Impact of Brain Damage on Psychological Functions: Phineas Gage's Case Study, Diapositivas de Psicología de la Personalidad

¡Descarga Impact of Brain Damage on Psychological Functions: Phineas Gage's Case Study y más Diapositivas en PDF de Psicología de la Personalidad solo en Docsity! 16/10/2018 1 T 3. Biological Basis of Personality Psychology 1 A. The Brain in evolution B. The approach to the study of physiological bases of personality How could we approach neuroanatomical basis of personality? ◦ 1. Through abnormality. The case of Phineas Gage ◦ The impact of brain damage on psychological functioning ◦ 2. Animal studies: why do we study personality in animals? ◦ 3. Genetic studies ◦ 4. Neuroimaging and personality : contributions ◦ 5. From neuroscience… C. Psychophysiological indicators ◦ 1. Skin conductance ◦ 2. Cardiovascular activity ◦ 3. Brain Activity D. Physiologically based theories of Personality ◦ 1. Eysenck’s PEN model ◦ 2. Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray ◦ 3. Zuckerman ◦ … 2 16/10/2018 2 3 4 16/10/2018 5 Brain’s evolutionary hierarchy, MacLean, 1967 9 The brain in evolution: evolutionary theories of personality Integration with evolutionary theory could enrich personality theories by generating novel hypotheses. Evolutionary psychology: See psychological phenomena through the lens of theory of evolution Evolution by natural and sexual selection is the only coherent framework that can explain why complex adaptive, psychological mechanism exist and what adaptive problems they are designed to solve (Tooby and Cosmides, 1992) 16/10/2018 6 The brain in evolution: evolutionary theories of personality Evolutionary theories: can lead to the discovery of new mechanism governing personality. Provide a framework which can inform personality theorists about: Whether there are adaptive functions for the genetic differences that influence variation in personality characteristics and what those functions are Potential new aspects of mechanisms governing personality structure What aspects of an individual´s developmental environment should be expected to affect that individual A. The Brain in evolution B. The approach to the study of physiological bases of personality How could we approach to neuroanatomical basis of personality? ◦ 1. Through abnormality. The case of Phineas Gage ◦ The impact of brain damage on psychological functioning ◦ 2. Animal studies: why do we study personality in animals? ◦ 3. Genetic studies ◦ 4. Neuroimaging and personality : contributions ◦ 5. From neuroscience… C. Psychophysiological indicators ◦ 1. Skin conductance ◦ 2. Cardiovascular activity ◦ 3. Brain Activity D. Physiologically based theories of Personality ◦ 1. Eysenck’s PEN model ◦ 2. Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray ◦ 3. Zuckerman ◦ … 12 16/10/2018 7 13 B. THE APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF PHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF PERSONALITY Exercise: HOW COULD WE APPROACH NEUROANATOMICAL BASIS OF PERSONALITY? 16/10/2018 10 How does physiology modulates our personality? Differences in physiology can modulate or contribute to differences on psychological functioning: How sensitive are our nervous systems to stimulation?  Some people find quite irritating the exposures to loud noise and would avoid very crowded environments:  From the point of view of a physiologically oriented personality psychologist one person could be introverted because he or she has an overly sensitive nervous system. Specific physiological response ↔ traits Introversion↔ High sensitivity to external stimuli Measure: Psychological overstimulation Physiological correlate: e.g., increased skin conductance or heart rate Abnormal psychophysiology: impact on psychological functioning Organic causes----physiological dysfunctions---psychological dysfunctions (including personality changes) Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands (originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth[1] . It secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism 20 16/10/2018 11 Abnormal psychophysiology: impact on psychological functioning Other conditions that can impact on psychological functioning and personality: -Diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, insulinoma, mitral valve prolapse, pectoris angina - ABSTINENCE: DRUGS BENZODIAZEPINES CORTISONE Antidepressants - ADMINISTRATION COFFE THEOPHYLLINE COCAINE Amphetamines 21 Animal studies: why do we study personality in animals? Behavioural ecology: a personality trait can be identified only if individuals vary on that trait. Evolutionary process such as natural selection tend to eliminate differences Existence of individual differences across a broad range of species, identifying adaptive traits of different species Animal model research: researchers in personality psychology tend to use animal models to understand the biological and environmental bases of personality : animal studies allow greater experimental control and facilitate more extensive experimental manipulation than is possible in human studies. They also allow more extensive periods of observation Cross species comparisons 16/10/2018 12 Genetic studies Twins, adoption, family studies, molecular genetic studies trying to quantify and characterize the role of genetic variation in human personality Studies consistently indicate that genetic variation contributes to variability in personality traits Controversy around how personality traits can be related to so many possible candidate genes. What seems to be clear: personality traits reflect underlying biological mechanisms which can be related to a number of relevant candidate genes (Eg: differential activity in neurotransmitter systems: dopamine for approach behaviours, serotine for avoidance behaviours…) Twin studies: Monozygotic (MZ) twins have identical genotypes Dizygotic (DZ) twins share 50% of their variable genotype Identical environment (assumed to be) If a behavioural trait is more similar in pairs of MZ twins than in pairs of DZ twins , that trait should be under a degree of genetic influence Twins studies consistently report a higher degree of similarity on measures of personality between MZ twins than between DZ twins, suggesting substantial heritability Video 36´ GENETIC STUDIES 16/10/2018 15 Agreeableness: supported by brain systems involved in social information processes: medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulcus Conscientiousness: linked with motivational stability and long term goals: constrate inmediate impulses Openness: Consistenlty positively associated with intelligence (performance on working memory and cognitive control test): dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function. Zuckerman (2005): impulsive sensation-seeking associated with high levels of dopaminergic function and low levels of serotoninergic function. Low serotonine is related to the absence of control (association with concientiousness) 29 FROM NEUROSCIENCE… THE ROLE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS NT play an important role bringing about differences in traits with physiological bases: sensation seeking. NT responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse from one cell to another (separated from one another by a gap called synapsis): NT are the chemicals released by nerves that allow nerve impulses to jump across the synapse 30 FROM NEUROSCIENCE… 16/10/2018 16 NT related with personality Dopamine: associated with pleasure: function as a reward system (“the feeling good chemichal”) Drugs of abuse mimic dopamine in the nervous system. Serotonin: associated with depression and anxiety (“Prozac block the reuptake of Serotonin). Low levels of Serotonin also associated with irritable behaviours (animal studies) Norepinephrine: involved in activating the sympathetic nervous system for fight or flight 31 A. The Brain in evolution B. The approach to the study of physiological bases of personality How could we approach to neuroanatomical basis of personality? ◦ 1. Through abnormality. The case of Phineas Gage ◦ The impact of brain damage on psychological functioning ◦ 2. Animal studies: why do we study personality in animals? ◦ 3. Genetic studies ◦ 4. Neuroimaging and personality : contributions ◦ 5. From neuroscience… C. Psychophysiological indicators ◦ 1. Skin conductance ◦ 2. Cardiovascular activity ◦ 3. Brain Activity D. Physiologically based theories of Personality ◦ 1. Eysenck’s PEN model ◦ 2. Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray ◦ 3. Zuckerman ◦ … 32 16/10/2018 17 C. Psychophysiological indicators Skin conductance Cardiovascular activity Brain Activity Other measures: cortisol, testosterone, hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes 33 1.- Skin conductance- Electrodermal activity. Sweat glands influenced by the sympathetic nervous system (and by parasympathetic system): prepare the body for action (fight or flight response) This biological process makes it possible to directly measure the sympathetic nervous system activity. Point of interest.- • Skin conductance responses in the absence of any external stimuli • Nonspecific electrodermal responses associated with anxiety and neuroticism 34 16/10/2018 20 4.- Other biological variables Saliva samples: analyses of cortisol and testosterone Blood analysis Points of interest: • Cortisol.- There could be a relationship between shyness and cortisol. High levels of cortisol in shy children- They experience more stress than less shy children (Kagan, Snidman, 1991) • Testosterone linked to aggressive and uninhibited behaviors, and also to risk-taking behaviors. • Sensation seeking and MAO enzyme 39 A. The Brain in evolution B. The approach to the study of physiological bases of personality How could we approach to neuroanatomical basis of personality? ◦ 1. Through abnormality. The case of Phineas Gage ◦ The impact of brain damage on psychological functioning ◦ 2. Animal studies: why do we study personality in animals? ◦ 3. Genetic studies ◦ 4. Neuroimaging and personality : contributions ◦ 5. From neuroscience… C. Psychophysiological indicators ◦ 1. Skin conductance ◦ 2. Cardiovascular activity ◦ 3. Brain Activity D. Physiologically based theories of Personality ◦ 1. Eysenck’s PEN model ◦ 2. Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray ◦ 3. Zuckerman ◦ … 40 16/10/2018 21 Origins Eysenck’s PEN model Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray Zuckerman’s theory: sensation seeking 41 D. Physiologically based theories of Personality Origins Eysenck’s PEN model Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray Zuckerman’s theory: sensation seeking 42 D. Physiologically based theories of Personality 16/10/2018 22 Hippocratus Types Humour Season Element Organ Blood spring air heart Yellow bile summer fire liver Black bile autumn earth spleen Phlegm winter water brain 43 Theory of Somatic Types of Kretschmer 44 16/10/2018 25 Eysenck’s PEN model (Extraversion/introversion) 1.- Extraverts → look for s mula on: they engage in extraverted behaviors because they need to increase their level of arousal 2.- Introverts→ They avoid s mula on (it is aversive for them): they need to keep their optimal level of arousal (quietness, low stimulation settings) The human mind: 3,30 49 Eysenck’s model (Extraversion/introversion) (Cuasi) Experimental results 1) Extraverts need to rest more time than introverts 2) Extraverts: Arousal levels lower than in introverts Moderating variables: Circadian rhythms and activity conditions 3) Sensorial thresholds are lower in introverts than in extroverts 4) Introverts→ More sensi ve than extroverts 5) Sensorial deprivation Introverts: They cope better with this condition than extraverts do Extraverts: They do not follow the instructions and they are not quiet and they move; they are not still 50 16/10/2018 26 INTERSENSORY FACILITATION HYPOTHESIS: Increasing intensity of stimuli in one sensory modality facilitates perception in another different sensory modality -Light Intensity facilitates >Auditive sense (Auditive Thresholds ) Moderator variable: extra/introversion 51 Intersensory facilitation ￪ activation ￫￫ ￬sensory threshold Introverts: they surpass the optimal activation level Extroverts: linear relationship Ambiverts: Medium point WWW.PSICOLOGIASALUDABLE.ES ; HTTP://PSICOLOGIASALUDABLE. WORDPRESS.COM 52 16/10/2018 27 Extraversion 1) Sociability 2) Impulsivity 3) Motor activity 4) Activity 5) Excitability (behavioural) WWW.PSICOLOGIASALUDABLE.ES; HTTP://PSICOLOGIASALUDABLE.WORDPRESS .COM 53 Neuroticism/Stability High scores in Neuroticism subscale: high “drive” or motivation Yerkes-Dodson Law: Neuroticism.- Better performance with medium levels of emotionality Berlyne Pe= H*D (Habit and Drive) 54 16/10/2018 30 Origins Eysenck’s PEN model Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray Zuckerman’s theory: sensation seeking 59 D. Physiologically based theories of Personality Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray, 1972 Based on two biological system in the brain Behavioral activation system (BAS) ◦ Responsive to incentives, cues for reward, approach behavior Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) Responsive to cues for punishment, frustration and uncertainty Behavior inhibition or avoidance behavior 60 16/10/2018 31 Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray, 1972 Metaphor (Larsen & Buss): BAS= accelerator that motivates approach behavior BIS= Brakes that inhibit behavior or help a person stop what he or she is doing People differ from each other in the relative sensitivity to both BIS or BAS system BIS ANXIETY TRAIT: a person with reactive BIS is specially sensitive to punishment BAS IMPULSIVITY: a person with a reactive BAS is specially sensitive to reward 61 WWW.PSICOLOGIASALUDABLE.ES; HTTP://PSICOLOGIASALUDABLE.WORDPRESS.COM 62 16/10/2018 32 Origins Eysenck’s PEN model Reinforcement sensitivity theory- Gray Zuckerman’s theory: sensation seeking 63 D. Physiologically based theories of Personality Zuckerman’s theory: sensation seeking Tendency: To seek out thrilling and exciting activities To take risks (disinhibition) To avoid boredom (boredom susceptibility) http://www.cengage.com/resource_uploads/downloads/0495098000_76990.pdf Antecedents:  Hebb’s theory of optimal arousal level- People are motivated to reach an optimal level of arousal: if they are underarousal an increase in arousal is rewarding; if they are overarousal a decrease in arousal is rewarding. Studies on sensory deprivation: Individual differences with regard to sensory deprivation. Some people are less tolerant to sensation deprivation than others and seek out stimulation. 64