English Grammar: Tenses, Infinitives, Gerunds, Reported Speech and Comparatives, Apuntes de Trabajo Social

¡Descarga English Grammar: Tenses, Infinitives, Gerunds, Reported Speech and Comparatives y más Apuntes en PDF de Trabajo Social solo en Docsity! ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1. LIFE EXPERIENCE • Present Perfect: to describe something in the past but continue now • Ex: I have lost my glasses today 2. HABITS IN THE PAST • Past Simple: to describe something that happened in the past (finish action) • Ex: I went to Dublin the past summer • Used to: to decribe something that I did in a period of time but now I don´t (yo solía…) • Ex: I used to work in a big company but now I don´t work • Ex: I didn´t use to go to the gym but now I do 3. PRESENT HABITS • Present Simple: to decribe present habits or rutines • Ex: I go to the cine every Friday 4. FUTURE PLANS OR IDEAS • Future: to describe plans in the future • Ex: I will go to Clifss the next weekend • Going to: to describe stablished plans • I´m going to do the dinner today • Would like: to say plans that I want to do • I would like to speak english faster ING OR INFINITIVE 1. After some verbs (enjoy or don´t mind) • Ex: I enjoy helping people with their problems 2. After prepositions GERUND –ing • Ex: I´m good at listening to people 3. As the subject of phrase or sentence • Ex: Taking risks doesn´t worry me 1. After some verbs (would like) • Ex: I would like to work as part of a team TO + INFINITIVE 2. After adjectives • Ex: I find ir easy to understand theoretical principles PASSIVE FORMS Normal Passive Forms Present Simple (make) To be en present simple + 2ºcolum (are made) Present Continuous (are making) To be en present continuous + 2ºcolum (are being made) Past Simple (made) To be en past simple + 2ºcolum (was made) Past Continuous (was making) To be en past continuous + 2ºcolum (was being made) Present Perfect (has made) To be en present perfect + 2ºcolum (has been made) Past Perfect ( had made) To be en past perfect + 2ºcolum (had been made) Future will (will make) To be en future + 2ºcolum (will be made) Future Perfect (will have made) To be en future perfect + 2ºcolum (will have been made) Going to (going to make) To be en going to + 2ºcolum (is going to be made) Modals (must make) ( can make) To be en modal + 2ºcolumn (must have been made) (can/may be made) -ing (making) To be with -ing + 2ºcolum (being made) Infinitive (to make) To be en present + 2ºcolum (to be made) SO, SUCH, TOO, ENOUGH, VERY 1. SO and SUCH So + adj/adverb/determiner + noun • Ex: The journey was so dangerous that they gave uo after 200 miles. Such + adj + noun + that clause • Ex: The taxi took such a long time to come that I decided to walk instead. We use so and such: • To introduce a clause of result or for emphasis 2. TOO Too + adj/adverb/determiner + noun (+infinitive) • Ex: It was too hot to sleep • Ex: That´s too much Money We use too • The speaker is not happy about the situation; too has a negative meaning 3. ENOUGH Adj/adverb + enough + noun • You´re not doing that work carefully enough • He´s rich enough to buy up the whole town We use enough: • The speaker regards the situation as posible; enough has a positive meaning 4. VERY Very + adj/adverb/determiner + noun • It´s very difficult but I think I can do it • Very few people agree with her We use very: • Very is used for emphasis in either a positive or negative statement. REPORTED SPEECH Direct Speech Reported Speech Present Simple / Continuous Past Simple / Continuous Past Simple / Continuous Past Simple / Continuous or Past Perfect Simple / Comtinuous Present Perfect Simple /Continuous Past Perfect Simple / Continuous Will Would Must Had to Can Could • Ex: I think he´s watching TV • Changing situations • Ex: My broken leg is getting better • Temporary situations • Ex: I am staying in this hotel for two weeks • Annoying or surprising habits with always • Ex: She is always losing her keys • Ex: He is always buying flowers • Plans and arragements in the future (going to) • Ex: Are you going out this evening 3. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE + Suj + have/has + 3º colum + complements - Suj + haven´t/hasn´t + 3º colum + complements ? Have/has + suj + 3º colum + complements We use present perfect simple: • To talk about recent actions with a present result (just, already, yet) • Ex: I´ve already seen that film • Ex: Have you finished your homework yet? • To talk about an unfinished period of time to the present (since or for) (life experience) • Ex: She has lived in Dublin for 5 year • Ex: I´ve been in love with Stella since 2002 • To talk about actions over a long period of time (ever/never or always/often) • Ex: Have you ever been in Australia? • Ex: I´ve always wanted to be an actor 4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Suj + have/has + 3ºcolum + verb-ing + complements - Suj + haven´t/hasn´t + 3ºcolum + verb-ing + complements ? Have/has + suj + 3ºcolum + verb-ing + complements We use present perfect continuous: • To talk about a recent activity when the effects of that activity can still be seen • Ex: Why areyou out of breath? I´ve been running • To emphasise how long an action has been going on for • Ex: I´ve been cleaning the house all day • To suggest that an activity is temporary • Ex: I´ve been living here for 5 year but I´m going to move son • To suggest that an action is not complete • Ex: I´ve been Reading Ulysses but I haven´t finished it yet 5. PAST SIMPLE (narrative form) + Suj + 2ºcolum + complements - Suj + didn´t + verb infinitive + complements ? Did + suj+ verb infinitive + complements We use past simple: • To talk about finished event that happened at a specific time in the past • Ex: I saw Paul last night • To talk about habito r states in the past • Ex: When I was child, I didn´t enjoy watching TV all day • Ex: Did your parents read to you when you are younger? 6. PAST CONTINUOUS (narrative form) + Suj + was/were + verb-ing + complements - Suj + wasn´t/weren´t + verb-ing + complements ? Was/were + suj + verb-ing + complements We use past continuous: • To describe an action in progress in the past • Ex: I was sitting in the garden reading a book • To talk about an event in the past and was interruped • Ex: I was going out of the house when I Heard a noise • To talk about anticiped events that did not happen • Ex: We were going to Rome for a holiday, but then I broke my leg 7. FUTURE + Suj + will + verb + complements - Suj + won´t + verb + complements ? Will + suj + verb + complements We use future: • For predicting something based on our belief or our kownledge of characteristic behaviour • Ex: This medicine will make you feel sleepy • For promise or threats