ) (m 2 ) 6 0.006 28.27 2.827 * 10-5 12 0.012 113.1 1.131 * 10-4 18 0.018 254.5 2.545 * 10-4 25 0.025 490.9 4.909 * 10-4 32 0.032 804.2 8.042 * 10-4 40 0.040 1257 1.257 * 10-3 45 0.045 1590 1.590 * 10-3 50 0.050 1963 1.963 * 10-3 60 0.060 2827 2.827 * 10-3 75 0.075 4418 4.418 * 10-3 90 0.090 6362 6.362 * 10-3 100 0.100 7854 7.854 * 10-3 115 0.115 1.039 * 104 1.039 * 10-2 125 0.125 1.227 * 104 1.227 * 10-2 150 0.150 1.767 * 104 1.767 * 10-2 175 0.175 2.405 * 104 2.405 * 10-2 200 0.200 3.142 * 104 3.142 * 10-2 225 0.225 3.976 * 104 3.976 * 10-2 250 0.250 4.909 * 104 4.909 * 10-2 300 0.300 7.069 * 104 7.069 * 10-2 450 0.450 1.590 * 105 1.590 * 10-1 600 0.600 2.827 * 105 2.827 * 10-1 509 A P P E N D I X K CONVERSION FACTORS Note: Conversion factors are given here to generally three or four significant figures. More precise values are available in IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10-2002 listed as Reference 1 in Chapter 1 . TABLE K.1 Conversion factors Mass Standard SI unit: kilogram (kg). Equivalent unit: N # s2/m. 14.59 kg slug 32.174 lbm slug 2.205 lbm kg 453.6 grams lbm 2000 lbm tonm 1000 kg metric tonm Force Standard SI unit: Newton (N). Equivalent unit: kg # m/s2. 4.448 N lbf 105 dynes N 4.448 * 105 dynes lbf 224.8 lbf kN Length 3.281 ft m 39.37 in m 12 in ft 1.609 km mi 5280 ft mi 6076 ft nautical mile Area 144 in2 ft2 10.76 ft2 m2 645.2 mm2 in2 106 mm2 m2 43 560 ft2 acre 104 m2 hectare Volume 1728 in3 ft3 231 in3 gal 7.48 gal ft3 264.2 gal m3 3.785 L gal 35.31 ft3 m3 28.32 L ft3 1000 L m3 61.02 in3 L 1000 cm3 L 1.201 U.S. gal Imperial gallon Volume Flow Rate 449 gal/min ft3/s 35.31 ft3/s m3/s 15 850 gal/min m3/s 3.785 L/min gal/min 60 000 L/min m3/s 2119 ft3/min m3/s 16.67 L/min m3/h 101.9 m3/h ft3/s Density (mass/unit volume) 515.4 kg/m3 slug/ft3 1000 kg/m3 gram/cm3 32.17 lbm/ft3 slug/ft3 16.018 kg/m3 lbm/ft3 Specific Weight (weight/unit volume) 157.1 N/m3 lbf/ft 3 1728 lb/ft3 lb/in3 Pressure Standard SI unit: pascal (Pa). Equivalent units: N/m 2 or kg/m # s2. 144 lb/ft2 lb/in2 47.88 Pa lb/ft2 6895 Pa lb/in2 1 Pa N/m2 100 kPa bar 14.50 lb/in2 bar 27.68 inH2O lb/in2 249.1 Pa inH2O 2.036 inHg lb/in2 3386 Pa inHg 133.3 Pa mmHg 51.71 mmHg lb/in2 14.696 lb/in2 Std. atmosphere 101.325 kPa Std. atmosphere 29.92 inHg Std. atmosphere 760.1 mmHg Std. atmosphere