¡Descarga English Grammar: Suffixes, Prefixes, Compounds and Tenses y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity! SUFFIXES Noun Suffixes -er added to a verb is used for the person who does an activity: writer, worker, singer,... (sometimes -or, as in actor, sailor, supervisor,...) -er/-or are also used for things which do a particular job: tin-opener, projector, ... -er and -ee can contrast with each other, meaning "person who does something" (-er) and "person who receives or experiences the action" (-ee): employer/employee, ... -(t)ion is used to make nouns from verbs: communication, pollution, admission, ... -ist (person) and -ism (activity or ideology): marxist/Marxism, terrorist/terrorism, ... -ist is also used for people who play musical instruments: pianist, violinist, ... -al is added to some verbs to make nouns: arrival, refusal, ... -ness is used to make abstract nouns from adjectives: happiness, goodness, weakness, ... -ment is used to make abstract nouns from verbs: excitement, enjoyment, ... -hood is used to make abstract nouns, especially family terms, from nouns: childhood, brotherhood, ... -ship is used to make abstract nouns, especially status, from nouns: friendship, membership, partnership, ... -(i)ty is used to make abstract nouns from adjectives: honesty, loyalty, ... Adjective Suffixes -able/-ible with verbs means "can be done": readable, countable, edible, flexible, ... -ive is used to make adjectives from verbs: active, passive, ... -al is used to make adjectives from nouns: brutal, legal, ... -ous is used to make adjectives from nouns: dangerous, furious, ... -ful is used to make adjectives from nouns or verbs: hopeful, useful, forgetful, ... -less is used to make adjectives from nouns or verbs: useless, harmless, cloudless, ... -ic/-ical is used to make adjectives with nouns: economic/economical, ... -ish can be added to most common adjectives, ages and times to make them less precise: reddish hair, she's thirtyish, come about eightish, ... Verb Suffixes -ise/-ize makes verbs from adjectives: modernise, industrialise, ... -ify makes verbs from nouns: electrify, terrify, ... -en makes verbs from adjectives: shorten, deepen, darken, ... PREFIXES Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative meaning. The most common adjective prefixes are un-, in- and dis-: uncomfortable, inconvenient, dissimilar, ... in- becomes im- before a root beginning with 'm' or 'p' (immature, impatient), ir- before a word beginning with 'r' (irregular) and il- before a word beginning with 'l' (illegal, illiterate). in- does not always have a negative meaning; it often gives the idea of inside or into: internal, import, ... un- and dis- can also form the opposites of verbs: appear/disappear, load/unload, ... Other common prefixes are: anti against anti-war, antisocial multi many multi-lingual, multi-purpose auto of or by oneself autograph, autobiography over too much overdo, ovetired, oversleep bi two, twice bicycle, bilingual post after postwar, postgraduate ex former ex-wife, ex-president pre before pre-listening out of extract, exhale pro in favour of pro-government micro small microwave pseudo false pseudo-intellectual mini small minu-skirt re again / back retype, reread mis badly/wrongly misunderstand, misbehave semi half semi-detached, semicircular mono one/single monologue, monotonous sub under subway, submarine under not enough underpaid, undercooked COMPOUNDS Compound Nouns 1. A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and functions as a noun. They can be written as two words (tin opener, address book, ...), with a hyphen (post-office, ice-cream, ...) or as one word (earring, teapot, ...). verbs which cannot take the progressive form verbs of thinking and understanding: believe, think (=believe), know, ... verbs of the senses (involuntary actions): see, hear, ... verbs of state: remain, be, have got, ... verbs denoting feelings and emotions: love, like, hate, ... to give instructions (usually in the 2nd person) WHEN + Simple present to describe the future (usually combined with a verb in the future) Simple present as future to describe an organized future timetable. Present Continuous Form: AM / IS / ARE + VERB-ing Use: for an action in progress now to show temporary events (=/= Simple present - permanent things) for a repeated action to express the speakers annoyance to express future plans (+ TIME WORD) to express duration PAST TENSES Simple Past Form: regular verbs (V+-d/-ed) / irregular verbs same form for all persons, except to be (was/were) auxiliary DID for negatives and questions Use: definite past action or state (long or short) finished past actions Past Continuous Form: WAS / WERE + VERB-ing Use: to describe a past action at some point between its beginning and its end combined with a simple past action to indicate an interrupted action often used in a past simple narrative to describe the background history or environment PERFECT TENSES Present Perfect Simple Form: HAVE / HAS + past participle Use: to talk about the present result of a past action period of time up to the present it describes the indefinite past (=/= Simple past) often used to describe personal experience used with EVER / NEVER and HOW LONG? not used with past time words used with FOR and SINCE when something started in the past and is continuing now FOR + Simple past (action finished) FOR + Present perfect (action continues) SINCE: Present perfect only used with JUST, YET and ALREADY Present perfect can refer to: unfinished past indefinite past Present Perfect Continuous Form: HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V-ing Use: an action over a period of time up to now frequently used with HOW LONG?, FOR and SINCE to describe activities ending just before the present not used with verbs that cannot take the progressive Present perfect simple vs Present perfect continuous Present perfect simple: action complete final achievement important Present perfect continuous: activity important achievement not important Past Perfect Simple Form: HAD + past participle Use: to describe a time before the past time which is being discussed to describe a period of time leading to the past time which is being discussed often combined with the simple past Past Perfect Continuous Form: HAD + BEEN + V-ing Use: for an action over a period of time up to a past time not used with verbs that cannot take the progressive FUTURE TENSES Present continuous + TIME WORD Form: AM / IS / ARE + V-ing Use: plans arranged for a particular time in the future Be going to Form: AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO + V Use: planned future action to talk about the results of things happening now (predictions based on present evidence) for neutral statements about the future Simple Present Form: base form of the verb (3rd person singular +-s/-es) auxiliary DO / DOES for negatives and questions Use: to describe an organized future timetable clauses of time and condition combined with the future simple (WHEN + simple present) Future Simple Form: WILL + V Use: certain / uncertain statements about the future (predictions) sudden decision (=/= going to) to show willingness
