Material de estudio para el idioma inglés, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

¡Descarga Material de estudio para el idioma inglés y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity! Phrasal Verbs 1 Phrasal Verbs 2 Phrasal verb is a phrase (such as take off or look down on) that combines a verb with a preposition or adverb or both and that functions as a verb whose meaning is different from the combined meanings of the individual words. (source: merriam-webster) Phrasal Verbs 5 In English a phrasal verb is the combining of two or three words from different grammatical categories — a verb and a particle, such as an adverb or a preposition — to form a single semantic unit on a lexical or syntactic level. Examples: turn down, run into. There are tens of thousands of them, and they are in everyday, constant use. These semantic units cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts but must be taken as a whole. In other words, the meaning is non-compositional and thus unpredictable. Huddleston, Rodney; Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoffrey; Svartvik, Jan (June 1988). "A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language". Language. 64 (2): 345. doi:10.2307/415437. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 415437. Phrasal Verbs 6 There are at least three main types of phrasal verb constructions depending on whether the verb combines with a preposition, a particle, or both. The phrasal verb constructions in the following examples are in bold. Declerck, R. Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English, A – 1991 Page 45 "The term multi-word verb can be used as a cover term for phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, prepositional phrasal verbs and combinations like put an end to." Verb + preposition (prepositional verbs) 7 When the element is a preposition, it is the head of a full prepositional phrase and the phrasal verb is thus prepositional. These phrasal verbs can also be thought of as transitive and non- separable; the complement follows the phrasal verb. a. Who is looking after the kids? – after is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase after the kids. b. They picked on nobody. – on is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase on nobody. c. I ran into an old friend. – into is a preposition that introduces the prepositional phrase into an old friend. Verb + particle (particle verbs) 10 d. You should not give in so quickly. – in is a particle, not a preposition. e. Where do they want to hang out? – out is a particle, not a preposition. f. She handed it in. – in is a particle, not a preposition. Verb + particle + preposition (particle- prepositional verbs) 11 Many phrasal verbs combine a particle and a preposition. Just as for prepositional verbs, particle-prepositional verbs are not separable. a. Who can put up with that? – up is a particle and with is a preposition. b. She is looking forward to a rest. – forward is a particle and to is a preposition. c. The other tanks were bearing down on my Panther. – down is a particle and on is a preposition. Verb + particle + preposition (particle- prepositional verbs) 12 d. They were really teeing off on me. – off is a particle and on is a preposition. e. We loaded up on snacks. – up is a particle and on is a preposition f. Susan has been sitting in for me. – in is a particle and for is a preposition. Phrasal Nouns 15 An extension of the concept of phrasal verb is that of phrasal noun, where a verb + particle complex is nominalized. The particles may come before or after the verb. standby: We are keeping the old equipment on standby, in case of emergency. back-up: Neil can provide technical backup if you need it. onset: The match was halted by the onset of rain. input: Try to come to the meeting – we'd value your input. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 16 ask somebody out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie. ask around ask many people the same question I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet. add up to something equal Your purchases add up to $205.32. back something up reverse You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out. back somebody up support My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job. blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence. blow something up add air We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 17 break down stop functioning (vehicle, machine) Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm. break down get upset The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died. break something do wn divide into smaller parts Our teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts. break in force entry to a building Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo. break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children. break something in wear something a few times so that it doesn't look/feel new I need to break these shoes in before we run next week. break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 20 calm down relax after being angry You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car. not care for somebody/ something not like (formal) I don't care for his behaviour. catch up get to the same point as somebody else You'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty. check in arrive and register at a hotel or airport We will get the hotel keys when we check in. check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM. check somebody / something out look at carefully, investigate The company checks out all new employees. check out somebody/ something look at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy! Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 21 cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the good news. cheer somebody up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up. chip in help If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon. clean something up tidy, clean Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside. come across something find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet. come apart separate The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough. come down with something become sick My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 22 come forward volunteer for a task or to give evidence The woman came forward with her husband's finger prints. come from some place originate in The art of origami comes from Asia. count on somebody/ something rely on I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out. cross something out draw a line through Please cross out your old address and write your new one. cut back on something consume less My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods. cut something dow n make something fall to the ground We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm. cut in interrupt Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 25 drop out quit a class, school etc I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult. eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out. end up eventually reach/do/decide We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre. fall apart break into pieces My new dress fell apart in the washing machine. fall down fall to the ground The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning. fall out separate from an interior The money must have fallen out of my pocket. fall out (of hair, teeth) become loose and unattached His hair started to fall out when he was only 35. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 26 figure something o ut understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room. fill something in to write information in blanks, as on a form (BrE) Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number. fill something out to write information in blanks, as on a form (AmE) The form must be filled out in capital letters. fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is empty. find out discover We don't know where he lives. How can we find out? find something out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out. get something acros s/ over communicate, make understandable I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 27 get along/on like each other I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on. get around have mobility My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair. get away go on a vacation We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week. get away with something do without being noticed or punished Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests. get back return We got back from our vacation last week. get something back receive something you had before Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate. get back at somebody retaliate, take revenge My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 30 give something out give to many people (usually at no cost) They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store. give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st. give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up. go after somebody follow somebody My brother tried to go after the thief in his car. go after something try to achieve something I went after my dream and now I am a published writer. go against somebody compete, oppose We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight. go ahead start, proceed Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 31 go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my lunch. go out leave home to go on a social event We're going out for dinner tonight. go out with somebody date Jesse has been going out with Luke since they met last winter. go over something review Please go over your answers before you submit your test. go over visit somebody nearby I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two. go without something suffer lack or deprivation When I was young, we went without winter boots. grow apart stop being friends over time My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 32 grow back regrow My roses grew back this summer. grow into something grow big enough to fit This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year. grow out of something get too big for Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones. grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman. hand something do wn give something used to somebody else I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin. hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday. hand something ou t to distribute to a group of people We will hand out the invitations at the door. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 35 let somebody down fail to support or help, disappoint I need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time. let somebody in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to school? log in (or on) sign in (to a website, database etc) I can't log in to Facebook because I've forgotten my password. log out (or off) sign out (of a website, database etc) If you don't log off somebody could get into your account. look after somebody/ something take care of I have to look after my sick grandmother. look down on somebody think less of, consider inferior Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me. look for somebody/ something try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 36 look forward to something be excited about the future I'm looking forward to the Christmas break. look into something investigate We are going to look into the price of snowboards today. look out be careful, vigilant, and take notice Look out! That car's going to hit you! look out for somebody/ something be especially vigilant for Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail. look something ove r check, examine Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes? look something up search and find information in a reference book or database We can look her phone number up on the Internet. look up to somebody have a lot of respect for My little sister has always looked up to me. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 37 make something  up invent, lie about something Josie made up a story about why we were late. make up forgive each other We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast. make somebody  up apply cosmetics to My sisters made me up for my graduation party. mix something  up confuse two or more things I mixed up the twins' names again! pass away die His uncle passed away last night after a long illness. pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out. pass something  out give the same thing to many people The professor passed the textbooks out before class. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 40 run over/ through something rehearse, review Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show. run away leave unexpectedly, escape The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days. run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap. send something  back return (usually by mail) My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp. set something up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company. set somebody up trick, trap The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera. shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 41 show off act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully) He always shows off on his skateboard sleep over stay somewhere for the night (informal) You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home. sort something out organize, resolve a problem We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month. stick to something continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing You will lose weight if you stick to the diet. switch something  off stop the energy flow, turn off The light's too bright. Could you switch it off. switch something  on start the energy flow, turn on We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio. take after somebody resemble a family member I take after my mother. We are both impatient. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 42 take something  apart purposely break into pieces He took the car brakes apart and found the problem. take something  back return an item I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work. take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes. take something  off remove something (usually clothing) Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake! take something  out remove from a place or thing Can you take the garbage out to the street for me? take somebody  out pay for somebody to go somewhere with you My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie. tear something  up rip into pieces I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him. Most Used Phrasal Verbs and Examples 45 warm up prepare body for exercise I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run. wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party. work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week. work out be successful Our plan worked out fine. work something  out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house. Source: https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-list.htm Exercises 46 1. Would you _______ my dog for me this weekend? look look after look up 2. My neighbour _______ eggs yesterday. ran ran out of ran into 3. John _______ his leg at the baseball game. broke broke down broke off Exercises 47 4. Our boss _______ our meeting until next week. put put off put down 5. Could you _______ the music while I'm on the phone? turn turn off turn around 6. I don't _______ my new science teacher. get up get over get on with