Modulo de inglés técnico 1, Diapositivas de Inglés Técnico

¡Descarga Modulo de inglés técnico 1 y más Diapositivas en PDF de Inglés Técnico solo en Docsity! Cor mp Técnico Inglés Técnico 1 Ing. Roberto Santiago 1 EJERCICIO 1.1 SUSTANTIVOS (Plurales y singulares) Escriba las formas plurales de los siguientes sustantivos: battery ……………………………. law ……………………………. axis ……………………………. phase ……………………………. woman ……………………………. branch ……………………………. glass ……………………………. nucleus ……………………………. knife ……………………………. medium ……………………………. theory ……………………………. dish ……………………………. tooth ……………………………. potato ……………………………. number ……………………………. box ……………………………. window ……………………………. score ……………………………. criterion ……………………………. leaf ……………………………. EJERCICIO 2.1 EL ARTÍCULO DEFINIDO “THE” Y EL INDEFINIDO “A” (“AN”) Traduzca las siguientes combinaciones 1) the energy ……………………………. 2) the time ……………………………. 3) the effects ……………………………. 4) a result ……………………………. 5) an increase ……………………………. 6) a way ……………………………. 7) the conditions ……………………………. 8) the future ……………………………. 9) the engineer ……………………………. 10) the classes ……………………………. EJERCICIO 2.2 Complete los espacios en blanco con “a” o “an” según corresponda y traduzca 1) ....... property .................... 2) ........ buzz .................... 3) ……. axis ….............. 4) ……. echo ........................ 5) …….. hero .................... 6) ……. advance .................. 4 11) the important criteria ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 12) a useful result ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 13) the thick leaves ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 14) the first effect ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. 5 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 2.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado a art un, una condition s condición echo s eco v producir eco effect s efecto energy s energía engineer s ingeniero future s futuro increase s aumento v aumentar result s resultado v resultar the art el, la, los, las time s tiempo, hora, vez, momento way s modo, manera, vía, camino GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 2.2 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado advance s adelanto, anticipación v adelantar buzz s zumbido, chicharra hero s héroe GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 3.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado bad adj malo difficult adj difícil early adj temprano, primitivo, primeros easy adj fácil expensive adj caro fast adj rápido first adj primero good adj bueno heavy adj pesado high adj alto important adj importante large adj grande last adj último late adj tarde light adj liviano s luz long adj largo low adj bajo narrow adj angosto new adj nuevo old adj viejo short adj corto, bajo slow adj lento small adj pequeño tall adj alto thick adj grueso, espeso thin adj delgado unimportant adj no importante, sin importancia useful adj útil 6 EJERCICIO 4.1 COMBINACIONES DE SUSTANTIVOS Traduzca las siguientes combinaciones de sustantivos 1) energy conversion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) pollution control …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) air pollution …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) water power …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) power sources …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) steam engines …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) key difference …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) growth patterns …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) population growth …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) food consumption …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11) transportation industry …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12) uranium fuels …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13) fuel supplies …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14) data processing …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15) petroleum resources …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16) irrigation purposes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17) gas turbine …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18) jet planes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19) energy input …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20) oil wells …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 4.2 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado admittance s admitancia and conj y anode s ánodo area s área average s promedio broadcasting s transmisión cable s cable capita s cápita, cabeza carrier s portador/a circuit s circuito coaxial adj coaxil country s país, campo current s corriente device s aparato, dispositivo, artefacto diameter s diámetro die s matriz v morir distortion s distorsión electrical adj eléctrico English s inglés adj inglés feedback s realimentación fire v alimentar, disparar s fuego fossil s fósil adj fósil generation s generación inch s pulgada instruction s instrucción iron s hierro magnet s imán maker s fabricante moving adj móvil pair s par per prep por permanent adj permanente pipe s caño pole s polo, poste ray s rayo rotating adj rotativo sector s sector set s juego, equipo, aparato, conjunto v colocar, fijar signal s señal simple adj simple speaking s habla system s sistema television s televisión term s término, plazo test s ensayo, prueba v ensayar, probar tool s herramienta tube s tubo two num dos use s uso world s mundo 10 EJERCICIO 5.1 VERBO “SER o ESTAR” (Presente) Complete los espacios en blanco con “am”, “are” o “is” según corresponda y traduzca las oraciones. 1) Canada and Australia __________ English-speaking countries. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) The young woman __________ tall. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) The first sample __________ good. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) John and William __________ electrical engineers. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) The 1-inch-diameter pipes __________ long. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) The world average per capita energy consumption __________ not high. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) An energy conversion device __________ useful. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) __________ gas turbines expensive? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) Tom and I __________ tool-and-die makers. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) The population growth __________ important. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 5.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado am v soy, estoy are v eres, sos, son, estás, están is v es, está 11 EJERCICIO 5.2 Vuelva a escribir las oraciones del Ejercicio 5.1 pero sustituyendo cada sujeto por el correspondiente pronombre personal 1) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14 REPASO 3 Traduzca las siguientes frases extraídas de una tabla de contenidos 5 Air pollution concepts 5.1 INTRODUCTION 5.2 EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AND CLIMATE 5.3 EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON PLANTS AND ANIMALS 5.4 SPECIFIC ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION 5.5 SPECIFIC SCAVENGING PROCESSES 5.6 AIR POLLUTION LEGISLATION 6 Engineering materials 6.1 MATERIALS IN ENGINEERING DESIGN 6.2 MECHANICAL TESTING 6.3 EXAMINATION OF MATERIALS 6.4 SELECTION OF MATERIALS 6.5 MATERIALS IN THE FUTURE 6.6 SUMMARY 7 Fundamentals of electrical networks 7.1 DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS, AND CIRCUIT LAWS 7.2 THE BASIC CIRCUIT FORMS 7.3 TIME-VARYING SIGNALS 7.4 NONDISSIPATIVE PASSIVE ELEMENTS – INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS 7.5 TRANSIENT BEHAVIOR IN SERIES RL AND RC CIRCUITS 7.6 SUMMARY 8 Computer engineering 8.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 8.2 GENERAL-PURPOSE DIGITAL COMPUTER 8.3 COMPUTER CODING AND NUMERICAL REPRESENTATIONS 8.4 SIGNALS IN LOGICAL SYSTEMS 8.5 DIGITAL LOGIC 8.6 THE MORGAN’S THEOREM 8.7 BINARY FUNCTIONS 8.8 THE FLIP-FLOP AND ITS APPLICATION 8.9 COMPUTER SYSTEMS 8.10 SUMMARY 15 EJERCICIO 6.1 VERBO “SER o ESTAR” (Pasado) Complete los espacios en blanco con “was” o “were” según corresponda y traduzca las oraciones 1) It __________ a new permanent magnet. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) They __________ heavy turbines. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) The signal input __________low. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) It __________not a rotating device. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) __________ the oil industry important? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. EJERCICIO 7.1 TIEMPO PRESENTE SIMPLE Complete los espacios con el Tiempo Presente de los verbos dados entre paréntesis y traduzca. 1) Energy __________ living conditions more comfortable. (make) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) They __________ a different power source. (use) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) In chapter four we __________ the oil resources of the country. (discuss) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) The efficiency of the system __________ with a good design. (increase) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16 5) It __________ an important television industry. (have) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) X-rays __________ the test time. (reduce) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) She often __________ at the control instruments. (look) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) I __________ several light tools. (need) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) The distortion __________ at a constant rate. (change) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) An electrical engineer __________ many useful properties. (know) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. EJERCICIO 7.2 Subraye la forma correcta de las dos dadas entre paréntesis y traduzca las siguientes oraciones 1) (Do/Does) engineers need steam engines? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) The efficiency of the turbine (do/does) not change. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) The rotating devices (do/does) not have a different power source. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) (Do/Does) the input signal increase at a constant rate? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) (Do/Does) good control instruments reduce the test time? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19 EJERCICIO 8.1 TIEMPO PASADO SIMPLE Complete con el Tiempo Pretérito (indefinido o imperfecto) de los verbos dados entre paréntesis Verbos regulares 1) We _______________ an increase in the production of cars. (expect) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) The efficiency _______________ close to 100% yesterday. (remain) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) They _______________ the reserves into 3 main groups. (divide) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) It _______________ the available supply of solar energy. (include) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) The last theory _______________ the first law of thermodynamics. (consider) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Verbos irregulares 6) We _______________ a different coaxial cable. (see) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) The first chapter _______________ with “Signal Feedback”. (begin) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) He _______________ a slow water turbine. (choose) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) I _______________ a new television set last week. (bring) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) The students_______________ to the university by bus. (go) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 8.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado available adj disponible begin v empezar (irreg. began, begun) bring v traer (irreg. brought, brought) bus s ómnibus by prep por (by bus = en ómnibus) car s auto choose v elegir (irreg. chose, chosen) close adj cercano (close to =cercano a) v cerrar consider v considerar divide v dividir expect v esperar go v ir (irreg. went, gone) group s grupo in prep en include v incluir into prep en, dentro de main adj principal production v producción remain v permanecer reserve s reserva v reservar see v ver (irreg. saw, seen) solar adj solar thermodynamics s termodinámica to prep a, hacia university s universidad week s semana yesterday adv ayer 21 REPASO 4 Traduzca las siguientes oraciones 1) The last chapter did not include the first law. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) It had a different growth pattern. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Does the book begin with data processing? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) It did have an important property. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) Did you see the first carrier pattern? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) We knew the rate change of the admittance. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) They made large jet engines. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) The students do not bring more wide and thick anodes. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) The energy supply did not remain constant. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) Did he expect a different buzz? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 9.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado all adj todo between prep entre degree s grado depend v depender (depend on/upon= depender de) environmental adj ambiental fabrication s fabricación final adj final find v encontrar (irreg. found, found) ideal adj ideal laboratory s laboratorio later comp más tarde, después leave v salir, dejar (irreg. left, left) material s material measure v medir mechanical adj mecánico on prep sobre, en paper s papel pressure s presión process s proceso range v oscilar, variar return v volver s retorno selection s selección situation s situación study v estudiar s estudio take v tomar, llevar (irreg. took, taken) temperature s temperatura tomorrow adv mañana s mañana vast adj vasto word s palabra write v escribir (irreg. wrote, written) 25 EJERCICIO 10.1 VERBOS MODALES “CAN, MAY, MUST” Traduzca las siguientes oraciones 1) He must design devices and structures. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) It may support the loads that you apply. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Stainless steel can meet the design specifications. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) You can make a final choice of materials. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) The structure must fulfill two main requirements. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) He may come to the university tomorrow. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) They must be the first samples. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) The world population may have a fast increase in the future. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) She can design long pipe systems. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) We may study the process pattern. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 10.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado apply v aplicar can v. modal poder choice s eleccción fulfill v cumplir, llenar load s carga v cargar may v. modal puede que meet v reunir, encontrar, satisfacer (irreg. met, met) must v. modal deber requirement s requisito specification s especificación steel s acero (stainless steel = acero inoxidable) structure s estructura support v soportar s soporte that pron. Relat. que adj ese/a, aquel/la 29 12) They made several power sources last week. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13) He often goes to the country. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14) The living conditions were not good. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15) It didn’t need a new design. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16) I was not at the control instruments. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17) Does he expect a slow production growth? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 18) We found the ideal mechanical properties. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19) A tall man measured the steam temperature. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 20) He must not remain close to the laboratory window. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21) We shall not design large and heavy structures. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 22) She won’t come to class tomorrow. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 30 23) They left New York at 5.00 yesterday. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 24) You cannot depend on the process selection. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25) Did the X-ray tests begin? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31 EJERCICIO 11.1 Extract from The Ruby on Rails Tutorials 1.1.2 Conventions in this book The conventions in this book are mostly self-explanatory. In this section, I’ll mention some that may not be. Many examples in this book use command-line commands. For simplicity, all command line examples use a Unix-style command line prompt (a dollar sign), as follows I recommend that users of all operating systems (especially Windows) use a cloud development environment. This is particularly useful because Rails comes with commands which run at the command line. For example, in Section 1.3.2 we’ll run a local development web server with the rails server command $ rails server As with the command-line prompt, the Rails Tutorial uses the Unix convention for directory separators (i.e., a forward slash /). For example, the sample application production.rb configuration file appears as follows: config/ environments/ productions.rb $ echo “hello, world” hello, world 34 but conj pero, sino prep excepto century s siglo characterize v caracterizar coal s carbon (mineral) deliver v entregar demand s demanda v demandar, exigir desire v desear s deseo development s desarrollo during prep durante earth s tierra electricity s electricidad emphasis s énfasis equal adj igual especially adv especialmente even adv incluso, aún adj parejo, par every adj cada, todo example s ejemplo explain v explicar fact s hecho few adj pocos (a few = unos pocos) for prep para from prep de, desde generate v generar geographical adj geográfico great adj gran, grande hydroelectric adj hidroeléctrico industrial adj industrial industrialization s industrialización industrialize v industrializar interest s interés manufacturing adj manufacturero middle s mitad adj medio, central mobile adj móvil mountainous adj montañoso muscle s músculo muscle power: tracción a sangre obtain v obtener occur v ocurrir, producir/se place v colocar s lugar power s energía progressive adj progresivo pump s bomba v bombear restrict v restringir revolution s revolución shift v cambiar, conmutar s cambio, turno society s sociedad station s estación (power station = estación eléctrica) substitution s sustitución terrain s terreno thus adv así tie v atar, ligar, relarcionar today adv hoy ton s tonelada try v probar, intentar water s agua adj. hidráulico waterwheel s rueda hidráulica where adv donde, adonde 35 EJERCICIO 12.2 Complete el siguiente cuadro de acuerdo con la secuencia de los eventos expuestos en el texto anterior (utilice una o 2 palabras en inglés). Century Power Sources Uses Before 1st B.C. 1st B.C. 19th A.D EJERCICIO 12.3 En la tabla siguiente se enuncian algunas causas o efectos mencionados en el texto del Ejercicio 12.1. Complete en forma resumida con las causas o efectos correspondientes de acuerdo al texto. Causes Results Development of a society Fossil-fuel-fired-engines Water power was restricted to a few geographical areas Interest in energy consumption, energy reserves, etc. Great demands are placed on energy reserves. EJERCICIO 12.4 Subraye las formas en VOZ PASIVA en el Ejercicio 12.1 y traduzca 36 EJERCICIO 12.5 Lea el siguiente texto. Tension Test In the tension test a specimen is subjected to increasing elongation until it fractures. The tensile load and elongation are measured at frequent intervals and the results are expressed in terms of stress and strain that are independent of the specimen size. The normal stress is defined as the ratio of the load on the sample to the original cross-sectional area. The average linear strain is defined as the ratio of the change in length of the sample to the original length. Typical tensile stress-strain curves are shown in figure 6.2 In the early stages of the tensile test the sample extends elastically, that is, the sample will return to the original length if the load is released. In the elastic region, stress is proportional to strain and is described by Hooke’s law. The elastic modulus E defined by Hooke’s law is very important in certain designs where the deformation must be kept to a minimum. Figure 6.2 Typical tensile stress-strain curves. (a) Low carbon steel. (b) Nonferrous metal. 39 EJERCICIO 13.1 PREPOSICIONES DE LUGAR Subraye la preposición correcta de acuerdo con el dibujo y traduzca las oraciones. 1) The man is (in, on, behind) the house. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) 4 drums are placed (in front of, above, below) the man. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) The man is not (in, on, at) the door. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) The roof is (over, below, by) the man. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) I can see 3 drums (over, on, above) the floor and (by, under, in) a low door. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) The main door is (behind, against, beside) the man. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7) He is standing (by, on, over) 3 drums that are (over, above, on) the upper rails. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8) The picture does not show the sky or clouds (on, above, over) the house. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9) The figure (above, below, over) was not colored. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) Drums roll (of, from, under) the upper (to, at, in) the lower rails. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 13.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado above prep (por) encima de against prep contra at prep en behind prep detrás de below prep (por) debajo de beside prep al lado de, junto a between prep entre by prep al lado de, junto a cloud s nube color v colorear s color door s puerta drum s tambor floor s piso from prep desde, de (origen) house s casa in prep dentreo (de) in front of prep delante de, en frente de into prep dentro de inside prep dentro de lower adj inferior near prep cerca (de) next to prep al lado de, junto a on prep. sobre (hace contacto con la superficie) over prep sobre (no hace contacto con la superficie) picture s figura, cuadro, película rail s riel roll v rodar sky s cielo to prep a, hacia under prep bajo, debajo de upper adj superior GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 14.2 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado amount s cantidad v valer physics s física require v requerir 41 EJERCICIO 14.1 Complete los espacios con el Presente Progresivo de los verbos dados entre paréntesis 1) They ________________________ the tensile load and the elongation. (measure) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) He ________________________ a very important law. (define) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) __________ you ________________________ the deformation to a minimum? (keep, interrog.) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) The sample ________________________ elastically during the last stage of the test. (extend, neg) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) The strain ________________________ independent of specimen size. (be) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. EJERCICIO 14.2 Complete los espacios con el Pasado Progresivo de los verbos dados entre paréntesis. 1) They ________________________ an equal amount of energy from coal. (obtain) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) I ________________________ a new pump. (use, neg.) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) The development of society ________________________ more fuel reserves. (require) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) __________ you ________________________ the change in length? (consider, interr.) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5) She ________________________ physics at the university. (study) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 EJERCICIO 15.1 Complete los espacios con la forma –ing de los verbos dados entre paréntesis y traduzca. Indique la función que cumple en cada uno de los ejemplos 1) Laws __________________ the behavior of electric charges will be developed. (govern) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) They must have a basic __________________ of electric instruments. (understand) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) We shall consider the number of protons __________________ to the right. (move) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) It may be understood by __________________ the concepts defined above. (use) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) In __________________ through the passive element, the current creates a voltage drop. (pass). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6) A few jet aircrafts can make vertical takeoffs and __________________. (land) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) A good utilization of __________________ materials is very necessary. (exist) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 45 8) The _____________ need of metals for high-temperature service will require new alloys. (increase) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9) The problem of __________________ the right material for a given application is sometimes of great complexity. (select) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10) In __________________ the first law, the __________________ convention is used for __________________ the algebraic sign of the voltage. (apply: follow; determine) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11) The __________________ temperature is well above 1,000° C. (operate) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12) It will be given before __________________ the next section. (conclude) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13) It is obtained by the passage of a fine X-ray beam through a powder of iron __________________ (file). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14) You must consider the __________________ interest in home computers. (grow) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15) Numerical data __________________ the thermal properties are obtained from the standard tests. (show) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46 EJERCICIO 15.2 Traduzca las oraciones y escriba a qué caso pertenecen las formas con ING subrayadas. 1) Steels show advantages as regards cost and recycling. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) In choosing a site, landscape considerations must be discussed. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Floating constructions must be employed at sea. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) The topic of the conference is of increasing importance. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) Those plants generate revenues exceeding one billion dollars. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6) While buying a suitable turbine, he chose a strong housing. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) He brought a few drawings showing the material creep. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8) Hydropower is used almost exclusively for generating electricity in the country. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49 FORMAS CON –ING vs. FORMAS –ED (como adjetivos) Debe interpretarse bien la diferencia entre PARTICIPIOS PRESENTES y los PARTICIPIOS PASADOS usados como adjetivos. Los primeros califican con una expresión de una acción en desarrollo, mientras que los participios pasados lo hacen con acciones ya realizadas o completadas (generalmente pasivas, aunque no siempre). Conjuntos con participios pasados Conjuntos con participios presentes the escaped gas (= the gas that escaped) el gas escapado is the varied content (= the content that was varied) will be el contenido variado is a fascinated person ( = a person that was fascinated) will be una persona fascinada is an increased value (= a value that was increased) will be un valor aumentado is the escaping gas (= the gas that was escaping) will be el gas (que está/estaba/estará) escapando el gas que escapa/escapaba/escapará) is the varying content (= the content that was varying) will be el contenido variante a fascinating person (= a person that fascinates) una persona fascinante is an increasing value (= a value that was increasing) will be un valor que aumenta 50 EJERCICIO 16.1 Traduzca las siguientes frases y compare 1) the expecting people the expected people …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 2) the changing generation the changed generation …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 3) the extending country the extended country …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 4) the moving particles the moved particles …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 5) this carrying device this carried device …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 6) the determining function the determined function …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 7) a controlling fact a controlled fact …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 8) that landing plane that landed plane …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 9) the measuring interval the measured interval …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 10) those supporting structures those supported structures …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… 51 EJERCICIO 17.1 ADJETIVOS DEMOSTRATIVOS Traduzca las siguientes oraciones. 1) It is beyond the scope of this section. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) Small oxide particles are dispersed through these alloys. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Many people believe that this will be the material of the future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) Those concepts are explained in this book. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) Does he understand that theory? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… EJERCICIO 17.2 Subraye la forma correcta y traduzca cada oración 1) (That/Those) axis was drawn at 90 degrees. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) Did (that/those) men bring (this/these) tools? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) (This/These) is not the color that I chose. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) (That/Those) microwave devices were made in Japan. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) Things were not always (this/these) way. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 54 EJERCICIO 18.1 EXPRESIONES DE PROPÓSITO Por cada oración dada escriba otras dos formas que expresen propósito y traduzca. 1) It is done to change the value of the variable over the course of an equation a. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Traducción: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) That lever is pulled toward you for loading the paper a. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Traducción: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) He stopped the printer in order to slide the guide to the left a. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Traducción: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) You must push the lever away from you to set the paper bail. a. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Traducción: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55 5) To shift the loaded sheet to the right you must use that knob. a. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… c. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Traducción: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… EJERCICIO 18.2 Traduzca las siguientes oraciones 1) It gives a sample program to incorporate many of the techniques and commands discussed in this section. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) You can edit the program for changing the assignments in those lines. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Parentheses are used to tell the computer to add the numbers before it divides. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) Line 40 adds the variables and divides by 3 in order to get the average. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) It’s a good idea to count the number of left parentheses and right parentheses to make sure they are equal. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 56 6) You must type the following statement for returning the computer to the starting state. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) In order to do this, you may press a function key or the space bar. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8) The program below is run to see how the ON command works. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9) This task is for accessing and maintaining files on disks. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10) The next step is to select the appropriate graphic mode. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 59 Printing Text Now that you know how to print numbers, it’s time to learn how to print text. It’s actually very simple. Any words or characters you want to display are typed on the screen, with a quote symbol at each end of the string of characters. String is the BASIC name for any set of characters surrounded by quotes. The quote character is obtained by pressing SHIFT and the numeral 2 on the top row of the keyboard (not the 2 in the numeric keypad). Try these examples: PRINT “COMMODORE 128” RETURN PRINT “4*5” RETURN EJERCICIO 19.2 A continuación se dan unas instrucciones para escribir un programa en BASIC. Léalas cuidadosamente y decida si, de acuerdo al texto anterior cada línea de instrucciones es Correcta, Incorrecta o No incluida en las consideraciones del texto. Coloque “C”, “I” o “N” delante del número de cada instrucción según su elección. No realice traducción escrita. 1) Type the first program line in this way: 10 PRINT “THIS IS A SAMPLE PROGRAM” 2) Do not press the RETURN key after completing line 10 and begin the next program line as follows: 20 FOR X=1 TO 5 3) Press the RTURN key and write: 30 PRINT “LET’S SEE IF THE 203-CHARACTER STATEMENT IN THIS LINE CAN BE PRINTED 5 TIMES ACCORDING TO THE COMMAND GIVEN IN LINE NUMBER 20. IF NOT, TRY AGAIN PLACING A COLON (:) OR A SEMISOLON (;) AFTER THE LAST WORD 4) Now type: 40 NEXT X :REM “DON’T FORGET THIS LINE IF YOU WANT TO HAVE LINE 30 PRINTED 5 TIMES” 5) In order to remember who wrote this program add the following: 50 REM “WRITTEN BY JOHN SMITH” Let’s not worry. The words written in the above line will not appear when you run the program. EJERCICIO 19.3 Subraye todas las formas imperativas de los Ejercicios 19.1 y 19.2 60 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 19.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado actual adj real, verdadero any adj cualquier (afir), algún (interr), ningún (neg) anyone adj cualquiera (afir), alguien (interr), nadie (neg) anything adj cualquier cosa (afir), algo (interr), nada (neg) because conj porque both adj ambos pron ambos, tanto… como… break v romper, quebrar (irreg. broke, broken) brek up = separar s pausa, descanso careful adj cuidadoso carefully adv cuidadosamente case s caso cause v causar, hacer (que) character s caracter (letra), carácter clear adj claro colon s dos puntos (:) column s columna comma s coma (,) comment s comentario v comentar complete v completar adj completo copy s copia v copiar critical adj crítico describe v describir display v mostrar, exhibir s muestra, exhibición distinguish v distinguir e.g. abrev por ejemplo (abrev. de exempli gratia) each adj cada pron cada uno encyclopedia s enciclopedia end s extremo, fin v finalizar error s error format s formato four num cuatro full adj lleno, completo guide s guía v guiar guideline s pauta, directiva happen v suceder help v ayudar s ayuda however adv sin embargo ignore v ignorar indicate v indicar information s información inside adv dentro de, adentro adj interior itself adj réflex en sí, propiamente dicho keypad s bloque de teclas, teclado keyword s palabra clave language s idioma, lenguaje learn v aprender letter s letra, carta list v listar s lista mark s marca, símbolo v marcar minimize v reducir, minimizar notice v notar, observar s nota, anuncio numeral s numeral numeric adj numérico paragraph s párrafo 61 point s punto print v imprimir punctuation s puntuación quotation marks comillas quote s comilla v citar reject v rechazar remark s acotación, comentario row s fila rule s regla same adj mismo, (the same as = lo mismo que) semicolon s punto y coma (;) special adj especial specific adj específico stand for v representar, significar string s cadena (en computación), cuerda surround v rodear, circundar text s texto than conj que (en comparativo) then adv luego, entonces conj entonces, en ese caso top s parte superior want v querer what pron rel lo que, pron interr. qué, cual when adv cuando pron interr. Cuando without prep sin your adj pos su (de Ud., de Uds.) 64 EJERCICIO 21.1 PRONOMBRES OBJETIVOS Reemplace las palabras subrayadas por pronombres personales u objetivos y traduzca las oraciones con dichas substituciones, subrayando los correspondientes pronombres (en inglés y en castellano). 1) A chemical engineer is often concerned with the characteristics of mixtures and solutions. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) These separations involve changes in that composition. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Few students can make use of the same principle of mass transfer. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) Dr. Jones and I were studying processes to separate or purify chemicals by distillation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) Mary gave Jim several assignments in advance. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… EJERCICIO 21.2 Traduzca las siguientes oraciones 1) You must show us the way to design it. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) They don’t know you but they know me very well. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Filtration and settling are required to segregate them. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) I didn’t believe him until I saw you. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) The screen was behind her. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 65 6) They told us that it was not for us. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) Slide it in front of them. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8) Let’s keep them for him. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9) He can guide you through them. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10) Please, send it to me by plane. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… GLOSARIO DE LOS EJERCICIOS 21.1 y 21.2 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado believe v creer characteristic s característica chemical adj químico composition s composición concern v relacionar, ocuparse, preocuparse distillation s destilación filtration s filtrado, filtración her pron obj la, le, ella him pron obj lo, le, el involve v implicar, involucrar, incluir me pron obj me, mi mixture s mezcla please expr por favor principle s principio purify v purificar segregate v segregar send v enviar (irreg. sent, sent) separate v separar separation s separación settling s decantación, asentamineto solution s solución them pron obj los, las, les, ellos, ellas transfer s transferencia v transferir us pron obj nos, nosotros, nosotras 66 EJERCICIO 22.1 ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS Complete los espacios en blanco con el ADJETIVO POSESIVO correspondiente al sujeto de cada oración y traduzca. Subraye el adjetivo posesivo en castellano. 1) The gas in the container was not at __________ initial pressure and temperature. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) Nitrogen and oxygen will mix until __________ concentration is uniform throughout. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Charles supposed that __________ mixture had only two components present. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) We may visualize __________ process by considering Fig. 12. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) I brought __________ pressure gage for the experiment. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6) The vessel and __________ boiling water will be placed on that table. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) Those students had __________ class in the new laboratory. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8) Mrs. Douglas left __________ books here because we needed them. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9) Note that __________ results will not always be the same. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10) Gas diffusion and __________ concentration gradient are referred to mathematically. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 69 Let us suppose that the combustion takes place with 20% excess air (20% more oxygen than required for burning all the combustibles). Power plant furnaces seldom run at very low or zero excess air because of the tendency for smoke formation. Typical values of excess air are 10-20% for fuel oil and 20-40% for coal. We wish to calculate the amounts and percentages of CO2, SO2, and ash in the combustion gases when 560,000 lb/hr. of coal are burned. First, we must calculate the number of pounds of carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur that are burned each hour, using the analyses above and the coal firing rate (560,000 lb/hr.). Weight carbon burned = (0.77 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 ) (560,000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟 ) Weight carbon burned = 431,000 lbs/hr. Weight hydrogen burned = (0.05 𝑙𝑏 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 ) (560,000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟 ) Weight hydrogen burned = 28,000 lbs/hr. Weight sulfur burned = (0.08 𝑙𝑏 𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑓𝑢𝑟 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 ) (560,000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟 ) Weight sulfur burned = 44,800 lbs/hr. Now, we must calculate the number of moles of these components burned in order to calculate the air requirements (using the molecular weights of the species involved). Moles carbon burned = 431,000 𝑙𝑏 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑟 12 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (molecular weight of carbon is 12) Moles carbon burned = 35,900 lb moles/hr Moles hydrogen (H2) burned = 28,000 𝑙𝑏/ℎ𝑟 2 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (molecular weight of hydrogen is 2) Moles H2 burned = 14,000 lbs mole/hr Moles sulfur burned = 44,800 𝑙𝑏/ℎ𝑟 32 𝑙𝑏𝑠/𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (molecular weight of sulfur is 32) The theoretical amount of oxygen required to burn each of these components is calculated as follows: For carbon, which burns to form CO2, C + O2 CO2 one mole of oxygen is required for each mole of carbon burned. Hence, 35,900 lb moles require 35,900 lb moles of oxygen. Furthermore, each lb mole of any gas occupies 379 ft3 measured (at 14.7 psia and 60° F); thus for burning carbon, the oxygen requirement is 70 O2 required for carbon = (35,900 lb moles/hs) ( 379 𝑓𝑡3 𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ) = 13,600,000 ft3/hr Similarly, for hydrogen, which burns to form water vapor, H2 + ½ O2 H2O one–half mole of oxygen is required for each mole of hydrogen burned. Hence, 14,000lb moles of hydrogen require 0.5 (14,000) = 7,000 lb moles of oxygen. Converting to cubic feet, O2 required for hydrogen = (7,000 lb moles/hs) ( 379 𝑓𝑡3 𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ) = 2,650,000 ft3/hr For combustion of sulfur, which burns to form SO2, S + O2 SO2 one mole of oxygen is required for each mole of sulfur burned. Hence, 1,400 lb moles of sulfur require 1,400 lb moles of oxygen. Converting to cubic feet, O2 required for sulfur = (1,400 lb moles/hs ) ( 379 𝑓𝑡3 𝑙𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 ) = 530,000 ft3/hr The theoretical O2 required to burn carbon, hydrogen and sulfur, then is Theoretical O2 requirement = 13,600,000 + 2,650,000 + 530,000 = 16,780,000 ft3/hr Since air contains only 21% oxygen, then the amount of air required to provide 16,780,000 ft3/hr of oxygen is Theoretical air requirement = 16,780,000 ft3 O2/hr 𝑜.21 𝑓𝑡3 O2/ 𝑓𝑡3 air Theoretical air requirement = 79,700,000 ft3 air/hr However, this furnace is to operate with 20% excess air. Hence, the actual air requirement is the theoretical air requirement plus 20% of the theoretical air requirement. Actual air requirement = 1.20 (79,700,000 ft3) = 95,600,000 ft3/hr Note that nearly 100 million ft3/hr is required to burn the coal for an 800 megawatt power plant. 71 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 23.1 Chemical & Thermal processes Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado analysis s análisis application s aplicación, solicitud asume v suponer atomic adj atómico balance s equilibrio, balance v equilibrar, balancear briefly adv brevemente, abreviadamente burn v quemar calculate v calcular calculation s cálculo call v llamar/se s llamada consist v consistir component s componente contain v contener convert v convertir cubic adj cúbico diverse adj diverso either… or… expr tanto… como… essentially adv esencialmente fall v caer/se s caída, catarata, otoño firing rate expr poder calorífico fission s fisión form v formar s forma furthermore adv además hence adv luego, por lo tanto hold v mantener, fijar (irreg. held, held) how much adv cuanto inert s materias inertes liberate v liberar little adv poco mole s mol occupy v ocupar particular adj particular pound s libra (450 gr); abrev lb practice s práctica v practicar presence s presencia product s producto psia abrev pounds per square inch absolute : libras por pulgadas cuadrada absoluta quantity s cantidad seldom adv rara vez simply adv simplemente since conj dado que, ya que prep desde species s especie, clase such adj tales, dichos. En singular: such a = tal, dicho take place v (expr) tener lugar, ocurrir theoretical adj teórico transform v transformar weight s peso, pesa which pron rel que pron interr cuál wish v desear s deseo 74 GLOSARIO DEL EJERCICIO 24.1 Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado accordingly adv. así, consecuentemente, en consecuencia age s. era, edad electromotive adj. electromotriz establish v. establecer fixed adj. fijo lead v. conducir s. plomo loop s. vuelta, lazo, bucle lump v. agrupar parallel adj. paralelo path s. camino, recorrido, trayectoria toaster s. tostador undesirable adj. indeseable vacuum s. vacío EJERCICIO 24.2 Traduzca las siguientes oraciones y decida si son verdaderas o falsas de acuerdo al texto en EJERCICIO 24.1 1) A resistor is a lumped resistance. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) They use copper wires with a large cross-sectional area in order to keep resistance low. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) There are a thousand and one electrical devices in this electrical age. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4) Most circuits offer some resistance to the current. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5) The parallel circuit offers a parallel path for the current flow. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 75 EJERCICIO 25.1 ADVERBIOS Complete los espacios con los adjetivos dados entre paréntesis o con los adverbios correspondientes y traduzca. 1) We will __________________ describe some of the chemical and thermal concepts used in the practice of engineering. (brief) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2) How much sulfur dioxide is produced by a ________________________ power plant? (typical) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) This is _____________________ the amount required for one 800 megawatt power plant. (approximate) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4) Coal consists _______________________ of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and inerts. (chemical) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5) It was a __________________ defined concept of what is understood by “excess air”. (good) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6) He hardly speaks English because he finds it very ____________________. (hard) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 76 7) In that type of circuit the current flow will be _______________________ small. (considerable) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8) The law of conservation of matter states ______________ (simple) that matter cannot be created or destroyed. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9) (Essential) ____________ all of the carbon is converted to CO2, and very little to CO. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10) It is (actual) _______________ very simple to learn how to print text. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79 18. All paths of the circuit lead in closed loops from the high-potential (negative) end of the electromotive-force source to its low-potential (positive) end. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19. The normal stress is defined as the ratio of the load on the sample to the original cross-sectional area. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 20. One is the series circuit, which offers a single, continuous, external path for current flow from the negative side of the electromotive-force source to the positive side. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 80 NUMEROS ORDINALES Y CARDINALES 1 one 1st first 2 two 2nd second 3 three 3rd third 4 four 4th fourth 5 five 5th fifth 6 six 6th sixth 7 seven 7th seventh 8 eight 8th eighth 9 nine 9th ninth 10 ten 10th tenth 11 eleven 11th eleventh 12 twelve 12th twelfth 13 thirteen 13th thirteenth 14 fourteen 14th fourteenth 15 fifteen 15th fifteenth 16 sixteen 16th sixteenth 17 seventeen 17th seventeenth 18 eighteen 18th eighteenth 19 nineteen 19th nineteenth 20 twenty 20th twentieth 21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first 22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second 30 thirty 30th thirtieth 40 forty 40th fortieth 50 fifty 50th fiftieth 60 sixty 60th sixtieth 70 seventy 70th seventieth 80 eighty 80th eightieth 90 ninety 90th ninetieth 100 a/one hundred 100th hundredth 101 a/one hundred and one 101st hundred and first 200 two hundred 200th two hundredth 1,000 a/one thousand 1,000th thousandth 10,000 ten thousand 10,000th ten thousandth 100,000 a/one hundred thousand 100,000th one hundred thousandth 1,000,000 a/one million 1,000,000th one millionth 1,000,000,000 a/one billion (en castellano 1012) 1,000,000,000th one billionth 81 Nota: Observe que los miles se separan con comas EJEMPLOS: 1,005 one thousand and five 1,608 one thousand six hundred and eight 90,435 ninety thousand four hundred and thirty-five 500,000 five hundred thousand 3,755,372 three million seven hundred and fifty-five thousand three hundred and seventy-two DECIMALES Se escribe: Se dice: 0.3 nought point three zero point three 3.45 three point four five (NOT three point forty-five) 98.4 ninety-eight point four $1.55 one dollar, fifty-five cents one dollar, fifty-five $700.00 seven hundred dollars €3,500.50 three thousand five hundred euro and fifty cents three thousand five hundred euro, fifty cents Nota: Observe que los decimales se separan con punto EJEMPLOS: 0 zero (también se lee como la letra “o”) 0.5 = .5 zero point five (point five) 0.01 = .01 zero point “o” one (point “o” one) 0.001 = .001 zero point double “o” one (point double “o” one) 3.1416 three point one four one six 84 EJERCICIO 26.1 NÚMEROS Escriba en números 1) two fifths plus three and a half ……………………………………………………………………… 2) square root of nine hundred thousand and eighty-one …………………………………………………………………… 3) thirteen hundred times eight hundred and seventy-eight ……………………………………………………………… 4) point o three squared plus nineteen cubed ……………………………………………………………………… 5) four thousand and six times point two five ……………………………………………………………………… 6) ten halves minus x to the nth ……………………………………………………………………… 7) seventeen hundred point four nine divided by two to the eleventh ………………………………………………… 8) the fourth root of forty million two hundred and sixty-one thousand four hundred and one: ………………… 9) two sevenths divided by the square root of seventy-nine thousand five hundred …………………………………. 10) thirteen squared minus thirty cubed ……………………………………………………………………… 85 GLOSARIO GENERAL Palabra Función Significado Otra función y significado A a art un, uno, una ability s habilidad, capacidad above prep arriba, por encima de access v acceder according to adv de acuerdo con, según actual adj verdadero, real add v agregar, sumar admittance s admitancia advance s adelanto, anticipación v adelantar against prep contra air s aire aircraft s aeronave algebraic adj algebraico all adj todos/as alloy s aleación almost adv casi always adv siempre am v soy, estoy amount s cantidad v valer an art un, uno, una analysis s análisis and conj y annual adj annual anode s ánodo any adj cualquier (afir), algún (interr), ningún (neg) anyone adj cualquiera (afir), alguien (interr), nadie (neg) anything adj cualquier cosa (afir), algo (interr), nada (neg) appear v aparecer application s aplicación, solicitud apply v aplicar appropriate adj apropiado approximately adv aproximadamente are v eres, sos, son, estás, están as adv como conj como adv a medida que ash s ceniza as regards frase adv. con respecto a assignment s tarea (asignada) assume v suponer at prep en, a atomic adj atómico attempt s intento auxiliary adj auxiliar available adj disponible average s promedio, medio away adv afuera, dirección contraria axis s eje 86 B B.C. abrev antes de Cristo (Before Christ) bad adj malo bail s barra de sujeción balance s equilibrio, balance v equilibrar, balancear bar s barra, bar basic adj básico basis s fundamento, base beam s haz, rayo, viga because conj porque become v hacerse, volverse, convertirse (irreg. became, become) before prep antes de, delante de begin v empezar (irreg. began, begun) behavior s comportamiento behind prep detrás de believe v creer below prep por debajo de beside prep al lado de, junto a between prep entre beyond prep más allá boil v hervir book s libro both adj ambos pron ambos, tanto… como… box s caja, cajón branch s rama, sucursal break v romper, quebrar (irreg. broke, broken) break up = separar s pausa, descanso briefly adv brevemente, abreviadamente bring v traer (irreg. brought, brought) broadcasting s transmisión built-in adj integrado/a burn v quemar bus s ómnibus but conj pero, sino prep excepto buzz s zumbido, chicharra by prep por (by bus = en ómnibus) C cable s cable calculate v calcular call v llamar/se s llamada can v. modal poder capita s cápita, cabeza car s auto carbon s carbono careful adj cuidadoso carefully adv cuidadosamente carrier s portador/a case s caso cause v causar, hacer (que) century s siglo change v cambiar, variar s cambio chapter s capítulo character s caracter (letra) characterize v caracterizar 89 F fact s hecho fall v caer/se s caída, catarata, otoño fast adj rápido feedback s realimentación, retoalimentación few adj pocos (a few = unos pocos) figure s figura, cifra v figurar, imaginar file s archivo, lima v archivar, limar filtration s filtrado, filtración final adj final find v encontrar (irreg. found, found) fine adj fino fire v alimentar, disparar s fuego firing rate expr poder calorífico first adj primero fission s fisión flash s destello v destellar float v. flotar floor s piso follow v seguir food s comida, alimento foot s pie for prep para, por form v formar s forma forward adj inclinada, hacia adelante four numer cuatro fracture v fracturar frequent adj frecuente from prep de, desde fuel s combustible fulfill v cumplir, llenar full adj lleno, completo function s función v funcionar furnace s horno furthermore adv además G gage s medidor (pressure gage = manómetro) gas s gas (a veces gasolina) generate v generar get v obtener, conseguir, etc. (irreg. got, got o gotten) give v dar (irreg. gave, given) glass s vidrio, vaso go v ir (irreg. went, gone) good adj bueno gradient s gradiente graphic s gráfico great adj gran, grande group s grupo grow v crecer (irreg. grew, grown) growth s crecimiento guide s guía v guiar guideline s pauta, directiva 90 H half s mitad happen v suceder have v tener (irreg. had, had) heat s calor heavy adj pesado help v ayudar s ayuda hence adv luego, por lo tanto her pron obj la, le, ella here adv aquí, acá hero s héroe high adj alto him pron obj lo, le, el hold v mantener, fijar (irreg. held, held) home s hogar, casa house s casa housing s. carcasa, cubierta how much adv cuanto how adv como however adv sin embargo hydroelectric adj hidroeléctrico hydropower s. energía hidráulica I i.e. adv es decir (Latin, abbr: id est: that is) idea s idea ideal adj ideal ignore v ignorar in front of prep en frente de in order to expr para (propósito) in prep en inch s pulgada include v incluir incorporate v incorporar increase s aumento v aumentar indicate v indicar industrial adj industrial industrialize v industrializar inert s materias inertes input s entrada inside adv dentro de, adentro adj interior interval s intervalo into prep en, dentro de involve v implicar, involucrar, incluir iron s hierro is v es, está itself adj réflex en sí, propiamente dicho J jet s chorro K keep v mantener, conserver (irreg. kept, kept) 91 keypad s bloque de teclas, teclado keyword s palabra clave knife s cuchillo knob s manija, perilla, picaporte know v saber, conocer (irreg. knew, known) L laboratory s laboratorio (abrev. Lab) land v aterrizar s tierra, territorio landscape s. paisaje language s idioma, lenguaje large adj grande last adj último late adj tarde later comp más tarde, después law s ley leaf s hoja learn v aprender leave v salir, dejar (irreg. left, left) left s izquierda adj izquierdo length s longitud letter s letra, carta lever s palanca liberate v liberar life s vida light adj liviano s luz line s línea linear adj lineal list v listar s lista little adv poco living s vida load s carga v cargar long adj largo look v mirar s apariencia low adj bajo lower adj inferior M magnet s imán main adj principal maintain v mantener make sure expr asegurarse make v hacer (irreg. made, made) maker s fabricante man s hombre manufacture v fabricar manufacturing adj manufacturero many adj muchos/as mark s marca, símbolo v marcar mass s masa mathematical adj matemático (mathematically = matematicamente) matter s materia may v. modal puede que me pron obj me, mi 94 rate s velocidad, ritmo, tarifa, índice v clasificar, tasar ratio s cociente, relación ray s rayo recommend v recomendar recycle v. reciclar reduce v reducir refer (to) v referirse, mencionar refine v refinar region s región reject v rechazar relationship s relación release v liberar remain v permanecer remark s acotación, comentario require v requerir requirement s requisito reserve s reserva v reservar resource s recurso restrict v restringir result s resultado v resultar return v volver s retorno revenue s. ganancia revolution s revolución right s derecha, derecho adj derecho, correcto roll v rodar roof s techo rotating adj rotativo row s fila rule s regla run v correr, ejecutar, hacer funcionar, andar (irreg. ran, run) s recorrido, tramo S same adj mismo, (the same as = lo mismo que) sample s muestra scope s alcance score s puntaje v tener puntaje screen s pantalla section s sección sector s sector see v ver (irreg. saw, seen) segregate v segregar seldom adv rara vez select v seleccionar self-explanatory adj auto-explicativo semicolon s punto y coma (;) send v enviar (irreg. sent, sent) separate v separar separator s separador server s servidor service s servicio set s juego, equipo, aparato, conjunto v colocar, fijar settling s decantación, asentamineto several adv varios sheet s hoja, lámina, chapa shift v cambiar, conmutar s cambio, turno 95 short adj corto, bajo show v mostrar (irreg. showed, shown) s espectáculo sign s signo, cartel v firmar signal s señal simplicity s simplicidad simply adv simplemente since conj dado que, ya que prep desde single adj único size s tamaño, talle sky s cielo slash s barra slide v deslizar/se (irreg. slid, slid) s deslizamiento slow adj lento small adj pequeño smoke s humo solar adj solar some adj algunos/as sometimes adv algunas veces source s fuente space s espacio v separar speaking s habla species s especie, clase specimen s espécimen, probeta stack s chimenea stage s etapa stand for v representar, significar standard adj normal, común s norma statement s enunciado, oración station s estación (power station = estación eléctrica) steam s vapor (de agua) steel s acero (stainless steel = acero inoxidable) step s paso step by step = paso a paso stop v parar, detener s parada strain s deformación v estirar, tensar stress s esfuerzo, tensión v someter a esfuerzo string s cadena (en computación), cuerda structure s estructura study v estudiar s estudio style s estilo subject v someter s sujeto, tema, materia such adj tales, dichos. En singular: such a = tal, dicho suitable adj. apropiado/a/os/as sulfur s azufre supply s suministro, fuente support v soportar s soporte suppose v suponer surface s superficie surround v rodear, circundar switch s interruptor (llave) T table s mesa, tabla (numérica) take place v (expr) tener lugar, ocurrir take v tomar, llevar (irreg. took, taken) takeoff s despegue (aviación) 96 tall adj alto task s tarea technique s técnica tell v decir (irreg. told, told) tensile s tensión, tracción term s término, plazo terrain s terreno test s ensayo, prueba v ensayar, probar text s texto than conj que (en comparativos) that is expr es decir that adj dem ese, esa, aquel, aquella pron eso, aquello , que the art el, la, los, las them pron obj los, las, les, ellos, ellas then adv luego, entonces conj entonces, en ese caso theoretical adj teórico there are v hay (presente del verbo “there be” usado delante de formas plurales) there is v hay (presente del verbo “there be” usado delante de formas singulares) thermal adj térmico thermodynamics s termodinámica these adj dem estos, estas pron éstas, estos thick adj grueso, espeso thin adj delgado this adj dem este, esta pron esto those adj dem esos, esas, aquellos, aquellas pron aquellos, aquellas through prep a través de throughout adv completamente, por todos lados prep por todo, en todo thus adv así tie v atar, ligar time s tiempo, hora, vez, momento to prep a, hacia, para today adv hoy tomorrow adv mañana s mañana ton s tonelada tool s herramienta tooth s diente top s parte superior topic s. tema toward prep hacia transfer s transferencia v transferir transform v transformar transportation s transporte try v probar, intentar tube s tubo two num dos type v escribir (a máquina), tipear s tipo U under prep bajo, debajo de understand v entender uniform s uniforme unimportant adj no importante, sin importancia until conj hasta prep hasta upper adj superior uranium s uranio