Filosofía Moderna e inglés resumenes, Apuntes de Filosofía moderna

¡Descarga Filosofía Moderna e inglés resumenes y más Apuntes en PDF de Filosofía moderna solo en Docsity! PPs. Constituents whose heads are prepositions. Prepositions usually require NPs as complements. This is actually the etymology of the word preposition (put before sth.). PPs. PPs occasionally take another PP as their complements. PP <R Spec p' <P, P PP ÍA from behind the wall PPs. PPs may also take specifiers A Spec p' right p p across the street In short, since... Heads are (so far) lexical words (V, N, A, P) Complements are phrases! vp therefore NP OM XP Oo Spec A oO p A V NP/PP Spec xXx” N PP >Pes SN which is the basis for “P** SN X'"-bar theory A PP P PP Functional phrases Next, we are going to examine phrases whose heads are NOT lexical items, but functional items: • IPs • CPs • DPs Functional phrases Next, we are going to examine phrases whose heads are NOT lexical items, but functional items: • IPs (I stands for Inflection) • CPs (C for Complementizer) • DPs (D for Determiner) Functional heads Functional heads have specific properties which distinguish them from lexical categories. a) they belong to closed-class categories (there’s a limited number of possible heads in each category). inflection/inflexion (2.) (1) A term used in MORPHOLOGY to refer to one of the two main CATEGORIES or processes Of WORD-FORMATION (inflectional morpho- logy), the other being DERIVATION(AL). These terms also apply to the two types Of AFFIX involved in word-formation. Inflectional affixes signal GRAMMATICAL relationships, such as plural, past TENSE and possession, and do not change the grammatical cLass of the srems to which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single PARADIGM, e.g. walk, walks, walked. A word is said to inflect for past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (prelinguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sense, as was the term flexion. Crystal, D., A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics The need for INFL English morphology uses auxiliaries for most tenses, which points in the direction of an AUX(iliary) category. The need for INFL However, how can we explain affirmative sentences with verbs in present or past simple, which have no auxiliary? The need for INFL Conclusion: The tense specification is separate from VP and associated with a higher node. When an auxiliary is present, some use the label AUX (for auxiliary). However, AUX is just a subtype of INFL or I. Some people use TP. I prefer to use IP. Why? The need for INFL INFL is a node which dominates all verbal inflection, which includes: • tense • person+number (agreement) • modality The need for INFL Three combinations are possible in English: [+AGR]/[+Tense] finite verb [-AGR]/[-Tense] infinitives [-AGR]/[+Tense] perfect infinitives Spec,NP I' Thrawn I VP ( -ed) TOA +Tense non command the Imperial Fleet Spec,NP I' Thrawn I VP to ADT] a command the Imperial Fleet Homework Director George Lucas met his new investors in the foyer of the opera Mara Jade always cleans her vibroknife with a rag Homework Director George Lucas met his new investors in the foyer of the opera Spec,NP [' Director George Lucas | VP (-ed) V VÁ PP V NP in the foyer of the opera Ll ZÓA meet his new investors Mara Jade IP vP v' AdvP v' Adv' PP Adv V p" always clean ZN NM P NP her | with Í/N N D N' vibroknife a | CPs. Constituents whose heads are complementizers (C or COMP). There are just 4 complementizers in English: that, if, whether, for. CPs. What separates complementizers from other functional words? Complementizers can be used to turn a clause into the complement of a phrase or the subject of a sentence. • that Everybody knew that Senator Amidala opposed the MCA. That Senator Amidala opposed the MCA was well known. The Chancellor didn’t like the idea that Senator Amidala opposed the MCA. • if / whether The Jedi ignored if/whether Senator Amidala opposed the MCA. • (for ...) to The Chancellor expected for Senator Amidala to oppose the MCA. • (for ...) to The Chancellor expected for Senator Amidala to oppose the MCA. The Chancellor expected to win the MCA vote. Because for only appears with explicit infinitive-subjects! Why the brackets? The embedded clause would be A c 1P that IT Spec,NP ZXÓOR A Senator Amidala I vP (-ed) | ZN V NP the MCA The choice of IP is determined by the choice of C. • that / if select a finite clause as their complement • for selects an infinitival clause • whether selects either type of clause. The choice of C depends on the head it complements. Practice. Draw the full tree of Other senators hesitated whether to oppose the MCA There are several facts that suggest that main clauses are CPs, even though the C position may be empty: a) empty C may happen in embedded statements (that, for). In such a case, use the complementizer within brackets (C) or the empty set symbol Ø. A IÓ Everybody I vP (ed) IIA UN IA v cP know IO NN A c IP that / Ú IO A SO Senator Amidala I vP (ed) IDR, Spec v' V NP mm NN, the MCA b) Main clauses with a C occur in other languages in interrogative sentences (French, Irish, Polish). For instance, this French statement Vous avez compris tout. becomes a question with the C est-ce que Est-ce que vous avez compris tout?