¡Descarga Challenges to the Spanish Political Regime: From Assimilation to Autonomy y más Ejercicios en PDF de Politica Social solo en Docsity! challenges to the Spanish 1978 Regime In my eyes, the biggest challenge is that the drastic changes in society have resulted in the division of classes, and social issues are combined with ethnic issues. In the 19th century, Spain was in extreme turmoil. The Napoleonic wars broke the traditional order. With the spread of the French Revolution, the Enlightenment inspired the dream of Spanish liberals to establish a constitutional monarchy of liberty, equality and fraternity. The promulgation of the 1876 constitution, which makes the Spanish temporary stability for the system of constitutional monarchy, and aragorn, Basque and galician population change on the one hand, through immigration control, the use of the church for education, culture, bureaucratic direct rule and stationed troops suppressed strengthen assimilation and control, on the other hand also through the huairou policy, It also developed the industry, commerce and mining industry in Barcelona, Pamplona and other places, recruited Catalan volunteers to participate in the colonial war in Morocco in Africa to strengthen the national identity, and even immigrated to colonies like Cuba and the Philippines to alleviate domestic poverty and conflicts. In particular, there were many immigrants from Galicia to Cuba. Of course, the construction of the nation-state and the strengthening of cultural assimilation policies in Spain naturally aroused the opposition of all ethnic groups. With the development of capitalist economy in the late 19th century, especially after the disastrous defeat of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the aristocracy and the church retained some economic and local administrative privileges, the central government's control over the local area was weak, the cultural control was severe, the gap between the rich and the poor widened, and social inequality was aggravated. Catalonia and Basque are regions with developed economy and high degree of modernization in Spain. The Catalan and Basque bourgeois movement began language, learning and study their own language, literature, history, and to arouse ethnic consciousness, against Spain's fragile constitutional monarchy under the feudal remnants and cultural assimilation policy, autonomy and independence, against castilla king's rule. Meanwhile, workers, agricultural workers, miners and other people combined their dissatisfaction with social inequality, their demands for political and economic rights, and their opposition to the king, military officers, the bourgeoisie, landlords and the church with their opposition to Castilian assimilation policies and their demands for autonomy and even independence of their own people. For example, in 1909, when the war in Morocco was tight, Spain again conscription to Catalonia. The masses in Barcelona opposed the conscription, which gradually turned into the administrative department of Castilla, attacked the houses and churches of the bourgeoisie, and finally ended miserably under the attack of the Spanish army, which was called "tragic Week". It can be seen that the independence movements of Catalonia, Basque and other places at that time have reflected the participation of all classes. Spain was in turmoil in 1923, with the Primo. General Rivera's coup, which established seven years of military rule with a special emphasis on the state's control of society, again used both carrot and stick to stifle independence movements everywhere. During this period, conservative forces in Spain, especially Antonio, the patriarch of the Phalangists. Rivera, puts forward a set of system theory, thought of Catalonia and the Basque society movement and the independence movement have been combined, the former would threaten social order in Spain, which will endanger the unity of the nation and country in Spain, he called for castilla strengthen centralized and cultural assimilation, suppression of radical social movements at the same time, To uphold the unity of the country in the tradition of religion and the motherland. In 1929, however, the rule of the economic crisis makes rivera collapse, Alfonso xiii into exile in 1931, the second republic based in Spain, bourgeois left soon put into practice the social movement and autonomy, independence movement, not only on the land reform, safeguard the rights and interests of workers, cancel the officer privileges, to campaign against magisterium, It also agreed to the autonomy of Catalonia and the Basque Country, and launched social reforms such as the establishment of rural communes, the autonomy of workers, and the education of ordinary people. It also guaranteed the right to use Catalan and other languages. After several setbacks in the Second Republic, the conservatives fought back again and suppressed social movements. Finally, with the Popular Front winning elections, Franco and other military officers rebelled in 1936, and the Spanish Civil War began. I won't go into the details of the civil war, but in the end Franco's National Army won the civil war, the Second Republic ended, and Franco's 36 years of military rule began. During his reign, Franco implemented the most strict policy of cultural assimilation. He not only completely cancelled the autonomy of non-Castilian regions such as Catalonia and Basque country, but also used bureaucrats and soldiers to rule and the Catholic Church under the control of the state to control the culture of the local people. It also banned Catalans and Basques from using their own language in education, publishing and so on. In addition to the harsh ruling mode and assimilation policy, Franco's market-oriented reform of Spanish economy since the 1950s and the rapid growth and improvement of living standards under the investment of the United States and other countries also temporarily suppressed the national autonomy and independence sentiment. Of course, with the Cold war, Franco turned to capitalism and allowed NATO to set up military bases, allowing the West to support
