Sociological Views on Race, Ethnicity, Migration: Discrimination, Conflicts, Identity - Pr, Apuntes de Sociología

¡Descarga Sociological Views on Race, Ethnicity, Migration: Discrimination, Conflicts, Identity - Pr y más Apuntes en PDF de Sociología solo en Docsity! Race, ethnicity and migration The glass ceiling is a sociological phenomenon in which a certain group of people cannot reach top positions in sociality due to their sex or belonging to a minority condition. For the cases of race and ethnicity there are visible and invisible obstacles- In other words, Institutional and cultural discrimination. But in our culture it could be argue the existence of a Hypocrisy: new (desired) values and social reality. Current multicultural and ethnic conflicts: ▲ The imposition of cultural patterns, national priority clause. ▲ Conflicts in multiculturalism: veil, Burka; religious traditions- Ramadam, polygamy, etc- The globalization process and the financial crisis are involved in this conflicts. Prejudices: rigid and irrational generalizations about an entire group of people. Discrimination: unequal opportunities and rights amongst the population. Domination and inequalities. Social exclusion: us and them. The relevance of the socialization process. Race and ethnic groups. • The race concept generally refers to a category of individuals who share certain inherited (biological) features considered socially meaningful or relevant by the members of a certain society. Evolution of the scientific and sociological conception of race: Gobineau’s theories, pre and post WWII understanding of race and the current consideration of race. • Racism, institutional racism and colour-blind racism. • Former and present racism in western cultures: South Africa, USA, Europe (Spain). • New racism: 1. Scientification of the race. 2. Exploitative relations from western to non-western groups. 3. Migration to western countries and the fight for jobs, houses, etc. Modern cultural hierarchies, based on a political and economic dimension. Racial distinctions are also important factors in reproduction of patterns of power and inequality within western societies. Ethnicity: people who share a cultural heritage. Key elements to differentiate ethnic groups: national identity, language, history, styles of dress or adornment, ancestry and religion. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally distinct from other groups and are seen by them, in return, as different. Ethnic (group and individual) identity: cohesion and solidarity amongst its members. Differences with the majority (dominant) group (wealth, power and prestige). ▲ Ethnocentrism and cultural relativism Formal and informal processes for the (re)production of ethnic groups. Socialization and institutional segregation. The ghettos. The second generation of immigrants (Riots). migration Intra-national and international migrations. Migrations in the XX and XXI centuries: push and pull theory Push is being forced out of one’s country. Pulled is being attracted to another country. Push factors: War, famine, unemployment, Pull factors: Peace, prosperity, safety, jobs. And multiple-factor theories. Migrations in modernity ▲ Classic model (USA, Canada, Australia). ▲ The colonial model (U.K, France). ▲ Guest workers model (Germany, Switzerland, Belgium). ▲ Illegal model (USA, EU). Migrations in a global age. 175 million people (3% of the world population) reside in countries other than where they were born. Four primary models of multiculturality: