Short story of spelling (7), Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

¡Descarga Short story of spelling (7) y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity! Short story of English spelling Historia de la Lengua Dra. Ana Laura Rodríguez Redondo 1. Introduction 2. Features of the English spelling history 2.1. The present English spelling system 3. Historical tendencies 3.1. Orthography before the end of the 16th. Century 3.1.1. Spelling in the 15th. Century 3.1.2. Spelling in the 16th. Century  Functions of final –e 3.2. Spelling from the end of the 16th. Century to the first half of the 17th. Century.  Etymological re-spelling Short story of spelling INTRODUCTION Medieval Input situation to EMdE • Many scribes tried to incorporate Latin orthographic habits to the English system. – They re-spelled English words from Latin or Romance languages, so in that way they tried to show the origin of these words in the spelling. • There was no fixed system of punctuation as, generally speaking, medieval punctuation just indicated pauses, and probably, intonation patterns. INTRODUCTION Introduction • The 21st. century spelling still reflects the pronunciation of 15th. Century English, and even in some cases the 14th. Century one. • The consonant system represents the related phonemes more closely, but already inadequately represented sounds e.g. <ch, sh, th> /tʃ, ʃ, Ɵ/. • Spelling is still conservative: graphemes that represent sounds no longer pronounced e.g. /wr/ write /gn/ gnome /kn/ knee. FEATURES OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH SPELLING • Main goals: – To achieve certain degree of homogeneity in spelling or to reduce variability of spellings. (16th- 17th.) – To aid the teaching of reading and writing in schools (18th.-19th) – To spread the English language: to facilitate the acquisition of reading and writing of English to foreign learners. (19th-20th.) FEATURES OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH SPELLING • Selection of a model pronunciation: – Geographical area: » London • British Southern English • Estuary English – Social Variant: » Higher classes (15th.-17th. Centuries) » Upper-classes and highly educated people (18th.-19th. Century). • Received Pronunciation • King's English, Queen's English – BBC English Spelling Reforms b.1. Strategies: b.1.1. Characters b.1.2. Words Spelling Reforms b.1.1. Characters: Introduction of new characters: e.g. John Hart, Robert Howell Use of the Roman characters with the aid of diacritic symbols to reflect the phonemic value of sounds: John Cheke, Alexander Ellis Simplification of spellings: using traditional spellings, but with elimination of those that were considered superfluous characters: Richard Mulcaster, James Howell, Noah Webster, Simplified Spelling Board. Other strategies: Respellings: doubt <b>, eight <gh>, authoritie <h> Use of double letters: putt, bedd Use of final –e: come, nose THE PRESENT ENGLISH SPELLING SYSTEM •  It has traditional spellings but it has not eliminated all redundancies or superfluous letters. • e.g. night, caught /x/ => /Ø/ <gh> •  The one-to-one correspondence has not been achieved. • e.g. cough, enough /x/ => /f/ <gh> •  Distinction between homophones has progressed but: bank (of a river) // bank (for money) [bæŋk] ear (for listening) // ear (of corn) [iə] bear (the animal) // bear (to carry) [beə] THE PRESENT ENGLISH SPELLING SYSTEM •  A spelling system with the advantage of having a morphophonemic character • e.g. sign [sain] signify [signifai] •  The simplification tendency gained ground in America: U.S and British spelling differences. • American British • honor honour • center centre • traveler traveller HISTORICAL TENDENCIES: Orthography before the end of the 16th century Spelling in the 15th. Century • Increased used of digraph <ea> /ɛ:/ • Vowel length indicated by: – doubling of vowels • <ee, oo, aa, ij> etc. – use of postconsonantal –e that is, V+C+e • name, rise, nose – The digraph <ie> was taken from French spelling, mainly to represent ME /e:/ e.g. field but is also found in French borrowings e.g. chief, achieve. • Consonants: those consonants that were pronounced were written, and those that were written, were also pronounced. HISTORICAL TENDENCIES Spelling in the 16th. Century • the use of <ea> and <ee> to distinguish two different sounds previously represented by the same graph <ee>. ME /ɛ:/ <ea> ME /ɔ:/ <oa> ME /e:/ <ee> ME /o:/ <oo> See-sea maid-made tail-tale awl-all.  <oa> analogically introduced spelling e.g. boat  <ea> and <oa> alternative spellings V+C+e e.g. nose (< [nɔ:z]) HISTORICAL TENDENCIES Spelling in the 16th. Century To distinguish the length of vowels: b.1.when long:  doubling the vowel <ee> <oo> e.g. soon and seen  using final –e to denote /i:/ e.g. ME side, time and /e:/ as in EMdE made and /ju:/ as in EMdE tune. b.2. when short:  short vowels were indicated by doubling consonants e.g. sitting and hill,. written, glad vs gladder; rot:rotted:rotten HISTORICAL TENDENCIES • Etymological spelling: ME aventure => EmdE adventure From Latin adventura ME avis => EmdE advice From Latin visum ME dette => EmdE debt From Latin debitum Functions of final –e (Görlach, 1991:47) • To prevent a word to end in <i, u/v, z, o> e.g. lie, toe, glue, love, freeze Occasionally, -e carries two functions at once as for example in: Mice, grace, oblige, drive, haze [mais], [greis], [ə´blaiʤ], [draiv], [heiz] In few cases, this final –e has no function as it is just a survivor of the time when it was optional. e.g. come, infinite Historical tendencies: From end of 16th. Century to the first half of the 17th. Century. • Rejection of final –e and double consonants where they had no function e.g. ladde => lad; bedde => bed. • The firm establishment of <oa> e.g. bote => boat • Replacement of final <ie> by <y> e.g. university, except in monosyllables e.g. die. • Separation of functions of <i>, <u> as vowels and <j> and <v> as consonants. <u> /vowel/ <v> /v/ e.g. have, move <i> /vowel/ <j> /ʤ/ e.g. jump, jest Etymological Re-spelling Tendencies of theoretical Etymological re- spellings • Introduction of <h> e.g. herbage, homme e.g. habundance; abhominable • Spelling pronunciation e.g. habit, hectic, history, horror (exceptions: hour, honor) • Introduction of <h> after <t>. • spelling pronunciation => change in pronunciation /t/ > /Ɵ/. e.g. Latin. Throne > OFrench. Trone > EmE. Throne e.g. theater, thesis, anthem, Apothecary 18th. Century spelling proposals  Publication of spelling textbooks and dictionaries that recorded the most correct spellings and thus, pronunciations to be learned  Increase of spelling pronunciations  Refined spelling rules: • Junction of <y> + <i> e.g. dying • Junction of <y> + <e> e.g. dies • Doubling of consonants to indicate preceding short vowels: e.g. bid-bidding • Remodelling of French spellings: • <-ique> remodelled on Latin basis as <-ic> (from Latin <–icus>). 19th. Century spelling proposals Expansion of English to other countries Expansion of compulsory education (1870s) Spelling was to be reformed so as:  To help foreign people to learn the language  To get closer to pronunciation 19th. Century spelling proposals  Noah Webster's proposals: • <-or> spelling for British <-or/our> e.g. honor-honour, neighbor- neighbour • <-er> spelling for British <-re> e.g. theater-theatre, center-centre • <-se> spelling for British <-ce> e.g. defense-defence, offense-offence • <-ize> spelling for Bristih <-ise> e.g. baptize-baptise, organize-organise • <-ct-> spelling for British <-x-> e.g. connection-connexion, inflection- inflexion • Removal of <k> in words such as logick, musick • Substitution of <-k> for <-que> in words such as cheque- checke, risque-riscke The influence of spelling in pronunciation: spelling pronunciation. • <oi> [ɔi] e.g. in choice [ʧɔis] • tortoise traditionally pronounced [tɔ:təs] is becoming [tɔ:tɔis] or [tɔ:tɔiz]. Spelling pronunciation BrtE.RP Non-RP Std.AE NonStd. Quote [kwəut] [kəut] [kwout] [kout] Swore [swɔ:] [sɔ:] [swɔ:r] [swo:r] Towards [tə'wɔ:dz] [tɔ:dz] [tɔ:rdz] [tə'wɔ:rdz] Norwich [‘nɒriʤ] / [nɔ:riʤ]; sword [sɔ:d] / [sɔ:rd] Spelling pronunciation BrtE.RP Non-RP Std.AE NonStd often [ɒfən] [ɒftən] [ɒ:ftən] [ɒ:fən] waistcoat [weiskəut] [weistkəut] [weskət] [weistkout] breakfast [brekfəst] [breikfəst] parliament [pɑ:ləmənt] [pɑ:ljəmənt] [pɑ:rləmənt] Daventry [dævəntri] [deintri] Cirencester [saiərən,sestə] ['sis it ə] Continental vocalism Tendency to be pronounced: <A> /ei/ as the <A> in FACE <E> /ɪ:/ as the <EE> in FLEECE <I> /ai/ as the <I> in PRICE <A> /ɑ/ as the <A> in PALM <E> /ei/ as the <A> in FACE <I> /ɪ:/ as the <EE> in FLEECE Continental vocalism Armada traditionally [ɑ:'meidə] tendency [ɑ :'m ɑ :də] Spanish [ar'maða] Gala traditionally [geilə] tendency [gɑ:lə] Apparatus traditionally [æpə’reitəs] tendency [æpə’rɑ:təs] Data traditionally [deitə] tendency [dɑ:tə] Hyperforeignism Raj [rɑ:ʤ]-[rɑ:ʒ] Taj Mahal [,tɑ:ʤ mə’hɑ:l]- [,tɑ:ʒ mə’hɑ:l] Mah-jongg [mɑ:’ ʤɒŋ]-[ mɑ:’ ʒɒŋ] Adaggio [ə’dɑ:ʤiəu]-[ə’dɑ:ʒiəu] Toponyms . Costessey ['kosi] * Goondiwindi [gnnda'windi] e Kirkby ['ke:bi] ['ke:kbi] Kirby