Artificial Intelligence: Understanding the Basics and Key Concepts - Prof. Cancelo López, Exámenes de Informática

¡Descarga Artificial Intelligence: Understanding the Basics and Key Concepts - Prof. Cancelo López y más Exámenes en PDF de Informática solo en Docsity! Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. CHAPTER 15: IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REAL? Multiple Choice: 1. During Word World II, ____________ used Colossus, an electronic digital computer to crack German military codes. A. Alan Kay B. Grace Murray Hopper C. Alan Turing D. Tim Berners-Lee Answer: C Reference: Alan Turing Military Intelligence, and Intelligent Machines Difficulty: Challenging 2. The British mathematician, ____________ spent much of his life trying to answer the central question of artificial intelligence “Can machines think?” A. Alan Turing B. Alan Kay C. Tim Berners-Lee D. Grace Murray Hopper Answer: A Reference: Alan Turing Military Intelligence, and Intelligent Machines Difficulty: Challenging 3. Problems with the simulation approach to AI include all of the following EXCEPT: A. people don’t always know how they do things. B. the brain can perform parallel processing, which is difficult for computers. C. machines operate differently than the brain. D. machines cannot remember hundreds of numbers at the same time. Answer: D Reference: What is Artificial Intelligence? Difficulty: Moderate Chapter 15: Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. 2 4. In the 1950s, the popular domain for AI research was: A. checkers and chess. B. solitaire. C. OCR. D. robotics. Answer: A Reference: What is Artificial Intelligence? Difficulty: Moderate 5. Traditional AI techniques include all of the following EXCEPT: A. searching. B. heuristics. C. pattern recognition. D. batch processing. Answer: D Reference: Opening Games Difficulty: Challenging 6. Machine learning involves: A. learning from a successful move. B. entering the knowledge of a human into a computer. C. loading numerous educational programs. D. making mistakes so the computer can learn from them. Answer: A Reference: Opening Games Difficulty: Moderate 7. The main outcome of the early automatic language translation efforts was the realization that: A. translation without understanding is impossible. B. computers are faster and more accurate. C. computers make fewer errors than humans. D. computers can accurately translate 99% of the text. Answer: A Reference: Machine Translation Traps Difficulty: Moderate Chapter 15: Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. 5 16. A(n) ____________ could be used to replicate how a specialist diagnoses lung cancer. A. expert system B. MIS C. TPS D. micromachine Answer: A Reference: Artificial Experts Difficulty: Easy 17. When a conclusion is stated as a probability rather than an exact fact, it is known as: A. an expert system. B. statistical logic. C. fuzzy logic. D. a pattern recognition system. Answer: C Reference: Artificial Experts Difficulty: Moderate 18. The term, __________ describes the use of a system to give a conclusion along with its probability of happening: A. fuzzy logic B. neural network C. image analysis D. parsing Answer: A Reference: Artificial Experts Difficulty: Easy 19. MYCIN, XCON and AARON are all examples of: A. expert systems. B. expert system shells. C. fuzzy logic. D. robots. Answer: A Reference: Expert Systems in Action Difficulty: Challenging Chapter 15: Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. 6 20. Even though they weren’t accepted with enthusiasm, successful expert systems were first developed in the field of: A. insurance. B. medicine. C. aviation. D. geology. Answer: B Reference: Expert Systems in Action Difficulty: Easy 21. To facilitate development of new expert systems, software companies sell: A. knowledge bases. B. ELIZA. C. parsers. D. expert system shells. Answer: D Reference: Expert Systems in Perspective Difficulty: Easy 22. The following are all examples of pattern recognition EXCEPT: A. systems analysis. B. surveillance satellite data analysis. C. biological slide analysis. D. handwriting recognition. Answer: A Reference: Pattern Recognition: Making Sense of the World Difficulty: Easy 23. The field of AI called ____________ includes fingerprint identification, handwriting recognition, and weather forecasting. A. pattern recognition B. OCR C. parsing programs D. fuzzy logic Answer: A Reference: Pattern Recognition: Making Sense of the World Difficulty: Moderate Chapter 15: Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. 7 24. Identifying recurring arrangements in input data and eventually understanding or categorizing that input is known as: A. fuzzy logic. B. automatic translation. C. parsing. D. pattern recognition. Answer: D Reference: Pattern Recognition: Making Sense of the World Difficulty: Moderate 25. _____________ is the process of identifying objects and shapes in a photograph, drawing, video, or other visual images. A. ELIZA B. Image analysis C. OCR D. Fuzzy logic Answer: B Reference: Pattern Recognition: Making Sense of the World Difficulty: Easy 26. OCR stands for: A. original character representation. B. optical character recognition. C. optical computer reply. D. original character recognition. Answer: B Reference: Optical Character Recognition Difficulty: Easy 27. Advanced speech recognition programs that are ____________ have the ability to recognize speech without being trained by a speaker. A. OCR systems B. speaker independent C. digitized speech D. synthetic speech systems Answer: B Reference: Automatic Speech Recognition Difficulty: Moderate Chapter 15: Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. 10 36. ____________, a simulator, is considered the beginning of the age of automated therapy. A. ELIZA B. XCON C. OCR D. AARON Answer: A Reference: AI Implications and Ethical Questions Difficulty: Challenging 37. The manufacture of machines on a scale of a few billionths of a meter is referred to as: A. pentatechnology. B. microtechnology. C. nanotechnology. D. macrotechnology. Answer: C Reference: Inventing the Future: Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Difficulty: Challenging 38. Research in ____________ systems is concerned with miniaturization of computers using microscopic parts. A. macroelectromechanical B. ELIZA C. microelectromechanical D. silicon chip Answer: C Reference: Inventing the Future: Microtechnology and Nanotechnology Difficulty: Challenging Fill in the Blank: 39. AI stands for ____________. Answer: artificial intelligence Reference: Alan Turing, Military Intelligence, and Intelligent Machines Difficulty: Easy Chapter 15: Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. 11 40. In the classic ____________ test, a computer is considered to be intelligent if it can successfully pose as a human being when replying to questions. Answer: Turing Reference: Can Machines Think? Difficulty: Moderate 41. ____________ processing is the process of breaking complex jobs into manageable pieces and completing all of these tasks at the same time. Answer: Parallel Reference: What is Artificial Intelligence? Difficulty: Moderate 42. A(n) ____________ is a rule of thumb. Answer: heuristic Reference: Opening Games Difficulty: Challenging 43. The AI technique called ____________ is the process of looking at possibilities and choosing one that has the best chance of being successful. Answer: searching Reference Opening Games Difficulty: Moderate 44. Early work in AI focused on games like ____________. Answer: checkers and chess Reference: Opening Games Difficulty: Easy 45. In 1997, IBM’s ____________, a customized RS/6000 SP computer, beat Garry Kasparov, a chess grand master. Answer: Deep Blue Reference: Opening Games Difficulty: Challenging 46. The ____________ technique rapidly repeats a simple operation until an answer is found. Answer: brute-force Reference: Opening Games Difficulty: Challenging 47. Every natural language has a(n) ____________, a set of rules for constructing sentences from words. Answer: syntax Reference: Nonsense and Common Sense Difficulty: Moderate 48. The most successful natural-language applications limit their ____________, or affected area, so that rules can be clean and unambiguous. Answer: domain Reference: Nonsense and Common Sense Difficulty: Easy 49. A(n) ____________ program analyzes sentence structure and identifies parts of speech. Answer: parsing Reference: Machine Translation Traps Difficulty: Moderate 50. Between humans and computers, ____________ are better at comprehending and identifying relationships among facts. Answer: humans Reference: Knowledge Bases and Expert Systems Difficulty: Easy Chapter 15: Is Artificial Intelligence Real? Copyright © 2008 Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. 12 51. ____________ is information that incorporates the relationships among facts. Answer: Knowledge Reference: Knowledge Bases and Expert Systems Difficulty: Easy 52. A database contains only facts, while a(n) ____________ base also contains a system of rules for determining and changing relationships among those facts. Answer: knowledge Reference: Knowledge Bases Difficulty: Challenging 53. A(n) ____________ is a person with an extraordinary amount of knowledge within a narrow domain. Answer: expert Reference: Artificial Experts Difficulty: Easy 54. A(n) ____________ system is a software program designed to replicate the decision-making process of a human specialist. Answer: expert Reference: Artificial Experts Difficulty: Moderate 55. Because most human decision making involves ambiguity, ____________ logic allows for conclusions that are based on probabilities rather than certainties. Answer: fuzzy Reference: Artificial Experts Difficulty: Moderate 56. An expert system is designed to replicate the decision-making process of a human ____________. Answer: expert Reference: Artificial Experts Difficulty: Easy 57. ____________ was a successful expert system developed by Digital Equipment Corporation to configure, maintain, and troubleshoot computer systems. Answer: XCON Reference: Expert Systems in Action Difficulty: Challenging 58. ____________ is an expert system that produces drawings of people, plants, and objects based on rules of human anatomy and behavior. Answer: AARON Reference: Expert Systems in Action Difficulty: Challenging 59. Because ____________ information is orderly and well-documented, MYCIN became one of the first successful expert systems. Answer: medical Reference: Expert Systems in Action Difficulty: Moderate 60. An expert system ____________ is used to develop an expert system using human interfaces and inference engines. Answer: shell Reference: Expert Systems in Perspective Difficulty: Moderate 61. Expert systems use ____________ recognition to acquire knowledge about the world. Answer: pattern Reference: Pattern Recognition: Making Sense of the World Difficulty: Moderate