Guía de medicina 2020, Guías, Proyectos, Investigaciones de Historia

¡Descarga Guía de medicina 2020 y más Guías, Proyectos, Investigaciones en PDF de Historia solo en Docsity! Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 1 Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 2 WELCOME Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 5 Unit 1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH FOR THE HEALTH SCIENCE AREA SESSION I Use of the Dictionary (English-Spanish) El diccionario es una de las herramientas más importantes que todo buen lector necesita. Para el estudiante del idioma inglés, los diccionarios bilingües constituyen un material de consulta relevante e ineludible; por lo tanto, debe dominar la técnica de su uso para utilizarlo con rapidez y eficacia. Para lograr estas destrezas es conveniente tener en cuenta algunas consideraciones: Las palabras aparecen en estricto orden alfabético. En la esquina superior de cada página del diccionario aparecen dos palabras guías que nos facilitan buscar la palabra en la página indicada. Muchas palabras en inglés son homógrafas, es decir, palabras que se escriben igual, pero cuyo significado depende de la función gramatical y del contexto donde se usan. Por lo tanto, el diccionario separa los significados de acuerdo a la función gramatical, es decir, si es verbo, sustantivo, adjetivo, conjunción, adverbio, preposición, pronombre, etc. Para ello se utiliza abreviaturas Los diccionarios no registran palabras que tengan terminaciones inflexionales. Solo registran la palabra base. Por lo tanto, es necesario conocer cuáles son esas terminaciones y lo que significan. Ellas son: es / s. Esta terminación tiene doble función: 1. Indica el plural de los sustantivos regulares y 2. Indica la tercera persona del singular, presente simple de los verbos. ed. Esta terminación indica el pasado o el participio pasado de los verbos regulares. (El participio pasado equivale a las terminaciones ado, ido en español). En el caso de los verbos irregulares el diccionario remite al verbo base. Ing. Representa el gerundio o forma progresiva de los verbos. (En español el gerundio equivale a la terminación ando, endo). ‘ s. Esta terminación indica el caso posesivo del adjetivo. Por ejemplo: world’ s en la expresión world´ s movement . Er y est. Estas terminaciones indican el grado comparativo y superlativo de los adjetivos cortos: drier, hotter, earlier, biggest; el diccionario nos remite a: dry, hot, early, big. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 6 Es conveniente destacar la importancia de que en inglés hay un grupo numeroso de palabras llamadas Cognate Words (Cognadas). Estas palabras que se parecen en escritura y significado al español facilitan la comprensión de un texto dado. Por ejemplo: system, technology, medicine, human, etc. PARTS OF SPEECH A PRONOUN replaces any noun: / he, she, it, and you are found. ) Three little words you often see Are ARTICLES: a, an, and the. A NOUN's the name of anything, As: school or garden, toy, or swing. ADJECTIVES tell the kind of noun, As: great, small, pretty, white, or brown. VERBS tell of something being done: To read, write, count, sing, jump, or run. How things are done the ADVERBS tell, As: slowly, quickly, badly, well. CONJUNCTIONS join the words together, As: men and women, wind or weather. The PREPOSITION stands before A noun as: in or through a door. The INTERJECTION shows surprise As: Oh, how pretty! Ah! How wise! There are words that have several functions. For example: v. gustar Adj. bien LIKE n. gusto FINE s. multa Conj. como v. multar adj. semejante Adv. bien Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 7 Direction: Read the following sentences. Indicate the grammatical function of the underlined words in the following sentences, and write their meanings. 1. Dr Mujica is a very kind person. 2. Pneumonia can be caused by different kinds of bacteria or virus. 3. A cold is very contagious. 4. He always drinks cold water. s. gusto Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 10 Direction: According with the text above, State whether the following statements about the reading are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false statements. Then compare with a partner 1. Zootomy is the branch of biology that deals with the vegetable anatomy. 2. Anatomy deals with the structure and organization of living things 3. Phytotomy deals with the animal anatomy 4. The major branches of anatomy include histology and embryology 5. Comparative anatomy is the same than animal morphology SESSION II Direction: Read the following text. Then, with a partner, answer the question bellow. Disease A disease or medical condition is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs social functions, associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as invading organisms, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In human beings, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes extreme pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Terminology: In many cases, the terms disease, disorder, medical condition are often used interchangeably. In some situations, specific terms are considered preferable. Disease: This term broadly refers to any abnormal condition that impairs normal function. Commonly, this term is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 11 of pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins known as prions. An infection that does not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning is not considered a disease. Non-infectious diseases are all other diseases, including most forms of cancer, heart disease, and genetic disease. Disorder: In medicine, a disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance. Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, genetic disorders, behavioral disorders and functional disorders. The term "disorder" is often considered more value-neutral than the term disease or illness, and therefore is preferred terminology in some circumstances. In mental health, the use of the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the varied and complex causes and processes in psychiatric conditions, beyond biological explanations. However, it is also used in other situations, such as to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as organic brain syndrome. Medical condition: A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases and disorders, but also includes normal situations, such as pregnancy, that might benefit from medical assistance or have implications for medical treatments. As it is more value-neutral than terms like disease, it is sometimes preferred by people with these conditions. On the other hand, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the autism rights movement. Additionally, the term medical condition is used as a synonym for medical state, where it describes a patient's current state, as seen from a medical standpoint. This usage is seen in statements that describe a patient as being "in critical condition", for example. Vocabulary (pronunciation practice) Disease: enfermedad Spectrum: espectro, gama Impairs: afecta Agreed upon: acordada, establecida Isolated: aislado Deviant: anormal Fall into: estar/caer Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 12 Direction: Write the main idea of the text. 2. Write in Spanish two secondary ideas of the text. Direction: Write a summary about the text. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 15 Noun Direction: match the nouns with the definitions • •Tube _____ a) A tube or duct, as an artery or vein, containing or conveying blood or some other body fluid. •Vessel _____ b) the fluid that circulates in the principal vascular system of human beings and other vertebrates •Laboratory _____ c) a hollow, usually cylindrical body used especially for conveying or containing liquids or gases d •Blood _____ d) a building, part of a building, or other place equipped to conduct scientific experiments, tests, investigations, etc Tubes Vessel SESSION III Plurals of English nouns taken from Latin or Greek Words with two plurals English has borrowed many common words from Latin and Greek, such as amoeba, appendix, aquarium, criterion, referendum, syllabus, and virus. In their original language the plurals of such words followed that language’s rules: the Latin plural of aquarium is aquaria, the Greek plural of criterion is criteria, and so forth. However, most of these words also form regular plurals in English by adding an -s, e.g. aquariums, referendums, syllabuses. Which form to use? As a rule of thumb, the Latin-style plural is appropriate to formal, scientific, or technical writing, while the English plural is better suited to everyday KEY FACT Nouns are words We use to name things (a person, a place, a thing) Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 16 language. Rock guitarists use plectrums, and might be ridiculed if they called them plectra. Choosing to use the Latin plural form when an English one is also available can smack of pretentiousness or pomposity, as when talking of online fora rather than forums. Direction: For each of the nouns decide whether the correct plural form is and then circle it. Then give the meaning in Spanish Nouns Plural Meaning 1 Stratum Stratums Strata 2 Foot Feet Foots 3 Fibula Fibulae Fibulas 4 Glomerulus Glomerulae Glomeruli 5 Joint Jointes joints 6 Septum Septa Septums 7 Diagnosis Diagnoses Diagnosises 8 Larva Larvae Larvi 9 Fungus Funguses Fungi 10 Ovum Ovums Ova Direction: Look at the following words and create compounds nous. You can repeat nouns as necessary. Blood Production Vessel Test Sample Group Infection Ear Pregnancy Count Donor Results Laboratory Urine Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 17 Direction: Listen to the following paragraph. As your teacher reads, underline the nouns you hear Do not repeat any noun. What causes a urine infection? Most urine infections are caused by germs (bacteria) that come from your own bowel. They cause no harm in your bowel but can cause infection if they get into other parts of your body. Some bacteria lie around your back passage (anus) after you pass a stool (faeces). These bacteria can sometimes travel to your urethra and into your bladder. Some bacteria thrive in urine and multiply quickly to cause infection. Women are more prone to urine infections than men, as their urethra (the tube from the bladder that passes out urine) is shorter and opens nearer the anus. Direction: Complete the following diagram with the nouns given Ulna Thoracic cavity clavicle Acromion Manubrium Scapula Sternum Costal cartilage Ribs Humerus Radius Xiphoid process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 2. 6. 2. 7. 2. 8. 2. 9. 10. 11. 12. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 20 5. ________, it is true to say that such students who are exposed to product- oriented approaches to writing will not be expected to write appropriately in a genre of which they have no clear picture in mind and were not fully and seriously exposed to. a. such as / thus / inside b. The transition indicates: comparison / conclusion / cause and effect 6. ____________ it can be said that, if sometimes discourse community's conventions do not work, one of the reasons can be the generic awareness a. After/ In other words / but b. The transition indicates: cause and effect / explanation / time Unit 2 SHAPES AND PROPERTIES SESSION I SHAPE: The particular physical form or appearance of something. Many words to describe shapes are very similar in both Spanish and English. Direction: Try labeling these shapes: A B C D Sphere Pyramid Pear Bean E F G H Tube Dome Triangle Cone Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 21 Direction: Try to convert the nouns above to adjectives as in the example. Where this is not possible, try to find an alternative way to describe the shape Examples: Sphere (noun) Cylinder (noun) Spherical (adj.) Cylindrical (adj.) Nouns Adjectives 1. Pyramid 2. Pear 3. Bean 4. Tube 5. Dome 6. Triangle 7. Cone Direction: Look and label the following diagram about the digestive system. Use these “headlight” words. 1. Nose (pyramid) 2. Lung (cone) 3. Kidney (bean) 4. Stomach (j -shaped organ) 5. Liver (triangle) 6. Duodenum (c-shaped organ) 7. Oesophagus (tube) 8. Heart (cone) 9. Diaphragm (dome) 10. Gallbladder (pear) 11. Large intestine (tube 12. Small intestine (tube) 13. Sigmoid colon (s-shaped organ) 14. Eye (sphere) Singular: What is the heart shaped like? Plural: what are the kidneys shaped like? 1. 4. 2. 3. 5. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 22 We have three ways to answer these questions, we can say: a. The heart is shaped like a cone b.The heart is a conical organ c.The heart is conical in shape. Direction: Write the question and the three similar answers given: Liver Eye Lungs ? ? ? Direction: Complete the sentences below 1. The diaphragm is a ____________________________ 2. The sigmoid colon is an ____________________________ 3. The kidneys are ____________________________ 4. The small intestine is ______________ in shape. 5. The eye ____________ like a sphere. 6. The nose _____________ in shape. Direction: Write sentences to describe the shape of the following organs of the body using all the above structures. A. Gallbladder b. Liver c. Oesophagus d. Duodenum a. b. c. __________________________ d. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 25 SESSION II Blood Cells There are two main kinds of cells in the blood: red cells and white cells. The red cells, which are called erythrocytes, are rather small and have no nuclei. They are usually shaped like biconcave dishes but they can, however, change their shape to pass through the narrow parts of blood vessels. The white cells, which are known as leucocytes, include a number of various types. Some of them, for example, have nuclei which are irregular in shape: these are called polymorphonuclear leucocytes_ polymorpho- because their nuclei have many (or poly) shapes (morpho). Now these kinds of cells can pass through capillary walls and move through the tissues, and many of them can eat and destroy foreign bacteria. But lymphocytes, on the other hand, are small_ like the red cells_ and round, and have large, regular nuclei. And then finally there are monocytes, which are large round cells with oval nuclei. They also can move into the tissues and destroy foreign particles. Vocabulary (pronunciation practice) Rather: más que todo Narrow: estrecho Dishes: platos Foreign: externo (a) Direction: According to the previous reading, choose the correct words in these sentences 1. Erythrocytes are : flexible / rigid/ concave / convex 2. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes are: elastic / phagocytic and motile/permeable 3. Monocytes are : impermeable / phagocytic. Direction: State whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F) according to the previous text. Correct the false ones. 1. White cells and leucocytes are the same ______________ 2. Red cells are called leucocytes ______________ 3. There are several kinds of leucocytes ______________ Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 26 4. Polymorphonuclear” means that cells have nuclei with shape ______________ 5. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes are motile ______________ 6. Monocytes are a kind of leucocytes ______________ 7. Erythrocytes have no nuclei ______________ Direction: Write a summary about the reading above. The Adjective Adjectives: order Order of adjectives When more than one adjective comes before a noun, the adjectives are normally in a particular order. Adjectives which describe opinions or attitudes (e.g. amazing) usually come first, before more neutral, factual ones (e.g. red): Dr. Morris was wearing an amazing white coat. Not: … white amazing coat If we don’t want to emphasize any one of the adjectives, the most usual sequence of adjectives is: Order relating to: Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 27 Order relating to: 1 number 2 opinion two,fourth,05-9 unusual, lovely, beautiful 3 size big, small, tall 4 physical quality thin, rough, untidy 5 age young, old, youthful 6 shape round, square, rectangular 7 colour blue, red, pink 8 origin Dutch, Japanese, Turkish 9 material metal, wood, plastic 10 type general-purpose, four-sided, U-shaped 11 purpose cleaning, hammering, cooking It was made of a (2) strange, (7) green, (9) metallic material. It’s a (6) long, (3) narrow, (9) steel scalpel. Panettone is a (6) round, (8) Italian, (10) bread-like Christmas cake. Here are some examples of longer adjective phrases. A noun phrase which include all these types would be extremely rare. She was a (2) beautiful, (3) tall, (4) thin, (5) young, (7) black-haired, (8) Scottish surgeon. What an (2) amazing, (3) little, (5) old, (8) Chinese cup and saucer! Adjectives joined by and When more than one adjective occurs after a verb such as be (a linking verb), the second last adjective is normally connected to the last adjective by and: Night shift used to be a quiet, relaxing time. Now it is sad, dark and cold. And is less common when more than one adjective comes before the noun (e.g. a quiet, relaxing time). However, we can use and when there are two or more adjectives of the same type, or when the adjectives refer to different parts of the same thing: It was a blue and green cotton uniform. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 30 Direction: Place the adjectives in the box into the diagram given Right Adrenal Renal Left Abdominal Inferior Ureteral Urinary Direction: Unscramble the following adjectives and write in English the meaning of each one Scrambled Unscrambled Meaning 1. ENROBWARET 2. CUTEA 3. TOTICMAMYSA 4. INGCHTAC 5. RONCHIC 6. TRULENVI 7. SINGWAT 8. SERUNNOPEVIS 9. DETARETUN 10. LARIV ___________________Gland _______________ Kidney _______________ vena cava ____________________ Meatus _________________ Bladder _________________ Aorta _______________ Kidney ________________ Orifices Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 31 Direction: From the adjectives above, choose 5 and write 5 sentences. Then, check with a partner Direction: Complete the following chart using comparative and superlatives adjectives. Then, compare with a partner. THE MISSING ADJECTIVE Adjective Comparative Superlative 1 Light 2 Dangerous 3 Invasive 4 Dark 5 Effective 6 Conventional 7 Aseptic 8 Low 9 Good 10 Safe 11 Powerful 12 Bad 13 Close Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 32 UNIT 3- LOCATION SESSION I Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 35 Direction: Find out the meaning of the following prepositions Preposition Meaning Preposition Meaning At the level of ________________ Around ________________ Along ________________ Below ________________ Between ________________ To the left of ________________ Within ________________ At the top of ________________ To the right of ________________ On either side of ________________ At the bottom of ________________ Opposite ________________ Above ________________ In front of ________________ Beside ________________ Behind ________________ Surround ________________ Next to Direction: According to the diagram below, state whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F). Correct the false statements. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 36 1. The spleen is below the stomach. __________________________________________________________________ 2. The stomach is above the transverse colon. __________________________________________________________________ 3. The gallbladder is to the right of the liver. __________________________________________________________________ 4. The liver is below the ascending colon. __________________________________________________________________ 5. The rectum is below the small intestine __________________________________________________________________ Direction: Look at the diagram and complete the following sentences It is located in the thoracic cavity , between the lungs, behind the sternum and above the diaphragm. It is an organ of digestion it has a saclike shape and is located between the esophagus and the intestines. It is located to the right of the stomach, it is the body ´ s largest and heaviest organ. A pear - shaped sac located behind the lower portion of the liver. It is a coiled long tube that winds from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 37 1 The stomach lies between the liver and the ___________________. 2. ______________________is situated above the descending colon. 3. _______________is to the right of the spleen. 4. The stomach is ______________ the liver. 5. The liver is __________ the ascending colon. 6 . The gallbladder lies below ___________. 7 . The ____________ is right ___________ the cecum LOCATION OF THE HEART The center of the circulatory system is the heart, which is the main pumping mechanism. The heart is made of muscle. The heart is shaped something like a cone, with a pointed bottom and a round top. It is hollow so that it can fill up with blood. An adult’s heart is about the size of a large orange and weighs a little less than a pound. The heart is in the middle of the chest. It fits snugly between the two lungs. It is held in place by the blood vessels that carry the blood to and from its chambers. The heart is tipped somewhat so that there is a little more of it on the left side than on the right. The pointed tip at the bottom of the heart touches the front wall of the chest. Every time the heart beats it goes “thump” against the chest wall. You can feel the thumps if you press there with your hand. You can also listen to them with your ear. 1. The heart is made of tissues. 2. The heart is conical in shape 3. The heart is in front of the chest 4. The heart is between the two lungs 5. The heart can fill up with water Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 40 1. The greater curvature extends from the 5th intercostal space (above the left 6th rib) and curves down the left hypochondrium (LH). ______ 2. The body is the largest part of the stomach between the fundus and pylorus. ______ 3. The stomach is a hollow organ that lies between the liver and duodenum (small intestine). ______ 4. The stomach has two parts ______ 5. The pylorus is posterior to the left 6th costal cartilage ______ Anatomical Position The anatomical planes of the body When discussing the anatomy of the human body, it is useful to consider the body in a standard position. This allows the relative position of parts of the body to be described accurately and with less confusion. This is the anatomical position. A person in the anatomical position is standing up straight, with arms at the sides and palms facing forwards (this is known as ‘supine’) with the fingers extended. The feet are facing forward, as are the head and eyes. Planes of the Body There are three planes through the body that are used to describe the position and orientation of parts of the body. These are: Median or Midsagittal plane - This plane runs through the body from the head to the feet, and divides the body into left and right halves. Any plane parallel to this through the body is known as a para-sagittal plane. Frontal or Coronal plane - This plane runs through the body from the head to the feet, and divides the body into front and rear (back) halves. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 41 Transverse, horizontal or axial plane - This is any plane that runs left to right through the body and divides it into upper and lower sections. Oblique plane - Any plane through the body that is not parallel to one of the former three. Ventral and dorsal are other terms to say posterior and anterior respectively. Cranial and caudal are other terms to say superior and inferior respectively Anatomical Terms When discussing anatomy, the following terms are used to describe the relative positions of the parts of the body. When using these terms, it is usually assumed that the body is in the anatomical position. Lateral and medial - Away or towards the median plane respectively. Superior and inferior - Towards the head, or towards the feet respectively. Anterior and posterior - Towards the front of the body, or towards the rear of the body respectively. Also referred to as ventral and dorsal respectively. Superficial and deep - Superficial structures are closer to the skin than deeper structures. In the limbs, the following terms are also used: Distal and proximal - Further from or nearer to the limb’s connection to the trunk respectively (where ‘trunk’ refers to the ‘torso’ of the human body: the body minus the head, neck and limbs). Terms may also be combined to describe more complicated relative positions, for example anterolateral, meaning in front of and more lateral to something. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 42 The shoulder is superior to the hip. The vertebrae of the spine are posterior to the abdominal muscles. The wrist is distal to the elbow. The shoulder blade is posterolateral to the spine. Direction: Choose the best option. 1. The heart is described as superior to the diaphragm because it is: a) At the back of the diaphragm. b) In front of the diaphragm. c) Above the diaphragm. d) Below the diaphragm. 2. There are three planes through the body that are used to describe the position and orientation of parts of the body, these are: a) Superficial and deep. b) Coronal plane. c) Median or sagittal plane. d) Distal and proximal. e) Transverse plane. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 45 Direction: Look at these diagrams and answer the questions bellow. THE RESPIRATORY TRACT 1. What is the respiratory tract divided into? 2. What does the respiratory tract consist of? 3. What does the larynx make up? U P P E R L O W E R Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 46 4. How is the upper respiratory tract composed of? 5. Which of the lungs contain middle lobar bronchus? 6. In general, what do lungs contain? _____________________________________________________________ 7. what are the alveolar sacs filled with? _____________________________________________________________ Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 47 STRUCTURE OF THE EYE Direction: Complete these sentences using the words from the list IS FILLED WITH LINES DIVIDES IS ATTACHED TO IS SEPARATED FROM 1. The lens _____________ the cavity of the eyeball into two parts. 2. The anterior chamber is _____ ____ a watery fluid (aqueous humor). 3. The lens ______________ the suspensory ligament. 4. The choroid __________ the retina. 5. The sclera _________ the choroid. 6. The vitreous humor _____________ the aqueous humor by the lens. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 50 Direction: Read, practice and dramatize the following dialogue At the doctor’s office Student: Hi doctor, how are you? Dr: Fine, thanks. What`s your problem? Are you sick? Student: Oh! No. I feel great. My problem is other. You know, I am studying medicine, the first year; so, my anatomy teacher wants me to interview a doctor and ask him about the respiratory system, specifically about its structure… please… Dr: ok, ok, take it easy! I can help you if it is a short interview; remember doctors are always very busy. Student: It’s fine, thank you. Ok doctor, what could you tell me about the respiratory system? Dr: As you know, the respiratory system consists of the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, the lungs, bronchi and bronchioles. The bronchi and bronchioles make up the lungs, the bronchioles and pulmonary alveoli compose the bronchi. Student: And what are the lungs made up of? Dr: Both lungs are made up of small dilatations, and they are filled with air. Student: How are the lungs divided? Dr: The right lung is divided into three lobes: upper lobe, middle lobe and lower lobe; and the left lung into two lobes: upper and lower lobe. Student: And how are they surrounded? Dr: They are surrounded by a membrane called the pulmonary pleura. The parietal pleura lines the outer walls of the cavity, and the visceral pleura cover the lungs. Student: Excellent explanation doctor! Thank you very much. Student: You’re welcome! Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 51 STRUCTURE OF THE SKIN The skin consists of three basic layers: 1. the epidermis: is made up of epithelial cells with no blood vessels present. 2. The dermis or true skin: which is made up of connective tissue and it is vascular. 3. Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermal layer: which lies under the dermis and sometimes it is called superficial fascia. It is not a true part of the intergumentary system. It is made up of loose connective tissue and contains about one-half of the body’s stored fat. The hypodermis layer attaches the intergumentary system to the surface muscles underneath. Injections frequently given in this area are called hypodermic or subcutaneous. The two most functionally important cellular layers of the epidermis are the stratum corneum which forms the body’ s first line of defense against invading bacteria, and the stratum germinativum which is a very important epidermal layer. Skin pigmentation is found in germinativum cells called melanocytes. The dermis is the thicker, inner layer of the skin. It contains collagen tissue bands, elastic fibers (through which pass numerous blood vessels), nerve endings, muscles, hair follicles, oil (sebaceous) gland, sweat glands, and fat cells. There are many nerve receptors of different types in the dermal layer. The sensory nerves end in nerve receptors which are sensitive to heat, cold, touch, pain and pressure. VOCABULARY: (pronunciation practice) Layers: capas Lies: se encuentra Loose: laxo, flojo Inner: interno Underneath: por debajo de Corneum: córnea Thicker: más grueso Direction: Complete the following sentences 1. The dermis is made up of _________________ 2. The skin consists of three basic layers: ________________________ 3. The subcutaneous layer is made up of ________________________ 4. The dermis contains_______________________________________ Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 52 5. The epidermis is made up of ________________________________ Direction: About the reading above, state whether the following sentences are True (T) or False (F). Correct the false ones 1. The subcutaneous layer lies under the epidermis 2. The dermis is made up of connective tissue 3. Germinativum cells are called melanocytes. 4. The two most important cellular layers of the dermis are the stratum corneum and the stratum germinativum. 5. The dermis contains nerve endings, muscles, hair follicles,etc Direction: Label the following diagram using the “headlight words” from the previous reading. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 55 Direction: complete the following diagram using the headlight words in the reading. Compare with a partner. Then Read the text. 1b. Direction: Answer these questions about the previous reading 1. What is a shaft or diaphysis? 2. Where are the epiphyses located? 3. Where is located the medullary canal? 4. What is the medullary canal filled with? 5. What does the marrow contain? 6. What is the yellow marrow’s function? 7. What does the periosteum cover? 8. What is the periosteum? 3. 4. ephiphyseal line 1a. 2. 5. 6. 7. nutrient foramen 8. 9. 10. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 56 The Verb Direction: Identify and underline the verbs in the following text. Do not select any repeated verb. Blood is made up of liquid, called plasma, and various different types of cells. An average-sized man has about 5-6 litres of blood in his body; a woman has slightly less. Blood has many different functions - detailed below. Blood is found in blood vessels and it is pumped through blood vessels by your heart. Blood cells, which can be seen under a microscope, make up about 40% of the blood's volume. Blood cells are divided into three main types: Red cells (erythrocytes). These make blood a red color. Red cells contain chemical called hemoglobin. This binds to oxygen, and takes oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. White cells (leukocytes). There are different types of white cells which are called neutrophils (polymorphs), lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils. They are part of the immune system. Their main role is to defend the body against infection. Platelets. These are tiny and help the blood to clot if we cut ourselves. Plasma is the liquid part of blood and makes up about 60% of the blood's volume. Plasma is mainly made from water, but also contains many different proteins and other chemicals such as hormones, antibodies, enzymes, glucose, fat particles, salts, etc. When blood spills from your body (or a blood sample is taken into a plain glass tube) the cells and certain plasma proteins clump together to form a clot. The remaining clear fluid is called serum. KEY FACT Verbs are action words Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 57 Direction: Classify the identified verbs above into regular or irregular ones. Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Direction: Complete the following paragraph with the verbs in parenthesis. Remember to use the proper tense. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) A blood sample is _____ (take) and ________ (put in) a tube that ________ (contain) a chemical to _______ (stop) the blood from clotting. The tube ____ (be) left to _______ (stand) upright. The red blood cells (erythrocytes) gradually ________ (fall) to the bottom of the tube as sediment. The clear liquid plasma is ______ left at the top. The ESR ___________(measure) the rate at which the red blood cells ___________(separate) from the plasma and _______ (fall) to the bottom of a test tube. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 60 Direction: Complete and practice the following dialogue using the information below Description of a male patient: Age: 28 Weight: 95 Height: 1m 80cm Pulse rate: 72 b.p.m. Blood pressure: 120/80 mm/Hg Temperature: 37.2 ºC. Doctor: Good morning Mr. Green. What’s brought you along today? Patient: I’ve got a terrible headache! Doctor: How long has it been bothering you? Patient: For almost a week. Nurse: Excuse me, doctor! Here you have Mr. Green’s History. Doctor: Thanks Mrs. Smith. By the way, Could you please take the blood pressure to Mr. Green? Nurse: Here Mr. Green. Take a sit and relax! ….Well Doctor, he has a normal blood pressure. It is 120/80 mm/Hg. And his pulse rate is about 72 b.p.m. He weighs 95 Kgs, and he is 1 m 80 cms tall. Doctor: It is normal! Excuse me you are 28 years old, aren’t you? Patient: Yes, Doctor I’m 28 years old. Doctor: What about his temperature Mrs. Smith? Nurse: His temperature is 37.2 ºC. It is normal too. Doctor: Well, Mr. Green, take this prescription for a week! And if you continue with the headache, you will have to take some exams. Patient: Thanks doctor! Bye Mrs. Smith! Direction: Write a short dialogue following the model given in the previous exercise. Information: Female patient Age: 38 Weight: 75Kg Height: 1m 76cm Pulse rate: 80 b.p.m. Blood pressure: 190/100 mm/Hg Temperature: 38 ºC Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 61 What is blood pressure? When your heart beats, it pumps blood round your body to give it the energy and oxygen it needs. As the blood moves, it pushes against the sides of the blood vessels. The strength of this pushing is your blood pressure. If your blood pressure is too high, it puts extra strain on your arteries (and your heart) and this may lead to heart attacks and strokes. How you can tell if you have high blood pressure Having high blood pressure (hypertension) is not usually something that you feel or notice. It does not tend to produce obvious signs or symptoms. The only way to know what your blood pressure is, is to have it measured. Blood pressure is measured in ‘millimetres of mercury’ (mmHg) and is written as two numbers. For example, if your reading is 120/80mmHg, your blood pressure is ‘120 over 80’. What do the numbers mean? Every blood pressure reading consists of two numbers or levels. They are shown as one number on top of the other. The first (or top) number is your systolic blood pressure. It is the highest level your blood pressure reaches when your heart beats. The second (or bottom) number is your diastolic blood pressure. It is the lowest level your blood pressure reaches as your heart relaxes between beats. Blood pressure readings explained Keep your blood pressure low Even if you do not have high blood pressure at the moment, it is important to keep your blood pressure as low as you can. The higher your blood pressure, the higher your risk of health problems. For example, a blood pressure of 135 over 85 may be “normal” but someone with this reading is twice as likely to have a heart attack or stroke as someone with a reading of 115 over 75. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 62 Using this blood pressure chart: To work out what your blood pressure readings mean, just find your top number (systolic) on the left side of the blood pressure chart and read across, and your bottom number (diastolic) on the bottom of the blood pressure chart. Where the two meet is your blood pressure What blood pressure readings mean As you can see from the blood pressure chart, only one of the numbers has to be higher or lower than it should be to count as either high blood pressure or low blood pressure:  90 over 60 (90/60) or less: You may have low blood pressure. More than 90 over 60 (90/60) and less than 120 over 80 (120/80): Your blood pressure reading is ideal and healthy. Follow a healthy lifestyle to keep it at this level.  More than 120 over 80 and less than 140 over 90 (120/80-140/90): You have a normal blood pressure reading but it is a little higher than it should be, and you should try to lower it. Make healthy changes to your lifestyle.  140 over 90 (140/90) or higher (over a number of weeks): You may have high blood pressure (hypertension). Change your lifestyle - see your doctor or nurse and take any medicines they may give you. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 65  Reduce salt and sodium in your diet  Drink alcohol only in moderation  Quit smoking  Control your blood sugar if you have diabetes  Take prescribed medicine as directed VOCABULARY (pronunciation practice) Sphygmomanometer: tensiómetro Systolic: sistólico Diastolic: diastólico Aneroid: aneroide Pressure: presión Valve: válvula Cuff: puño Bulb: bombilla Direction: Take the Blood Pressure Quiz. Select the right answer coloring the circle 1. At what age should you have your first screening for high blood pressure? A. 16 B. 18 C. 30 D. 50 2. The numbers in a blood pressure reading: A. Vary, depending on the time of day your blood pressure is checked B. Get lower with high levels of stress C. Are the same for people of the same age and weight D. Stay the same throughout the day 3. What is the most common symptom of high blood pressure? A. Racing heartbeat B. High body temperature C. Fatigue D. It has no symptoms that you notice 4. Which of these can increase your risk of high blood pressure? Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the Health Science Area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals 2016 Página 66 A. Obesity B. A family history of high blood pressure C. Smoking D. All of the above 5. At what point is blood pressure considered "high"? A. 120 over 80 B. 130 over 85 C. 140 over 90 D. 210 over 120 6. High blood pressure is the main cause of which of these? A. Cancer B. Strokes C. Diabetes D. Congestive heart failure 7. Which of these contribute to high blood pressure? A. Getting a lot of vitamin C B. Drinking a lot of alcohol C. Getting a lot of calcium D. All of the above 8. In which age group of men does the risk for high blood pressure go up? A. 40 to 49 B. 50 to 59 C. 60 to 69 D. 70 to 79 9. Why does reducing how much salt you eat help prevent high blood pressure? A. It reduces fluid buildup in the body B. It allows vessels to relax C. It raises levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol l D. It helps keep your heartbeat steady 10. What can you do to control high blood pressure? A. Get to and stay at a healthy weight B. Exercise regularly C. Take the blood pressure medicine prescribed by your doctor D. All of the above 11. What is the right measurement to keep the blood pressure? A. The higher your blood pressure, the higher your risk of health problems. B. The lower the blood pressure is, the higher your risk of health problem C. The higher your blood pressure is, the lower your risk of health problems 12. How is the measuring device carried out? A. A valve inflates the bulb B. the cuff is inflated with a bulb C. the cuff releases the pressure D. the bulb regulates the pressure. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 67 Unit 6 MEASUREMENT II SESSION I Look at this table Direction: According to the table above, state whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F). Correct the false sentences. 1.A pregnant woman requires 85 g of carbohydrate daily. She needs 350 g. 2 An average woman needs 12 mg of iron daily. T 3 An old woman requires 500 mg of calcium daily. T 4 A lactating woman needs 55 g of protein daily. F 1. She needs 68 g. 5 A pregnant woman needs 30 mg of ascorbic acid (vit.c) daily. F She needs 60 mg daily. Read this: A pregnant woman needs twice or two times as much vit. C as an average woman. A lactating woman requires more fat than an old woman. An old woman requires less thiamin than a pregnant woman An average woman requires the same quantity of vit. C as an old woman Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 70 2) __________________________________________________________ 3) __________________________________________________________ 4) __________________________________________________________ The Adverb Direction: Complete the sentences with the words given Clinically Immediately orally Physically Eventually Carefully 1. The medicine is taken orally. 2. He was eventually diagnosed as clinically depressed. 3. Patients must to be treated immediately 4. He procedures carefully 5. She is just physically tired Direction: Direction: The sentences below are not correct. Identify the adverbs, and swap them writing one from the box. Some of the adverbs could be used several times. Mentally Awkwardly Excessively Urgently Loosely Efficiently Physically Mildly 1. The bandage was medicinally tied around her wrist. The bandage was loosely tied around her wrist. 2. Immediately, she is very advanced for her age 3. If the patient sweats fairly, it may be necessary to cool his body with cold compresses. If the pat sweats excessively, it may be necessary to cool his body with cold compresses 4. The tumor is excessively placed and not easy to reach. The tumour is awkwardly placed and not easy to reach. KEY FACT A word that describes a verb, an adjective or another adverb Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 71 5. She manages all her patients very mentally. She manages all her patients very efficiently 6. The relief team loosely requires more medical supplies. The relief team urgently requires more medical supplies. 7. This is a physically antiseptic solution. This is a mildly antiseptic solution 8. Mildly, he is very weak, but his mind is still alert. Physically, he is very weak, but his mind is still alert. Unit 7- FUNCTION SESSION I Direction: Direction: Look at the diagram and write the corresponding number by the organ according to its function described on the exercises below. Some organs can have several functions. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 72 1. This organ circulates the blood through the arteries to the tissues. 2. One function of these organs is to regulate the amount of water in the body. 3. This one plays a part in forming antibodies. 4. This organ is involved in digestion as well as producing hormones. 5. This organ is concerned with storing proteins and glycogen. 6. The main function of this one is absorption of nutrients and minerals from food. 7. This one filters the blood. 8. These organs play an important part in the excretion of urea. 9. It deals with the release of hormones that control metabolism. 10. It plays a role in producing and protecting beneficial probiotic colonies in the digestive system. 11. It controls the flow of air into the lungs Look at these different ways of expressing function The liver synthesizes proteins. One function of the liver is to synthesize proteins. The liver functions as an organ of excretion. is involved in the excretion of wastes. is concerned in waste excretion. The liver plays a part in excreting wastes. helps to excrete wastes. Direction: complete these sentences 1. The spleen is involved in blood filtration. 2. The kidneys are concerned in regulating the amount of water in the body. 3. The kidneys also secrete hormones. 4. One function of the liver is to store proteins and glycogen. 5. The pancreas functions as an organ of secretion as well as of digestion/excretion. 6. The function of the heart is to circulate the blood. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 75 Direction: Complete these sentences using the information above 1. __________________ is an instrument for measuring temperature. 2. _____________________ is an instrument used by doctors for examining the sounds in the chest or other parts of the body. 3. ___________ is an instrument which is used for injecting liquids into the body. 4. ______________________ is a machine for recording electrical changes in heart muscle. 5. __________________________ is an instrument used with a stethoscope for measuring blood pressure. 6. ____________________ is a machine which is used in cases of severe renal failure for removing waste products from the patient’s blood. 7. _________________is a special kind of X-ray machine used for processing to generate a 3-dimensional (3D) image of the inside of an object 8. ______________ is used for draining a person's bladder and is ordered by a physician for many different medical purposes. 9. _________________ is an implanted device that regulates your heartbeat electronically. It monitors your heart's rhythm and, when necessary, it generates a painless electric impulse that triggers a heartbeat. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 76 Direction: Complete chart with the words given Bandage Scalpel Syringe Drain Pipette Tourniquet 1. Scalpel a small sharp-pointed knife used in surgery 2. Pipette a thin glass tube used for taking and measuring samples of liquid 3. Tourniquet an instrument or tight bandage wrapped round a limb to constrict an artery, so reducing the flow of blood and topping bleeding from a wound 4. Drain a tube used to remove liquid from the body 5. Syringe a medical instrument made of a tube with a plunger which either slides down inside the tube, forcing the contents out through a needle as in an injection, or slides up the tube, allowing a liquid to be sucked into it 6. Bandage a piece of cloth which is wrapped around a wound or an injured limb Direction: Match the comments with the supplies that are needed: 1. I can't catch my breath.____ 2. Prepare the examining table for the next patient. ____ 3. We'll have to get a blood sample. ____ 4. I need to sterilize the wound.____ 5. We'll have to feed him with liquids.____ 6. Let's find out your weight.____ 7. I need to examine the patient in private.____ 8. Let's check your vision.____ 9. Let's see if you are running a fever.____ 10. Can you cut this gauze for me?____ a. table and head-rest paper b. thermometer c. oxygen mask d. hypodermic needle e. bandage scissors f. scales g. eye chart h. antiseptic i. IV bag j. privacy screen Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 77 Direction: Read the descriptions and complete the following table THE HUMAN EYE The choroid The choroid layer is located behind the retina and absorbs unused radiation Ciliary body The ciliary body or ciliary muscle is a ring-shaped muscle attached to the iris. It is important because contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle controls the shape of the lens. Cornea The cornea is a strong clear bulge located at the front of the eye (where it replaces the sclera - that forms the outside surface of the rest of the eye). The front surface of the adult cornea has a radius of approximately 8mm. The cornea contributes to the image-forming process by refracting light entering the eye. Fovea The fovea is a small depression (approx. 1.5 mm in diameter) in the retina. This is the part of the retina in which high-resolution vision of fine detail is possible. Iris The iris is a diaphragm of variable size whose function is to adjust the size of the pupil to regulate the amount of light admitted into the eye. The iris is the coloured part of the eye (illustrated in blue above but in nature may be any of many shades of blue, green, brown, hazel, or grey). Lens The lens of the eye is a flexible unit that consists of layers of tissue enclosed in a tough capsule. It is suspended from the ciliary muscles by the zonule fibers. Optic nerve The optic nerve is the second cranial nerve and is responsible for vision. Each nerve contains approx. One million fibres transmitting information from the rod and cone cells of the retina. Pupil The pupil is the aperture through which light - and hence the images we "see" and "perceive" - enters the eye. This is formed by the iris. As the size of the iris increases (or decreases) the size of the pupil decreases (or increases) correspondingly. Retina The retina may be described as the "screen" on which an image is formed by light that has passed into the eye via the cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, lens, then the hyaloid and finally the vitreous humour before reaching the retina. The retina contains photosensitive elements that convert the light they detect into nerve impulses that are then sent onto the brain along the optic nerve. Sclera The sclera is a tough white sheath around the outside of the eye-ball. This is the part of the eye that is referred to by the colloquial terms "white of the eye". Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 80 THE HUMAN BRAIN Your brain is wrapped by layers of lining called the meninges. Sandwiched between the brain and the meninges is the brain fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. For extra protection, the brain's house is a strong bony box called skull. Like your skin, the germs can attack the meninges. If this happens the person gets very sick and this condition is called meningitis. There are three main parts of the brain: Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brain stem. Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It looks like a wrinkled giant walnut. The cerebrum is divided into two halves. Each half is called a hemisphere. The left side is the left hemisphere and the right side is the right hemisphere. The halves or hemispheres are connected to each other by a wide material called the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere has an inside layer called the white matter and an outside layer of gray matter called the cerebral cortex. Different parts of the cortex do different jobs. The cortex controls your voluntary actions like running and walking. It is also responsible for body sensations like pain, learning, and emotions. If your brain is injured and your speech center is damaged, you may not be able to talk clearly. If your motor area is damaged, you may not be able to walk as well as you did before or you can be paralyzed. Cerebellum: The cerebellum is the second largest part of your brain. It is below the cerebrum and it looks like a ball of yarn. Its main job is to coordinate your movements, posture and keeping your balance. Damage or injury to the part of this brain will make your movements jerky and uncoordinated. Brain Stem: The brain stem is on the top of the spinal cord. The brain stem deals with very important functions that keep us alive. It automatically controls our breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and circulation. If this does not happen automatically, can you imagine what would happen if you forget to breathe? Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 81 Vocabulary (pronunciation practice) Wrapped: envuelto Wrinkled: arrugado Walnut: nuez Corpus callosum: cuerpo calloso Yarn: hilo Brain stem: tronco encefálico Spinal cord: médula espinal Direction: Answer these questions about the previous reading. 1. Which are the three main parts of the brain? They are: the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. 2. Explain how the cerebrum is divided. It is divided into two halves: the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. 3. What is the function of the cortex? It controls the voluntary actions like running and walking. It is also responsible for body sensations like pain, learning and emotions. 4. Where is the cerebellum located? It is located below the cerebrum. 5. What is the function of the cerebellum? It is to coordinate our movements, posture and keeping our balance. 6. Where is the brain stem located? It is located on the top of the spinal cord. 7. What is the function of the brain stem? It controls our breathing, heart beat, blood pressure and circulation. UNIT 8- ACTION IN SEQUENCE SESSION I Time / Chronology / Sequence Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 82 These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and defining time. They can be used either alone or as part of adverbial expressions. Direction: Repeat these sequence words or phrases after your teacher at the present time from time to time sooner or later at the same time up to the present time to begin with in due time as soon as as long as in the meantime in a moment without delay in the first place all of a sudden at this instant first, second immediately quickly finally after later last until till since then before hence since when once about next now formerly suddenly shortly henceforth whenever eventually meanwhile further during in time prior to forthwith straightaway by the time whenever until now now that while instantly presently occasionally Direction: Complete the following sentences using words given WHEN BEFORE AS SOON AS FINALLY THEN 1) Before she treats the wound, she washes her hands carefully. 2) Then, she cleans the area around the wound with an antibacterial solution. 3) _____, she washes the wound with an antiseptic solution. 4) As soon as she applies an antibiotic cream on the wound, she covers it with a bandage. 5) Then, she changes the bandage several times. 6) Finally, she takes the bandage off when the wound has healed. Look at this example Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 85 Putting the fingertips of my hand on the Adam’s apple, sliding then into the groove next to the windpipe. 3. After you have checked the pulse and the person has not any pulse, what must you do? I must position my hand in the center of the chest between the nipples, placing one hand on top of the other. 4. What must you do immediately after you know the person is not breathing normally? I must pinch the nose and covers the mouth with mine, and give two full breaths. 5. What is the final step you have to do to give CPR? I have to push down firmly two inches. Push on chest 15 times and continue with two breaths and 15 pumps. Direction: Look, read and complete using the sentences below: (write them in the correct sequence) When you breathe the air… 1. First__________________________________________________,. 2. Then, _________________________________________________. 3. Afterwards_____________________________________________,. 4. And finally______________________________________________, AIR  Gets out through the nose or the mouth.  Travels down the throat through the larynx (voice box) and trachea (windpipe).  Goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem bronchi.  Enters the body through the nose or the mouth. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 86 The Breathing Process The diaphragm aids in the breathing process When you take a breath, oxygen is moved in through the nose and into the trachea, or windpipe. The trachea splits into two tubes, or bronchi, which connect to the lungs; then, it branches out into smaller bronchioles. As the lungs expand and take in air, the diaphragm - a muscle beneath the ribs - contracts, reducing pressure in the chest cavity and creating suction. Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide in the alveoli Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 87 Once inside the lungs, oxygen travels from the bronchioles to millions of tiny capsules, or sacs, called alveoli. Inside the alveoli, oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. The new oxygen is transported by red blood cells in the arteries throughout the body, where tissues use the oxygen for energy. Carbon Dioxide is Expelled In the process of using the oxygen, the body's cells create carbon dioxide, which the body cannot use. The carbon dioxide is moved by the blood inside the veins back to the lungs, where it is exchanged in the alveoli. When you exhale, the carbon dioxide is moved from the lungs, up through the trachea and out of the nose and mouth. Many different muscles are used in breathing. The largest and most efficient muscle is the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a large muscle that lies under the lungs and separates them from the organs below, such as the stomach, intestines, liver, etc. As the diaphragm moves down or flattens, the ribs flare outward, the lungs expand and air is drawn in. This process is called inhalation or inspiration. As the diaphragm relaxes, air leaves the lungs and they spring back to their original position. This is called exhalation or expiration. The lungs, like balloons, require energy to blow up but no energy is needed to get air out. Direction: Answer in Spanish these questions related to the information above: 1. Explain how oxygen enters the body. Cuando respiras el oxigeno entra por la nariz y pasa por la tráquea. La tráquea se divide en dos tubos que se conectan a los pulmones, luego las ramificaciones se dividen en pequeños bronquiolos. Mientras los pulmones se expanden y toman aire, el diafragma se contrae reduciendo la presión en la cavidad pectoral y creando succión. 2. Explain how air moves through the lungs. Una vez que el aire entra a los pulmones, el oxÍgeno viaja desde los bronquiolos a millones de diminutas cápsulas, o sacos, llamados alveolos. Dentro de los alveolos, el oxÍgeno es intercambiado por dióxido de carbono. El nuevo oxigeno es transportado por las células sanguíneas rojas en las arterias por todo el cuerpo, donde los tejidos usan el oxigeno para la energía. 3. Explain how carbon dioxide is expelled. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 90 2. Lack of physical activity. 3. Hypothyroidism. 4. Steroids and antidepressants. large quantities of meals and high fat foods. 2. What are the results of obesity? 1. Diabetes. 2. Heart disease. 3. Cancer. 4. High blood pressure. 5. Breathing problems. 6. Emotional suffering. 7. Osteorarthritis. 8. Gallbladder disease. 1. Which of the causes of obesity (according to you), is /are the less dangerous? 2. Which effect(s) could you consider is/ are the most serious resulted from obesity? 3. Which of the causes of obesity (according to you), is the most dangerous? Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 91 My alarm clock did not go on I was late for school Note that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between these two statements. A cause is a reason or explanation for something that happens. An event (effect) is the thing that happens. Direction: Identify the cause(s) and effect(s) in the following event Chain Paula, an asthmatic, is having pizza with friends. Someone lights up a cigarette nearby. Paula begins to cough and wheeze. Her friend goes to get her water. In the meantime, Paula takes a puff of her steroid inhaler. Her symptoms grow worse. Cause: the cigarette smoke. Effect(s): cough and wheeze. Direction: Read the following passage and then, determine the possible causes of the disease and the effects of this disease on the body of the individual. Asthma Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. This makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. They tend to react strongly to certain substances that are breathed in. When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten. This causes the airways to narrow, and less air flows to your lungs. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. Cells in the airways may make more mucus than normal. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow your airways. This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms can happen each time the airways are irritated. Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 92 Figure A: shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms. Asthma can be caused by different factors: a) An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy. b) Parents who have asthma c) Certain respiratory infections during childhood d) Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing. e) Different factors may be more likely to cause asthma in some people than in others. Common asthma symptoms include: 1. Coughing: Coughing from asthma is often worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to sleep. 2. Wheezing: Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe. 3. Chest tightness: This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest. 4. Shortness of breath: Some people who have asthma say they can't catch their breath or they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can't get air out of your lungs. Vocabulary (PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE) Long-term: largo plazo Wheezing: sibilancia Airways: vías respiratorias Tightness: apretado/estrechez Swollen: hinchado Coughing: tos UNIT 10 - TOPICS IN THE HEALTH SCIENCE AREA SESSION I Common Illnesses Direction: Read the descriptions below and match them to the names of the illnesses in the box on the right, you won’t use all of them. Allergic rhinitis Coryza Infectious Parotitis Influenza Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 95 Doctor: It's probably a touch of___________________ Direction: Match the kinds of pain with the parts of the body that they are most usually associated with. See the appendix Aching Sharp Throbbing Splitting Stabbing Squeezing Colicky Cramping Abdomen Heart Appendix Abdomen or chest Head Tooth Back Diagnosis Direction: Complete the questions using the words or phrases in the box. 1. Have you ever had any ...............like measles or chicken pox? 2. Have you ever been ....................for more than a week? 3. Do you have a .............................such as diabetes or high blood pressure? 4. Are you .......................................with your immunizations? 5. What were the first .....................of your overactive thyroid? Direction: Read the descriptions, with a partner discuss: what is the disease or illness being described in each case? Use these illnesses in the box. TUBERCULOSIS – GANGRENE – CEREBRAL PALSY PARKINSON’S DISEASE – GASTROENTERITIS – EPILEPSY – CATARACTS DIPHTERIA - CYSTIC FIBROSIS - CIRRHOSIS Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 96 1. A disorder of the nervous system in which there are convulsions and loss of consciousness due to disordered discharge of cerebral neurons. ______________________ 2. A condition where tissues die and decay, as a result of bacterial action, because the blood supply has been lost through injury or disease of the artery. _______________________ 3. A condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque. ________________________ 4. A progressive nervous disorder without a known cause which is a type of Parkinsonism, the main symptoms of which are trembling hands, a slow shuffling walk and difficulty in speaking. __________________________ 5. An infectious disease in which infected lumps form in the tissue. Its commonest form is infection of the lungs, causing patients to lose weight, cough blood and have a fever. It is caught by breathing in germs or by eating contaminated food, especially unpasteurized milk. ____________________________ 6. People with this one have a higher than normal level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other signs and symptoms affect the respiratory system and digestive system. __________________________ 7. It slows the normal flow of blood through the liver, thus increasing pressure in the vein that brings blood from the intestines and spleen to the liver. _________________________ 8. Its signs and symptoms usually begin two to five days after a person becomes infected and may include: A thick, gray membrane covering your throat and tonsils, a sore throat and hoarseness, swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in your neck, difficulty breathing or rapid breathing, nasal discharge, fever and chills, and malaise. _______________________ Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Introduction to English for the health science area Basic Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Página 97 9. It is a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth. _________________________ 10. With this one, the main symptoms you probably have are watery diarrhea and vomiting. You might also have stomach pain, cramping, fever, nausea, and a headache. ____________________________ Direction: You can see some patients' complaints below. Write out the necessary questions to elicit these responses. (answers may vary). D:___________________________________________________________. P: Right here down in my abdomen. D: ___________________________________________________________ P: It started just a few days before my period. D: P: It hurt really badly for about two or three days. D: P: I’d say it was a sharp, cramping feeling, unbearable. D: P: Yes, to my lower back, and all the way to my knees. D: P: Well, it seemed to get a bit better if I took some tablets, but it was still pretty bad. D: P: Oh, yes, I vomited a lot, I felt weak and bloated. Direction: Complete the following questions or sentences by inserting the appropriate words or phrases from the box to create an additional question as in the first one.