¡Descarga Gender Sex and gender (social and identity Gender role (social an y más Apuntes en PDF de Sociología solo en Docsity! Gender Sex and gender (social and identity). • Is the social and cultural behaviours of men and women determined by the sex or by the gender? Gender role (social and cultural practices associated with a particular gender) and gender representation (expression of masculinity and feminity). It is important to consider the influence of social change in the social construction of gender: Historical and cultural variances and evolution. Universal components of gender. Sexism is real. Gender socialization Gender socialization maintains the social order through family, school, peer groups and media. The social environment (toys, books, clothes, etc.) are elements that contribute to gender socialization. ▲ Social learning theories stress the different learning process between genders: rewards and punishments. Identification with the mother and the father. ▲ Cognitive theories: gender differences are provoked by a categorization process in which boys and girls allocate themselves in a male or female category. ▲ Psychodynamic theories: the gender differences are shaped during early infancy as a consequence of the emotional tension with the parents. Gender stratification Gender is a critical factor in structuring the types of opportunities and life chances faced by individuals and groups. Private and public stratification. There is an unequal distribution of power, wealth and social privileges. Unequality is seen in the glass ceiling ("the unseen, yet unbreakable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements."). Linked to this phenophena is Women in the labour market: salaries and positions. But to integrate old values in a modern society (or new values in an old society) brings new conflicts. Such as: Is masculinity in crisis? The gender order can be define in 3 dynamic spheres: labour (home and labour market), power (authority, violence and ideology in institutions) and social relations (emotional, intimate and personal relationships). Gender theories • Functionalism: gender division of task and duties is essential to maintain the social system. Women and men perform those task for which they are biologically best suited. Socialization is the most important element in the development of gender roles. • Marxist/conflict theories: Women are doubly exploited as proletarians, at work and at home. • Bourdieu and structuralism: male domination is institutionalized in society and internalized amongst its members. It is important to consider the relevance of structures such as language. • Interactionism: from the generalized other to the male other. Feminism It is important to configure a new perspective. It is necessary to restructure and reconfigure the classic dualities of men and women, masculine and feminine, emotions and rationality. This leads to the importance of avoiding gender stratification. Feminism also proposes to develop female social freedom and sexual autonomy. • Three ideological mechanisms that devaluate women's activities and achievements: 1. Trivialization 2. Idealization 3. Concealment Feminist theories • Liberal feminism: They do not see women’s subordination as part of a larger system or structure, they instead look for many separate factors which contribute to inequalities between men and women (work, media, etc.). • Socialist and Marxist feminism: There are powerful interests in society against equality for women. Socialist feminist have sought to defeat both patriarchy and capitalism.
