Microbiology Mind Map: Ubiquity, Diversity, Adaptation, Transmission/Prevention - Prof. Pe, Apuntes de Microbiología

¡Descarga Microbiology Mind Map: Ubiquity, Diversity, Adaptation, Transmission/Prevention - Prof. Pe y más Apuntes en PDF de Microbiología solo en Docsity! BIOLOÍÍA sar sonia une ep hlomia que afectó a más de 60.000 al a gripe que viene Los mayores de 65 años son uno de los grupos más vulnerables a contraer el virus, así como a las afecciones derivadas de la gripe  “Mentalidad Microbiológica” UBICUIDAD DIVERSIDAD CAPACIDAD ADAPTACION Transmisión / Prevención (FOMITES, manos, …) TIPOS CELULARES PROCARIOTA Citoplasma Nucleoide Pared celular 1 le Pared Celular Membrana citoplasmática Membrana citoplasmática Ribosomas Núcleo Nucleolo Membrana. nuclear Citoplasma — Mitocondria () (c) Figura 1.8. Estructur: s, (a) Diagrama de un procariota. (lb) Microfotografía elec- trónica de un procariota damente 1 4m de diámetro. (c) Diagrama de un eucariota. (d) Microfotografía electrónica de un eucariota (célula animal). La célula tiene unos 25 jm de diámetro.  PROCARIOTAS • Tamaño 1 µm (aprox.) • No membrana nuclear • 1 cromosoma circular • Reproducción asexual (división - fisión binaria) Start Stop Em y RNA polymerase 3 A o A AS (core enzyme) Coding strand Sigma factor ps NL recognition ot start z e Sigma | Transcription begins; sigma released ANA chain growth Termination site reached; chain growth stops Release of polymerase and RNA (a) 1 A Pared Celular Membrana ctoplasmálica Membrana toplasmático — Ribosomas Núcloo hiembrana: nuclear Cltoplasma hátocondre 7 ANSCRIPCION / TRADUCCION Procariotas  < TAMAÑO > Superficie / Volumen > Velocidaerecimiento OS 05 05 05 O O O O 002308 2 cs OL O O O O  PEQUEÑO TAMAÑO SIMPLICIDAD PROCARIOTA Tasa crecimiento poblaciones - Nº individuos capacidad adaptación poblacional Prokaryotes and eukaryotes: strategies and successes Michael Carlile ¡Recent developments in molecular biology and ecological theory have illuminated the rvolutiona, y divergence benween prokaryotes and eukar yotes. Ibis suggested that it is appropriate to regard the prokaryotes as primitive and the eukaryotes as advanced. Ut is more fruiiful to view the two groups as having adopted suecessful but aliernative volutionary strategies, in which prokaryote: have exploited the advantages of! minsaturization and eukaryotes 1hose o) He aiy os riposormal? and (RNA 15 Begira to provide molecular detal at ás tevolutionicang ear under ol pro daryore pls logeny aid ol e relationships | between tw: major groups ol cellular organ- boi. An cadly comequence of tus work | Has been the recognition ol the aro ¡doria asa group only distanly related o | other organisms, This has led to crticisn of | de division of cellular organisins into pro- | auyutes aer cukaryotes! in favor uf class ¡*lication ito three groups, the arcluuebuc Michel Cal uu e Depurimesa of Pure ad [Appa fat, Imperial Cligeuf Seno end Trcnolagy, Landon SWI 208,106 cesbacteraa (used in a sense we is usual an among dacteriologists) and cukaryotes. | acgue here hat be division ol cellular organisuns ino prokaryo >, and cukuryotes remains a valid one, reflectiog a prolound divergence wi respect o ovolutionry sirategies and lde-styles. This vicwpoint is discussed elsewhere at y Iengtt ur “he ureliaebactería und evol divergence tiomuey "The class ol archachacteria consists of ametliano- generan hactería (mthano- gens), a group of salitolerant. ba (halophiles) with a unique photon KE CAN'T OUT-RUN, OUT GUN OR OYT-DISTAMCE THESE MULTICELL Oy BUT WE CAN OUT-G Row istn and seme acid-tolerant thermophiles. They are recognised as ú group vn (he bi ol Micir 16.5 RNA composition! and share some stiking biochemical fcutures which ace ubsent tram uther bacteria. IU seems. clear ahi they must have diverged from ciber organismos carly in evolation: the. thres: possible patterns al divergence ol iuchucbacteria, cuhucteria (used here and subweaqueully in the brond sense) and cukarjotes are imlicuded in Fig, Huwever, n spite ol he carly divergence uf tbc ano hacbacteria Ihey rescmble other bue ll size and structural simpl Iltese Teutures, 35 will ho argued belose, are ol Lundamental ecological and evolutionary sigtulicunce and the products ol vue of the two major evolutionary trends terlitan thcae o icity, Prokaryotes = metabolic diversity and miniaturization A sarikomg Feature of prokaryotes is their muetabolic —«liversity. Most of te biochemical — processes known da cukaryotos lso uccur in prokaryotes, but in acidition (hore are a wide variety of activities unknown in cukarpotex, for example — amoxygenie — photosymhesis, energy production by the oxidation of inor- ganic compounds — (chemolithotrophy), oxidative metabolism based on electron RGANISME,,  BACTERIAS COCOS BACILOS ESPIRILOS ESPIROQUETAS Bacterias con APENDICES Bacterias FILAMENTOSAS MORFOLOGIA - BACTERIAS AGRUPACIONES DIPLOCOCOS ESTREPTOCOCOS TETRACOCOS ESTAFILOCOCOS SARCINAS BACILOS - CADENAS COCOS - DIPLOCOCOS ESTREPTOCOCOS TETRACOCOS ESTAFILOCOCOS SARCINAS ICROBIOLOGÍA dá ¡10 1 A : Ñ A AAN AA e NE LA O NE A  Group A Streptococcus on Gram stain of blood isolated from a patient who developed toxic shock syndrome. http://emedicine.medscape.com Streptococcus Group A Infections Author: Zartash Zafar Khan, MD, Fellow in Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Science Updated: Sep 23, 2009 Streptococcus pyogenes is beta-hemolytic bacterium that belongs to Lancefield serogroup A, also known as group A streptococci (GAS). GAS, a ubiquitous organism, causes a wide variety of diseases in humans and is the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis, accounting for 15%-30% of cases in children and 5%-10% of cases in adults.1 During the winter and spring in temperate climates, up to 20% of asymptomatic school-aged children may be GAS carriers.2 GAS usually causes pharyngitis or impetigo but, in rare cases, can also cause invasive diseases such as cellulitis, bacteremia, necrotizing fasciitis, and toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Along with Staphylococcus aureus, GAS is one of the most common pathogens responsible for cellulitis . Spectrum of diseases due to group A streptococcal infections In the preantibiotic era, streptococci frequently caused significant morbidity and were associated with significant mortality rates. However, in the postantibiotic period, diseases due to streptococcal infections are well-controlled and uncommonly cause death. GAS can cause a diverse variety of both suppurative diseases and nonsuppurative postinfectious sequelae. The suppurative spectrum of GAS diseases includes the following: Pharyngitis with or without tonsillopharyngeal cellulitis or abscess Impetigo (purulent honey-colored crusted skin lesions) Pneumonia Necrotizing fasciitis Streptococcal bacteremia Osteomyelitis Otitis media Sinusitis Meningitis or brain abscess (a rare complication resulting from direct extension of an ear or sinus infection or from bacteremic spread) The nonsuppurative sequelae of GAS infections include the following: Acute rheumatic fever (ARF; defined by Jones criteria) Rheumatic heart disease (chronic valvular damage, predominantly mitral valve) Acute glomerulonephritis Superantigen-mediated immune response may result in the following entities: Streptococcal TSS (STSS): This is characterized by systemic shock with multiorgan failure, with manifestations of respiratory failure, acute renal failure, hepatic failure, neurological symptoms, hematological abnormalities, and skin findings, among others. This is predominantly associated with M types 1 and 3 that produce pyrogenic exotoxin A, exotoxin B, or both.4 Scarlet fever: This is characterized by upper-body rash, generally following pharyngitis. Streptococcus group A infections. http://emedicine.medscape.com Erythema secondary to group A streptococcal cellulitis http://emedicine.medscape.com eMedicine Specialties > Infectious Diseases > CNS Infections Tetanus Updated: Jan 26, 2010 Clinical History Most cases in the United States occur in patients with a history of only partial immunization. Persons who inject drugs also constitute a high-risk group. Symptoms usually begin 8 days after the infection, but onset may range from 3 days to 3 weeks. Patients may report a sore throat with dysphagia (early sign). Localized tetanus causes muscle rigidity at the site of spore inoculation. The initial manifestation may be local tetanus, in which the rigidity affects only 1 limb or area of the body where the clostridium-containing wound is located. Physical Common first signs of tetanus are headache and muscular stiffness in the jaw (ie, lockjaw), followed by neck stiffness, difficulty swallowing, rigidity of abdominal muscles, spasms, and sweating. Patients often are afebrile. Severe tetanus results in opisthotonos, flexion of the arms, extension of the legs, periods of apnea resulting from spasm of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, and rigidity of the abdominal wall. Late in the disease, autonomic dysfunction develops, with hypertension and tachycardia alternating with hypotension and bradycardia. Causes The source of infection usually is a wound (~65%), which often is minor (eg, wood or metal splinters, thorns). Chronic skin ulcers are the source in approximately 5% of cases, and in the remainder of cases, no obvious source is identified. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) statistics from 1982-84 are as follows: Infected lacerations or puncture wounds (69%) Infected chronic wounds and abscesses (20%) Exposure via intravenous drug abuse (3%) Neonates (1%) Other or no identifiable cause (7%) Possible causes not usually associated with tetanus Otitis media Burns Intranasal foreign bodies Corneal abrasions Foreign bodies Dental or surgical procedures (Body Piercing) http://www.cdc.gov http://microbeworld.org http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/ National MRSA Education Initiative: Preventing MRSA Skin Infections National MRSA Education Initiative About MRSA Skin Infections Consumer Educational Materials MRSA Photos Information for Healthcare Professionals Materials for Healthcare Professionals Treatment Algorithm Public Service Announcements Press Room The goal of the National MRSA Education Initiative is to help Americans better recognize and prevent MRSA skin infections. Why is this important? Recent data show that Americans visit the doctor approximately 12 million times each year to get checked for suspected Staph or MRSA skin infection. The good news is that a few simple steps can prevent and reduce the spread of MRSA. About MRSA MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a potentially dangerous type of staph bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics and may cause skin and other infections. You can get MRSA through direct contact with an infected person or by sharing personal items, such as towels or razors that have touched infected skin.