Summary 'From 'Ni una Más' to #NiUnaMenos. Women's Movements and Feminisms in Latin Americ, Resúmenes de Psicología Social

¡Descarga Summary 'From 'Ni una Más' to #NiUnaMenos. Women's Movements and Feminisms in Latin Americ y más Resúmenes en PDF de Psicología Social solo en Docsity! 1 Made by MatyBuda FROM 'NI UNA MÁS' TO #NIUNAMENOS. WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AND FEMINISMS IN LATIN AMERICA Marisa Revilla Blanco (2019) Summary: 1. "NOT ONE WOMAN LESS, NOT ONE MORE DEATH" In 2007, ECLAC published a report on violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean, inspired by the slogan "Not one more!" of the protests against femicides in Ciudad Juárez. Since then, the #NiUnaMenos movement has united feminists in Argentina and beyond, denouncing violence and impunity. These slogans have been fundamental for international mobilization, using tools such as hashtags and performances to make the problem visible. In Latin America, the struggle focuses on challenging patriarchy, defending women's autonomy over their bodies, and confronting daily violence in the streets and in conflict situations. This struggle has united diverse feminist identities, amplifying voices and actions. The article discusses how these movements have diversified and strengthened, especially through digital participation. Two key processes stand out: the growing diversity of feminist identities and the increase in digital participation, which has expanded the repertoire of mobilization. Despite the advances, there are significant challenges for women's movements in Latin America today. 2. WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AND FEMINISMS IN LATIN AMERICA: THE DELIMITATION OF THE SCOPE OF ANALYSIS In the academic literature, three categories of social movements related to the struggle for gender equality are identified: women's movements, feminist movements, and movements for gender justice. Women's movements are mostly composed of women as participants and leaders, appealing to women as the basis of their organization. Some are initiative-taking, seeking to transform gender roles, while others are reactive, accepting women's traditional roles. Feminist movements, on the other hand, embrace feminist ideology and challenge the gender inequalities established by patriarchy. Movements for gender justice can be understood as the struggle for egalitarian social and legal relations between the sexes, as well as the denunciation of unequal power relations according to gender, including those of sexual minorities. Women's, feminist, and gender justice organizations represent specific identities and can change over time and social context. The processes of institutionalization and "NGO" can influence the direction and strategies of these movements, although they can also move them away from the fundamental principles of feminism. 3. THE DIVERSIFICATION OF IDENTIFICATION PROCESSES In the last decade, the diversification of identities within Latin American feminisms has been fundamental, marking what is considered the fourth wave. This phenomenon has resulted in the creation of "other feminisms," where women who were previously seen as "the others"—such as rural and urban workers, Afro-descendants, Indigenous women, and lesbians—have led new forms of feminist activism. This shift has broadened the concept of human rights, incorporating struggles for social, racial, and sexual justice, challenging both patriarchy and capitalism, two deeply interconnected systems. The meetings and conferences have been crucial as historical spaces of articulation for these movements in Latin America and the Caribbean. Events such as the Feminist and Lesbian-Feminist Meetings have facilitated the creation of regional networks where organizational and subjective experiences are shared. These meetings not only foster mobilization, but also help define specifically Latin American identities and strategies, contributing to the formation of imagined feminist communities in the region. 3.1. MEETINGS AS SPACES FOR MOBILIZATION AND REGIONAL ARTICULATION From the first Feminist Meeting of Latin America and the Caribbean (EFLAC) in 1981 to the last one in 2017, we have witnessed how diversity has been articulated. Each meeting has been an opportunity to address crucial issues such as the link between market and patriarchy, sexual violence, the experience of lesbians and the invisibility of race in oppression. Over the years, we have seen debates emerge about homogeneity versus diversity in feminist strategies, as well as tensions between "utopian" and "possible" feminists. Discussions around autonomy versus institutionalization have been constant, reflecting the complexity of the Latin American feminist movement. 2 Made by MatyBuda Each EFLAC has been a platform for the construction of regional networks and the definition of specifically Latin American identities and strategies. We have witnessed the formation of alliances between different feminist groups and the struggle for the inclusion of all voices, especially those of young, Indigenous, Afro-Latin American, and transgender women. The meetings have not only been spaces of confrontation, but also of solidarity and political action. The last EFLAC in 2017 brought together more than 2000 feminists and highlighted the diversity of perspectives and struggles present in the movement. Through common denunciations against capitalism, racism, transphobia and the precariousness of work, the commitment to the inclusion and visibility of all feminist identities was reaffirmed. 3.2.LA EXPANSION OF FEMINIST IDENTITY In the course of these meetings, we have observed how feminist identity has progressively expanded to include in an interrelated way two fundamental axes of identity diversity: ethnic-racial and gender. As for the ethnic-racial axis, it has become crucial to integrate the inclusive recognition of Indigenous and Afro-descendant women into feminisms. As Ribeiro mentions, previously invisible sectors, such as women in trade union, popular, Black, and indigenous militancy, have gained presence, while black and Black women's movements have emphasized joint action against racism and discrimination, as well as gender issues (Ribeiro, 2008: 137). The regional articulation of Indigenous women has been institutionalized through the MILAC program of the Indigenous Fund, created in 2008 during the VIII Ordinary General Assembly of FILAC in Mexico. This program focuses on training in rights, public management, and political participation of Indigenous women, strengthening regional networks and organizations such as ALIANZA, ECMIA, and RMIB-LA, together with organizations such as CAOI, CICA, and COICA (Revilla Blanco, 2019: 57-58). On the other hand, Afro-descendant women have contributed significantly to ethnic-racial inclusion in LAC feminisms through initiatives such as the Network of Afro-Latin American, Afro-Caribbean and Diaspora Women (ARMAAD), established in 1992 to address human, sexual, and reproductive rights, and the fight against racism and violence (León, 1995). In summary, these advances reflect a dynamic evolution in feminist identity towards the inclusion and articulation of ethnic-racial and gender diversities in Latin America and the Caribbean, although tensions and challenges persist, especially in relation to the inclusion of trans people within the lesbian feminist movement. 4. THE EXPANSION OF THE REPERTOIRE OF ACTIONS AT THE SERVICE OF THE MOBILIZATION OF LATIN AMERICAN WOMEN In the last decade, we have witnessed the expansion of virtual social networks and the widespread increase in the use of applications that facilitate presence, participation, and interaction on the web. I will focus on two fundamental aspects within this broad topic: the impact of certain hashtags on Twitter in spreading the fight against gender-based violence, and the emergence of young Latin American rappers and hip-hoppers whose feminist lyrics are diversifying messages and reaching younger audiences in virtual communities. As for the contribution of digital participation in the articulation of feminist networks, the lack of specific studies on this topic compared to other prominent social movements such as 15-M or Occupy Wall Street is notable. However, the use of the hashtag #NiUnaMenos has been crucial in publicly denouncing violence against women and demanding justice. This hashtag has mobilized society, especially in Argentina, but it has also resonated in other countries in Latin America and Europe, evidencing significant digital connectivity and an active response to each new case of violence. Second, young female rappers and hip-hoppers are using digital platforms to express their feminist messages creatively and powerfully. Examples such as Malena Pichot in Argentina and Las Hijas de Violencia in Mexico demonstrate how performance art and videos on YouTube become tools to address street harassment and other forms of gender-based violence from a critical and transformative perspective. Not only do these artists challenge gender norms within rap and hip-hop culture, but they also amplify women's voices and promote feminist awareness among younger audiences. Both the strategic use of hashtags on social networks and the active presence of feminist artists on digital platforms are contributing significantly to the visibility of gender issues and the construction of collective identities that challenge established power structures. These phenomena underscore the importance of deeper research that can capture and analyze the full impact of digital participation on contemporary feminist movements in Latin America and beyond. 5. CONCLUSIONS: DIVERSITY AND LATIN AMERICAN FEMINISMS, CHALLENGES AND POSSIBILITIES The analysis we have carried out confirms the presence of certain key elements within Latin American feminisms. In terms of collective identities, we observe a tension between homogeneity and diversity, leaning towards the latter in the vindication of