Proccess of Memory complete, Diapositivas de Psicología

¡Descarga Proccess of Memory complete y más Diapositivas en PDF de Psicología solo en Docsity! Memory ll Ruben Franco No y y Memory Processes  Encoding--transforming information into a form that can be entered and retained in the the memory system  Storage--retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time  Retrieval--recovering information stored in memory so that we are consciously aware of it Sensory Memory  Visual sensory memory—brief memory of an image or icon. Also called iconic memory.  Auditory sensory memory—brief memory of a sound or echo. Also called echoic memory.  Auditory sensory memories may last a bit longer than visual sensory memories Short Term or Working Memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Short-Term Memory  Function—conscious processing of information  where information is actively worked on  Capacity—limited (holds 7+/-2 items)  Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds) Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Long-Term Memory  Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal Long-Term Memory  Function—organizes and stores information  more passive form of storage than working memory  Unlimited capacity  Duration—thought by some to be permanent Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal Long-Term Memory  Encoding—process that controls movement from working to long-term memory store  Retrieval—process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal Types of Long-Term Memory  Explicit memory—memory with awareness; information can be consciously recollected; also called declarative memory  Implicit memory—memory without awareness; memory that affects behavior but cannot consciously be recalled; also called nondeclarative memory Explicit Memory  Declarative or conscious memory  Memory consciously recalled or declared  Can use explicit memory to directly respond to a question  Two subtypes of explicit memory Explicit Memory  Episodic information—information about events or “episodes”  Semantic information—information about facts, general knowledge, school work Implicit Memory  Nondeclarative memory  Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness Procedural Memory  Memory that enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses  Examples:  Riding a bike  Using the shift stick while driving  Tying your shoe laces  Q: Why are these procedural memories implicit?  A: Don’t have to consciously remember the steps involved in these actions to perform them  Try to explain to someone how to tie a shoelace How are memories organized? Clustering--organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory Why do we forget?  Forgetting can occur at any memory stage Retrieval from long-term memory Depending on interference, retrieval cues, moods, and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t Long-term storage Some items are altered or lost Short-term memory A few items are both noticed and encoded Sensory memory The senses momentarily register amazing detail Forgetting as retrieval failure  Retrieval—process of accessing stored information  Sometimes info IS encoded into LTM, but we can’t retrieve it Retrieval failure leads to forgetting Retrieval X Encoding Short-term memory Long-term memory Measures of Retrieval  Recall—test of LTM that involves retrieving memories without cues, also termed free recall  Cued recall—test of LTM that involves remembering an item of information in response to a retrieval cue  Recognition—test of LTM that involves identifying correct information from a series of possible choices  Serial position effect—tendency to remember items at the beginning and end of a list better than items in the middle Flashbulb Memories  Recall of very specific images or details about a vivid, rare, or significant event  May seem very vivid and specific, but they are not more accurate than ordinary memories Memory Distortion  Memory can be distorted as people try to fit new info into existing schemas  Giving misleading information after an event causes subjects to unknowingly distort their memories to incorporate the new misleading information Loftus Experiment  Subjects shown video of an accident between two cars  Some subjects asked: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?  Others asked: How fast were the cars going when the hit each other? Accident Leading question: “About how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” Memory construction Forgetting as encoding failure  Info never encoded into LTM Encoding X Long-termmemory Encoding failure leads to forgetting Short-term memory Which is the real penny? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) Answer Two Types of Interference Types of Interference Retroactive Interference Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference  When a NEW memory interferes with remembering OLD information  Example: When new phone number interferes with ability to remember old phone number French 101 Mid-term exam Retroactive Interference  Example: Learning a new language interferes with ability to remember old language F- Study French papier livre plume école Study Spanish papel libro pluma escuela retroactive interference Biological Basis of Memory Karl Lashley searched for a localized memory trace or engram Found that maze-learning in rats was distributed throughout the brain Richard Thompson found that memory for simple classically conditioned responses was localized (in the cerebellum) Amnesia  Amnesia—severe memory loss  Retrograde amnesia—inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consolidation  Anterograde amnesia—inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage